Factors affecting germination in seeds and seed germination practices

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 71 - 86, 12.09.2024

Şeyda Nur Erkul , Nur Ülger

Öz

Seed germination is a critical stage in plant production. Germination refers to the process in which the embryo breaks through the seed coat and develops into a new plant under suitable conditions. Both genetic and environmental factors influence seed germination. The most important environmental factors are water, temperature, oxygen, and light, which must be present at suitable levels in the environment where the seed is located. When optimal conditions are not met, the seed's germination ability and speed decrease or no germination occurs. During seed germination, water uptake activates enzymes in the embryo cells and triggers gibberellin hormone production. Gibberellin removes the effect of abscisic acid in the environment and allows amylase enzyme to work. Temperature affects the seed's metabolism rate and water uptake. Many plant seeds germinate within a certain temperature range. Oxygen is necessary for the seed to respire and produce energy. In the absence of oxygen, the seed undergoes fermentative respiration and accumulates ethanol, which leads to its death. Light plays an important role in the germination of some plant seeds. Some seeds germinate only in light, some only in darkness, while others do not respond to light for germination. Light also affects the onset and cessation of dormancy. The main purpose of treatments applied to seeds is to break dormancy and increase their germination ability. Dormancy is an adaptation mechanism that allows seeds to survive under adverse conditions, even when suitable conditions are present for germination. Factors that cause dormancy are generally related to the seed coat or embryo. Seed coat dormancy is seen as a restriction on water and gas exchange or as a mechanical barrier to embryo growth. Embryo dormancy is seen as insufficient embryonic development or accumulation of suppressive substances such as abscisic acid in embryonic tissues. Various methods can be applied to break dormancy, including priming treatments, gibberellin application, physical or chemical methods such as cold or heat shock. In this study, environmental factors affecting seed germination were examined, and information obtained from previous studies was compiled as a review.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Germination, environmental factors, dormancy, priming, seed treatments

Tohumlarda çimlenmeye etkili faktörler ve tohum çimlendirme uygulamaları

Öz

Bitki üretiminde tohumun çimlenmesi kritik bir evredir. Tohumun çimlenmesi, embriyonun uygun şartlarda yeni bir bitki oluşturmak için tohum kabuğunu yarıp dışarı çıkması ve gelişmesi şeklinde ifade edilir. Tohumun çimlenmesinde hem genetik hem de çevresel faktörler etkilidir. Çevresel faktörlerden en önemlileri; su, sıcaklık, oksijen ve ışıktır. Bu faktörlerin tohumun bulunduğu ortamda uygun seviyelerde bulunması gerekir. Optimum koşullar oluşmadığında tohumun çimlenme yeteneği ve hızı düşer veya çimlenme olmaz. Tohumun çimlenmesi esnasında su alması embriyo hücrelerindeki enzimleri aktifleştirir ve giberellin hormonu üretimini tetikler. Giberellin ortamdaki absisik asidin etkisini kaldırır ve amilaz enziminin çalışmasını sağlar. Sıcaklık tohumun metabolizma hızını ve su alımını etkiler. Birçok bitki tohumu belirli sıcaklık aralığında çimlenir. Oksijen ise tohumun solunum yaparak enerji üretmesi için gereklidir. Oksijen eksikliği halinde tohumda fermente solunum olur ve etanol birikimi meydana gelir, bu durumda tohumun ölümüne sebep olur. Işık bazı bitkilerin tohumlarının çimlenmesinde önemli rol oynar. Bazı bitkilerin tohumları sadece ışıkta, bazıları sadece karanlıkta çimlenirken, bazılarının çimlenme için ışığa tepkisi yoktur. Tohumda yapılan uygulamaların en temel amacı dormansiyi kırmak ve tohumun çimlenme kabiliyetini artırmaktır. Dormansi, uygun koşullarda dahi tohumun çimlenmemesi hali tohumun kötü koşullarda yaşayabilmesini sağlayan bir uyum mekanizmasıdır. Dormansi kırılması için farklı yöntemler uygulanabilir. Bunlar arasında priming uygulamaları, giberellin uygulaması, soğuk veya sıcak şok gibi fiziksel veya kimyasal yöntemler bulunur. Yapmış olduğumuz bu çalışmada tohumun çimlenmesi üzerine etki eden çevresel faktörler incelenmiş olup günümüze kadar yapılmış olan çalışmalardan elde edilen bilgiler derleme olarak sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çimlenme, çevresel faktörler, dormansi, priming, tohum uygulamaları

Kaynakça

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