Effects Of Folic Acid Versus Nicotine On Bone Development

Abstract

Purpose: Nicotine exposure during pregnancy directly or indirectly harms not only the mother but also the fetal tissues. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible effects of folic acid given against nicotine used during pregnancy on bone development of fetuses. Materials and Methods: 18 adult female rats were divided into control, low-dose nicotine (LDN), high-dose nicotine (HDN), low-dose nicotine + folic acid (LDN + FA), high-dose nicotine + folic acid (HDN + FA), and folic acid (FA) group equally. During 20 days, 1 ml/kg serum physiologic (SP) solution to the control group, 3 mg/kg nicotine to LDN, 6 mg/kg nicotine to HDN, 3 mg/kg nicotine and 400 µg/kg FA to LDN+FA, 6 mg/kg nicotine and 400 µg/kg FA to HDN+FA, 400 µg/kg FA to the FA group was administered. Bones of fetuses taken by cesarean section on the 20th day of pregnancy were stained with the bilateral skeleton staining technique. The stained anterior and posterior extremity bones were photographed under a stereomicroscope. Bone length, extent of ossification and percentage of ossification were measured. Statistical data were evaluated using the R programming language (v. 3.2.3). Results: The bone development of LDN and HDN groups was significantly lower and LDN+FA and HDN+FA groups was close to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: While nicotine used during pregnancy decreases the bone development of fetuses, FA may decrease this effect and increase ossification.

Keywords

• ossification
• rats
• skeleton
• staining

Kemik Gelişiminde Nikotine Karşı Folik Asitin Etkileri

Abstract

Amaç: Gebelikte maruz kalınan nikotin sadece anneye değil, fetal dokulara da doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak zarar verir. Bu çalışmadaki amaç gebelik döneminde kullanılan nikotine karşı verilen folik asitin fetusların kemik gelişimine olası etkilerinin araştırılmasıdır. Araçlar ve Yöntem: 18 yetişkin dişi sıçan kontrol, düşük doz nikotin (DDN), yüksek doz nikotin (YDN), düşük doz nikotin + folik asit (DDN + FA), yüksek doz nikotin + folik asit (YDN + FA) ve folik asit (FA) gruplarına eşit olarak ayrıldı. 20 gün boyunca 1 ml/kg serum fizyolojik (SF) solüsyonu kontrol grubuna, 3 mg/kg nikotin DDN'ye, 6 mg/kg nikotin YDN'ye, 3 mg/kg nikotin ve 400 µg/kg FA DDN+FA’ya, 6 mg/kg nikotin ve 400 µg/kg FA YDN+FA’ya, 400 µg/kg FA FA grubuna uygulandı. Gebeliğin 20. gününde sezaryen ile alınan fetüslerın kemikleri ikili iskelet boyama tekniği ile boyandı. Boyanan ön ve arka ekstremite kemikleri stereomikroskop altında fotoğraflandı. Kemik uzunluğu, kemikleşme derecesi ve kemikleşme yüzdesi ölçüldü. İstatistiki veriler R programlama dili (v. 3.2.3) kullanılarak değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Kemik gelişimi DDN ve YDN gruplarında anlamlı derecede düşük; DDN+FA ve YDN+FA gruplarında kontrol grubuna yakındı (p<0.05). Sonuç: Gebelikte kullanılan nikotin fetüslerin kemik gelişimini azaltırken, FA bu etkiyi azaltarak kemikleşmeyi arttırabilir.

Keywords

• boyama
• iskelet
• kemikleşme
• sıçan

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