Research Article

Comparison of Surgically-Induced Endometriosis Models in Rats and the Role of VEGF: A Novel VEGF-Enhanced Rat Model of Endometriosis

Volume: 10 Number: 2 August 31, 2026
EN TR

Comparison of Surgically-Induced Endometriosis Models in Rats and the Role of VEGF: A Novel VEGF-Enhanced Rat Model of Endometriosis

Abstract

Purpose: Endometriosis is an inflammatory disease characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Animal models that reflect the characteristics of human disease have been critical for research in this field. We sought to develop and validate a novel rat model for endometriosis, incorporating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to enhance disease formation and explore disease-related characteristics.

Materials and Methods: Forty adult female non-mated Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control, Vernon-Wilson method, peritoneal endometrial tissue injection, and peritoneal endometrial tissue injection with VEGF pre-treatment. All rats underwent oophorectomy to stabilize estrogen levels, followed by oral administration of 17β-estradiol for 21 days. Histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations were performed to assessendometriosis severity, stromal development, CD10 positivity, estrogen receptor (ER) staining, VEGF staining, and inflammatory activity.

Results: All three models generated significant differences compared to controls. The injection + VEGFgroup exhibited extensive endometriosis development, with higher epithelial density, stromal presence, andVEGF staining intensity compared to other groups, and similar overall endometriosis score to the Vernon-Wilson model. ER positivity was most pronounced in the Vernon-Wilson group, while stromal density and angiogenesis were higher in VEGF recipients.

Conclusion: This study introduces a VEGF-enhanced rat model as an efficient and reproducible tool for studying endometriosis. This model emulates pathological features associated with endometriosis, including angiogenesis, immune response, and inflammation, but does not appear to generate ER positivity at the level of the Vernon-Wilson model. Despite this limitation, we believe this simple and efficient model can be crucial for researchers studying endometriosis.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

This research was supported by Sivas Cumhuriyet University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (T-2023-989).

Project Number

T-2023-989

Ethical Statement

This study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, with approval obtained from the Sivas Cumhuriyet University Local Ethics Committee for Animal Experiments (Approval Number: 667, Approval Date: 28.07.2022).

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Clinical Sciences (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

August 31, 2026

Submission Date

October 6, 2025

Acceptance Date

February 28, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 2

APA
Mutlu, S., Yıldız, Ç., Kurt, B., Yeldir, N., & Mutlu, E. C. (2026). Comparison of Surgically-Induced Endometriosis Models in Rats and the Role of VEGF: A Novel VEGF-Enhanced Rat Model of Endometriosis. Ahi Evran Medical Journal, 10(2), 212-222. https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.1798372
AMA
1.Mutlu S, Yıldız Ç, Kurt B, Yeldir N, Mutlu EC. Comparison of Surgically-Induced Endometriosis Models in Rats and the Role of VEGF: A Novel VEGF-Enhanced Rat Model of Endometriosis. Ahi Evran Med J. 2026;10(2):212-222. doi:10.46332/aemj.1798372
Chicago
Mutlu, Selin, Çağlar Yıldız, Begüm Kurt, Neşe Yeldir, and Eren Cemal Mutlu. 2026. “Comparison of Surgically-Induced Endometriosis Models in Rats and the Role of VEGF: A Novel VEGF-Enhanced Rat Model of Endometriosis”. Ahi Evran Medical Journal 10 (2): 212-22. https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.1798372.
EndNote
Mutlu S, Yıldız Ç, Kurt B, Yeldir N, Mutlu EC (August 1, 2026) Comparison of Surgically-Induced Endometriosis Models in Rats and the Role of VEGF: A Novel VEGF-Enhanced Rat Model of Endometriosis. Ahi Evran Medical Journal 10 2 212–222.
IEEE
[1]S. Mutlu, Ç. Yıldız, B. Kurt, N. Yeldir, and E. C. Mutlu, “Comparison of Surgically-Induced Endometriosis Models in Rats and the Role of VEGF: A Novel VEGF-Enhanced Rat Model of Endometriosis”, Ahi Evran Med J, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 212–222, Aug. 2026, doi: 10.46332/aemj.1798372.
ISNAD
Mutlu, Selin - Yıldız, Çağlar - Kurt, Begüm - Yeldir, Neşe - Mutlu, Eren Cemal. “Comparison of Surgically-Induced Endometriosis Models in Rats and the Role of VEGF: A Novel VEGF-Enhanced Rat Model of Endometriosis”. Ahi Evran Medical Journal 10/2 (August 1, 2026): 212-222. https://doi.org/10.46332/aemj.1798372.
JAMA
1.Mutlu S, Yıldız Ç, Kurt B, Yeldir N, Mutlu EC. Comparison of Surgically-Induced Endometriosis Models in Rats and the Role of VEGF: A Novel VEGF-Enhanced Rat Model of Endometriosis. Ahi Evran Med J. 2026;10:212–222.
MLA
Mutlu, Selin, et al. “Comparison of Surgically-Induced Endometriosis Models in Rats and the Role of VEGF: A Novel VEGF-Enhanced Rat Model of Endometriosis”. Ahi Evran Medical Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, Aug. 2026, pp. 212-2, doi:10.46332/aemj.1798372.
Vancouver
1.Selin Mutlu, Çağlar Yıldız, Begüm Kurt, Neşe Yeldir, Eren Cemal Mutlu. Comparison of Surgically-Induced Endometriosis Models in Rats and the Role of VEGF: A Novel VEGF-Enhanced Rat Model of Endometriosis. Ahi Evran Med J. 2026 Aug. 1;10(2):212-2. doi:10.46332/aemj.1798372

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