The Conceptual Grounding of Overtourism and Overtourism-Driven Change: Olympos Case

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3, 417 - 442, 01.09.2023

Barış Seyhan

https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1120409

Cited By: 1

Öz

Heritage tourism destinations (HTDs) in rural places host not only tourists and tourism service facilities but also negative consequences such as urbanization and overtourism-based spatial transformation on the social, economic, and physical landscape. This paper aims to investigate the ontological groundings of a rehashed overtourism phenomenon by employing an integrative reviewing method of related literature with a focus on rural HTDs and reveal the landscape change by extracting the spatial transformation from satellite images and historical orthophotos of Olympos/Turkey by using semi-automatic classification analysis in QGIS. The findings implicate that the indicators of overtourism can be grounded on the latest levels of the Creative Destruction Model, the Vicious Circle, and the Tourismification approaches, however, still there is a need for reconceptualization of the phenomenon. Moreover, the findings showed that the modus operandi of overtourism-based spatial expansion of tourism service units in protected areas follows a path through the gaps between the two inverse philosophies of protection and use which is critical for stage changes in the evolution process of HTD.

Anahtar Kelimeler

overtourism, heritage tourism destinations, protected areas, spatial transformation, Olympos/Türkiye

Destekleyen Kurum

Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness

Proje Numarası

POLITUR project. CSO2017-82156-R

Kaynakça

• Antalya Kültür Envanteri (2005). Antalya Kültür Envanteri: Kemer- Kumluca-Fethiye, (pp. 128-234). Antalya: T.C. Antalya Valiliği İl Kültür ve Turizm Müdürlüğü.
• Anton Clavé, S. (2012). Rethinking Mass Tourism, Space and Place. In J. Wilson (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Tourism Geographies. (pp.217-224). London: Routledge.
• Boyd, S. W. & Butler, R. W. (1996). Managing ecotourism: an opportunity spectrum approach. Tourism Management, 17(8), 557-566.
• Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management, 21(1), 97-116.
• Butler. R. W. (1980). The concept of a tourism area cycle of evolution: Implications for the management of resources. Canadian Geographer, 24(1), 5-12.
• Butler, R. W., & Dodds, R. (2022). Overcoming overtourism: A review of failure. Tourism Review, 77(1), 35-53.
• Butowski, L. (2019) Tourist sustainability of destination as a measure of its development. Current Issues in Tourism, 22(9), 1043–1061.
• Capocchi, A., Vallone, C., Pierotti, M., & Amaduzzi, A. (2019). Overtourism: A literature review to assess implications and future perspectives. Sustainability, 11(12), 3303-3358.
• Capocchi, A., Vallone, C., Amaduzzi, A., & Pierotti, M. (2020). Is ‘overtourism’a new issue in tourism development or just a new term for an already known phenomenon? Current Issues in Tourism, 23(18), 2235-2239.
• Celata, F., & Romano, A. (2022). Overtourism and online short-term rental platforms in Italian cities. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(5), 1020-1039.
• Duignan, M. B., Everett, S., & McCabe, S. (2022). Events as catalysts for communal resistance to overtourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 96, 103-138.
• Doxey, G. V. (1975). A causation theory of visitor-resident irritants: Methodology and research inferences. In Travel and Tourism Research Associations Sixth Annual Conference Proceedings, 195-198.
• Dredge, D. (2017). Overtourism: Old wine in new bottles. Retrieved on 19 February 2018 from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/overtourism-old-wine-new-bottles-dianne-dredge.
• Fan, C. N., Wall, G., & Mitchell, C. J. (2008). Creative destruction and the water town of Luzhi, China. Tourism Management, 29(4), 648-660.
• Franklin, A. (2003). Tourism: An Introduction. London: Sage.
• Goodwin, H. (2017). The challenge of overtourism. Responsible Tourism Partnership, 4, 1-19.
• Harvey, D. C. (2001). Heritage Pasts and Heritage Presents: Temporality, Meaning and the Scope of Heritage Studies, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 7(4), 319–38.
• Haugland, S. A., Ness, H., Grønseth, B. O., & Aarstad, J. (2011). Development of tourism destinations: An integrated multilevel perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(1), 268-290.
• Jansen-Verbeke, M. (1998). Tourismification of historical cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 25(3), 739-742.
• Jansen-Verbeke, M. (2007). Cultural resources and the tourismification of territories. The tourism research agenda: navigating with a compass. Acta Turistica Nova, 1(1), 21-41.
• Jansen-Verbeke, M. (2008). A geographer’s gaze at tourism. Documents d'anàlisi geogràfica, 52, 15-29.
• Jansen-Verbeke, M. (2009). The territoriality paradigm in cultural tourism. Tourism, 19(1-2), 25-31.
• Jansen-Verbeke, M., & Russo, A.P. (2008). Innovative research on the spatial dynamics of cultural tourism. In M. Jansen-Verbeke, G. Prestley, & A.P. Russo (Eds.), Cultural resources for tourism. Patterns, processes and policies, (pp. 1–14). New York: Nova Science.
• Johnston, C. S. (2001). Shoring the foundations of the destination life cycle model, part 1: ontological and epistemological considerations. Tourism Geographies, 3(1), 2-28.
• Jover, J., & Díaz-Parra, I. (2022). Who is the city for? Overtourism, lifestyle migration and social sustainability. Tourism Geographies, 24(1), 9-32.
