Research Article

Carrying Capacity Assessments for Sustainable Tourism in A Heritage Site

Volume: 13 Number: 3 September 15, 2025
EN

Carrying Capacity Assessments for Sustainable Tourism in A Heritage Site

Abstract

In a heritage site, it is important to stay within the carrying capacity and manage the site through tourism carrying capacity (TCC) to ensure sustainability. This study contributes to the conceptual framework of TCC studies by re-evaluating a natural area preservation methodology (IUCN) developed by Cifuentes in a multi-characteristic heritage site for physical, real, and effective carrying capacities (PCCs, RCCs, ECCs) and also inspects the social carrying capacities (SCCs) using two basic theories. These TCC assessments were made for the visitor management zones (VMZs) defined within the Site Management Plan (SMP) area composed of “Mount Harşena and the Rock-tombs of the Pontic Kings” heritage site in Amasya, Türkiye, placed in the World Heritage Sites’ tentative list since 2015. Results of the re-evaluation suggested the suitability of using Cifuentes’s model in multi-characteristic heritage sites changing from isolated archeological-natural to peopled urban site zones of cultural importance. Different from SCC studies, in general, using either Doxey’s Irritation Index or Butler’s TALC model, findings from the inspections of SCCs in the cultural zones of the SMP area with the two models supported each other and made the results more robust. Both models have been validated empirically for both non-tourism-dependent and tourism-dependent resident populations.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Amasya Belediyesi

Project Number

Protocol signed on 28 Aug 2020 between the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and Amasya Municipality

Thanks

This paper is based on the research project on “Tourism Carrying Capacity and Visitor Management Plan” carried out within the context of study for the “Site Management Plan (SMP) and Project for Application for Entry into the UNESCO World Heritage Sites for “Mount Harşena and the Rock-tombs of the Pontic Kings” in Amasya”, the boundaries of which were determined by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism in May 2021. The plan and project study has been financially supported by Amasya Municipality and was undertaken by the POYGAR Planlama ve Danışmanlık Ltd. Şti. to be completed between 28 Dec 2021 and 23 Dec 2022 according to a protocol signed on 28 Aug 2020 between the Ministry and Amasya Municipality. The author who is the coordinator of the research project on “Tourism Carrying Capacity and Visitor Management Plan” thanks to Urban Planner Mehmet Yasin Koç for his meticulous fieldwork and preliminary preparations for it, his contributions in the organization and sharing of data and his assistance in the household survey data entry; and to Research Asistant Mihriban Öztürk Saka for her assistance in data entry for the annual official statistics for facilities and accommodation and the workplace survey. Moreover, thanks goes to Zygmunt Kruczek for sharing their survey questions used in Szromek et al. (2020), namely, “The attitude of tourist destination residents towards the effects of overtourism-Krakow case study” and to Assist. Prof. Gökhan Hüseyin Erkan (PhD) for his reduction and proof reading the article.

References

  1. Akdu, U. & Ödemiş, M. (2018). Examining the impacts of tourism on Gümüşhane residents according to the Doxey Index. Turizm Akademik Dergisi, 5(2), 33-45.
  2. Al-hagla, K. S. (2010). Sustainable urban development in historical areas using the tourist trail approach: A case study of the cultural heritage and urban development (CHUD) project in Saida, Lebanon. Cities, 27(4), 234-248.
  3. Amasya Belediyesi (2022a). Amasya Harşena Dağı ve Pontus Kral Kaya Mezarları Alan Yönetim Planı ve Unesco Dünya Mirası Başvuru Dosyası Hazırlanması Projesi, Alan Yönetimi Planı 2022-2027. Retrieved on: 11 July 2024 https://kvmgm.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/102228,uyp---harsena-dagi-yonetim-planipdf.pdf?0
  4. Amasya Belediyesi (2022b). Report for the Site Management Plan (SMP) and Project for Application for Entry into the UNESCO World Heritage Sites for “Mount Harşena and the Rock-tombs of the Pontic Kings”Annex 5 e-2 Report Prepared for Tourism Carrying Capacity and Visitor Management Plan.
  5. Bourliataux-Lajoinie, S., Dosquet, F., & del Olmo Arriaga, J. L. (2019). The dark side of digital technology to overtourism: The case of Barcelona. Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes, 11(5), 582-593.
  6. Boyd, S. W., & Butler, R. W. (1996). Managing ecotourism: An opportunity spectrum approach. Tourism management, 17(8), 557-566.
  7. Butler, R. W., & Waldbrook, L. A. (1991). A new planning tool: The tourism opportunity spectrum. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 2(1), 4-14.
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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Tourism (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

March 17, 2025

Publication Date

September 15, 2025

Submission Date

May 13, 2024

Acceptance Date

August 20, 2024

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 13 Number: 3

APA
Erdoğan, A. (2025). Carrying Capacity Assessments for Sustainable Tourism in A Heritage Site. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 13(3), 237-274. https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1483060
AMA
1.Erdoğan A. Carrying Capacity Assessments for Sustainable Tourism in A Heritage Site. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR). 2025;13(3):237-274. doi:10.30519/ahtr.1483060
Chicago
Erdoğan, Aygün. 2025. “Carrying Capacity Assessments for Sustainable Tourism in A Heritage Site”. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR) 13 (3): 237-74. https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1483060.
EndNote
Erdoğan A (September 1, 2025) Carrying Capacity Assessments for Sustainable Tourism in A Heritage Site. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR) 13 3 237–274.
IEEE
[1]A. Erdoğan, “Carrying Capacity Assessments for Sustainable Tourism in A Heritage Site”, Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 237–274, Sept. 2025, doi: 10.30519/ahtr.1483060.
ISNAD
Erdoğan, Aygün. “Carrying Capacity Assessments for Sustainable Tourism in A Heritage Site”. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR) 13/3 (September 1, 2025): 237-274. https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1483060.
JAMA
1.Erdoğan A. Carrying Capacity Assessments for Sustainable Tourism in A Heritage Site. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR). 2025;13:237–274.
MLA
Erdoğan, Aygün. “Carrying Capacity Assessments for Sustainable Tourism in A Heritage Site”. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), vol. 13, no. 3, Sept. 2025, pp. 237-74, doi:10.30519/ahtr.1483060.
Vancouver
1.Aygün Erdoğan. Carrying Capacity Assessments for Sustainable Tourism in A Heritage Site. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR). 2025 Sep. 1;13(3):237-74. doi:10.30519/ahtr.1483060

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