<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>atd</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Adli Tıp Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1018-5275</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2149-0570</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Adli Tıp Kurumu</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.61970/adlitip.1885416</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Forensic Chemistry</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Adli Kimya</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>Kan ve İdrar Örneklerinde Amfetamin ve Türevlerinin Saptanmasında CEDIA ve LC-MS/MS Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Comparative Evaluation of CEDIA and LC-MS/MS Methods for the Detection of Amphetamine and Its Derivatives in Blood and Urine Samples</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2221-5902</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kesmen</surname>
                                    <given-names>Elif</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Adli Tıp Grup Başkanlığı</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0005-5435-6226</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Köse</surname>
                                    <given-names>Esra</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>Erzurum Adli Tığ Grup Başkanlığı</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-9119</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Kök</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ahmet Nezih</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>ATATURK UNIVERSITY, ERZURUM HEALTH ACADEMY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>40</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>38</fpage>
                                        <lpage>44</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260210">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>10</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260426">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>26</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1985, Adli Tıp Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1985</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Adli Tıp Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Amaç:Bu çalışma, Adli Toksikoloji alanında yaygın olarak kullanılan CEDIA immünoassay yöntemi ile LC-MS/MS yönteminin, kan ve idrar örneklerinde amfetamin ve türevlerinin tespitindeki performanslarını karşılaştırmayı amaçlamaktadır.Yöntem:Çalışmaya, Erzurum Adli Tıp Grup Başkanlığı’na adli toksikolojik inceleme amacıyla gönderilen toplam 196 gerçek adli vakaya ait kan ve idrar örnekleri dâhil edilmiştir. Numuneler herhangi bir ön işleme tabi tutulmadan CEDIA yöntemi ile analiz edilmiş, ardından aynı numuneler katı faz ekstraksiyonu uygulanarak LC-MS/MS cihazında analiz edilmiştir. LC-MS/MS yöntemi referans yöntem olarak kabul edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar duyarlılık, özgüllük, Cohen’s kappa uyum katsayısı ve McNemar testi kullanılarak istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmiştir.Bulgular:CEDIA yönteminin kan numunelerinde duyarlılığı %3,1 ve özgüllüğü %100 olarak bulunmuştur. İdrar numunelerinde ise duyarlılık %77,4 ve özgüllük %98,1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Kan örneklerinde CEDIA ile LC-MS/MS arasındaki uyum çok zayıf bulunurken (κ=0,042), idrar örneklerinde iyi düzeyde uyum saptanmıştır (κ=0,762). McNemar testi sonuçları, her iki biyolojik örnek türü için yöntemler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark olduğunu göstermiştir (p&amp;lt;0,001).Sonuç:Bu çalışma, CEDIA yönteminin özellikle kan örneklerinde düşük duyarlılığa sahip olduğunu ve güvenilir bir tarama testi olarak kullanılamayacağını göstermiştir. İdrar örneklerinde daha yüksek duyarlılık elde edilmesine rağmen, yöntemler arasında tam uyum sağlanamamıştır. LC-MS/MS yöntemi ise her iki biyolojik matrikste de yüksek duyarlılık ve özgüllük göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, özellikle kan örneklerinin analizinde LC-MS/MS yönteminin birincil analiz yöntemi olarak tercih edilmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Objective:The aim of this study is to compare the performance of the widely used CEDIA immunoassay method and the LC-MS/MS method in the detection of amphetamine and its derivatives in blood and urine samples within the field of forensic toxicology.Methods:A total of 196 blood and urine samples obtained from real forensic cases submitted to the Erzurum Council of Forensic Medicine were included in the study. Samples were first analyzed by the CEDIA method without any pretreatment, and subsequently analyzed by LC-MS/MS following solid-phase extraction. LC-MS/MS was accepted as the reference method. Diagnostic performance was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, Cohen’s kappa coefficient, and McNemar test.Results:The sensitivity and specificity of the CEDIA method in blood samples were 3.1% and 100%, respectively. In urine samples, sensitivity was 77.4% and specificity was 98.1%. Agreement between CEDIA and LC-MS/MS was very poor in blood samples (κ=0.042), while good agreement was observed in urine samples (κ=0.762). McNemar test revealed statistically significant differences between the two methods for both biological matrices (p&amp;lt;0.001).Conclusion:This study demonstrated that the CEDIA method has low sensitivity in blood samples and cannot be considered a reliable screening test in this matrix. Although higher sensitivity was observed in urine samples, complete agreement between the methods was not achieved. The LC-MS/MS method showed high sensitivity and specificity in both biological matrices. These findings suggest that LC-MS/MS should be preferred as the primary analytical method, particularly for the analysis of blood samples.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Adli toksikoloji</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Cedia</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  LC-MS/MS</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Amfetamin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İdrar</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>forensic toxicology</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Cedia</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  LC-MS/MS</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  amphetamine</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  blood</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  urine</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                        <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">Adli Tıp Kurumu Başkanlığı</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                    </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Avcioglu G, Yilmaz G, Yalcin Sahiner S, Kozaci LD, Bal C, Yilmaz FM. Comparison of the immunoassay method with the commercial and in-house LC-MS/MS methods for substance abuse in urine. Turk J Biochem. 2024;49(1):24-37. https://doi.org/10.1515/tjb-2022-0286</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Brahm NC, Yeager LL, Fox MD, Farmer KC, Palmer TA. Commonly prescribed medications and potential false-positive urine drug screens. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2010;67(16):1344-1350. https://doi.org/10.2146/ajhp090477</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Darke S, Kaye S, McKetin R, Duflou J. Major physical and psychological harms of methamphetamine use. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2008;27(3):253-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/09595230801923702</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Drummer OH. Drug testing in blood: sensitivity, specificity and interpretation. Ther Drug Monit. 2004;26(2):194-198. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691-200404000-00011</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kalasinsky KS. Immunoassays in forensic toxicology. Forensic Sci Rev. 2003;15(2):99-118.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kahl KW, Seither JZ, Reidy LJ. LC-MS-MS vs ELISA: validation of a comprehensive urine toxicology screen by LC-MS-MS and a comparison of 100 forensic specimens. J Anal Toxicol. 2019;43(9):734 745.    https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkz066</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Maurer HH. Current role of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007;388(7):13151325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1367-6</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Moeller KE, Lee KC, Kissack JC. Urine drug screening: practical guide to methods and interpretation. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(1):66-76. https://doi.org/10.4065/83.1.66</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Musshoff F, Madea B. Analytical pitfalls in drug testing and interpretation of results. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;156(2-3):103-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.10.017</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Peters FT, Drummer OH, Musshoff F. Validation of new methods. Forensic Sci Int. 2007;165(2-3):216-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.05.021</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sundström M, Pelander A, Ojanperä I. Comparison between drug screening by immunoassay and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry in post-mortem urine. Drug Test Anal. 2015;7(5):420-427. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.1682</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). World Drug Report 2023. Vienna: United Nations; 2023. Available from: https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/world-drug-report-2023.html</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Verstraete AG. Oral fluid testing: promises and pitfalls. Ther Drug Monit. 2004;26(2):195-198. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007691200404000-00012</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Wille SMR, Peters FT, Di Fazio V, Samyn N. Practical aspects concerning validation and quality control for forensic and clinical bioanalytical quantitative methods. Accred Qual Assur. 2011;16:279-292. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00769-011-0775-0</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