• Jovičić, D., & Tomić, E. (2009, April). Potentials for Tourism Development in Serbia's spas. In 4th International Scientific Conference, Planning for the future learning from the past: Contemporary Developments in Tourism, Travel & Hospitality. Greece: University of the Aegean.
• Kaspar, C. (1989). From traditional SPA tourism to modern forms of health tourism. Publications de I'AIEST Association Internationaled' Experts Scientifiques du Tourisme, Editions AIEST, 155-156.
• Koens, K., Postma, A., & Papp, B. (2018). Is overtourism overused? Understanding the impact of tourism in a city context. Sustainability, 10(12), 43-84.
• Lempert, D. (2015). Classifying heritage by states of decay, restoration, and transformation for tourism, teaching, and research: ‘un-freezing' sites in time to reveal additional meanings. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 10(4), 378-398.
• McKercher, B., & Du Cros, H. (2002). Cultural tourism: The partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management. London: Routledge.
• Milano, C. (2017). Overtourism y turismofobia. Tendencias globales y contextos locales. Barcelona: Ostelea School of Tourism & Hospitality 128.
• Milano, C., Cheer, J. M., & Novelli, M. (2018). Overtourism: A growing global problem. The Conversation, 18(1), 1-5.
• Milano, C., & Koens, K. (2022). The paradox of tourism extremes. Excesses and restraints in times of COVID-19. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(2), 219-231.
• Miossec, J. M. (1977). Un modèle de l'espace touristique. Espace Géographique, 6(1), 41-48.
• Muler Gonzalez, V., Coromina, L., & Gali, N. (2018). Overtourism: residents’ perceptions of tourism impact as an indicator of resident social carrying capacity-case study of a Spanish heritage town. Tourism Review, 73(3), 277-296.
• Namberger, P., Jackisch, S., Schmude, J., & Karl, M. (2019). Overcrowding, over-tourism and local level disturbance: How much can Munich handle?. Tourism Planning & Development, 16(4), 452-472.
• Oklevik, O., Gössling, S., Hall, C. M., Steen Jacobsen, J. K., Grøtte, I. P., & McCabe, S. (2019). Overtourism, optimisation, and destination performance indicators: A case study of activities in Fjord Norway. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27(12), 1804-1824.
• Pearce, D. (1989). Tourist development. New York: Longman.
• Peeters, P. M., Gössling, S., Klijs, J., Milano, C., Novelli, M., Dijkmans, C. H. S., ... & Mitas, O. (2018). Research for TRAN Committee-Overtourism: impact and possible policy responses Overtourism: Between the right to travel and residents’ rights. European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department B: Structural and Cohesion Policies, Transport and Tourism, (pp. 146-198).
• Perkumienė, D., & Pranskūnienė, R. (2019). Overtourism: Between the right to travel and residents’ rights. Sustainability, 11(7), 2138, 1-17.
• Peterson, R. and DiPietro, R.B. (2021). “Is Caribbean tourism in overdrive? Investigating the antecedents and effects of overtourism in sovereign and non-sovereign small island tourism economies (SITEs)”. International Hospitality Review, 35(1), 19-40.
• Russo, A. P. (2002). The “vicious circle” of tourism development in heritage cities. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 165-182.
• Salazar, N. B. (2009). Imaged or Imagined? Cultural representations and the “tourismification “of peoples and places. Cahiers d'études africaines, 193(1), 49-72.
• Seyhan, B., & Russo, A. P. (2020). The Evolution of Heritage Tourism Destinations in Protected Rural Regions. In Heritage Tourism Beyond Borders and Civilizations (pp. 203-224). Singapore: Springer.
• Seyhan, B., & Russo, A. P. (2020). Top-Down Versus Bottom-Up Approaches in Heritage Tourism Management and Planning: An Analysis of Contrasting Models Based on Two Turkish Case Studies. In Travel and Tourism: Sustainability, Economics, and Management Issues, (pp. 267-279). Singapore: Springer.
• Smith, S. L. (1988). Defining tourism, a supply-side view. Annals of tourism research, 15(2), 179-190.
• Timothy, D. J., & Boyd, S. W. (2003). Heritage tourism. Pearson Education.
• Tonts, M. & Greive, S. (2002). Commodification and creative destruction in the Australian rural landscape: the case of Bridgetown, Western Australia. Geographical Research, 40(1), 58-70.
• Uçkan, E. (2017). Olympos. I, 2000-2014 araştırma sonuçları: Turkish text with English summaries. (Ed) B. Yelda Olcay Uçkan. Antalya, Türkiye; Akmed, Koç University Suna & Inan Kıraç Research Center for Mediterranean Civilizations, 257-288.
• Walmsley, A. (2017). Overtourism and underemployment: A modern labour market dilemma. In Proceedings of the Responsible Tourism in Destinations: Tackling Overtourism—Local Responses, (pp. 354-387), Reykjavik, Iceland, 29–30 September 2017.
• Wang, Y., & Bramwell, B. (2012). Heritage protection and tourism development priorities in Hangzhou, China: A political economy and governance perspective. Tourism Management, 33(4),988-998.
• Weber, F. (2017). Overtourism. An analysis of contextual factors contributing to negative developments in overcrowded tourism destinations. BEST EN Think Tank XVII: Innovation and progress in sustainable tourism, 315-387.
• Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(5), 546-553.
• United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2018). Overtourism’? – Understanding and Managing Urban Tourism Growth beyond Perceptions, Centre of Expertise Leisure, Tourism & Hospitality; NHTV Breda University of Applied Sciences; and NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences, Executive Summary. Madrid: UNWTO.
• Yates, D. (2011). Archaeology and autonomies: the legal framework of heritage management in a new Bolivia. International Journal of Cultural Property, 18(3),291-307.