Neme Maruz Kalma ve Trafik Yükleri Altında Bambu Yaprağı Külü–Taş Tozu ile Stabilize Edilmiş Lateritik Alttemelin Dayanıklılığı ve Mekanistik–Ampirik Performans Etkileri

Abstract

Lateritik zeminler, tropikal bölgelerde yol üstyapısı yapımında yaygın olarak kullanılmakla birlikte, çoğu zaman yüksek ince dane içeriği, plastisite ve neme duyarlılık göstermekte; bu durum uzun vadeli performansı olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma, taş tozu (SD) ve bambu yaprağı külü (BLA) kullanılarak stabilize edilmiş lateritik bir zemine ilişkin mühendislik, kimyasal ve mikroyapısal bulguları bir araya getirerek (i) neme bağlı dayanıklılık göstergelerini ve (ii) tekrarlı trafik yükleri açısından önemli olan mekanistik–ampirik (M–E) performans etkilerini değerlendirmektedir. Lateritik zemin, %5’lik artışlarla %0–30 oranlarında SD ve ayrıca birleşik SD–BLA karışımlarıyla (BLA: %3–9; SD: %5–20) işleme tabi tutulmuş; Atterberg limitleri, sıkıştırma (BSL/WAS/BSH), ıslatılmış ve ıslatılmamış CBR, serbest basınç dayanımı (UCS) ve kayma dayanımı deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. XRF analizi, SD ve BLA’nın puzolanik karakterini doğrulamıştır (SD için SiO₂+Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃ = %85,51; BLA için %66,71); XRD ve SEM analizleri ise stabilize edilmiş karışımlarda mikroyapısal sıkılaşma ve çimentolaşma bağlarının oluştuğunu ortaya koymuştur. Birleşik SD–BLA karışımı genel olarak en iyi performansı göstermiş ve optimum oran kuru zemin kütlesine göre %10 SD + %3 BLA olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu karışım plastisiteyi azaltmış (PI yaklaşık %10’a kadar düşmüş) ve dayanımı artırmıştır. Neme karşı dayanıklılık önemli ölçüde iyileşmiştir: British Standard Heavy (BSH) sıkıştırma koşullarında ıslatılmış California taşıma oranı (CBR), doğal zemindeki yaklaşık %18 değerinden optimum SD–BLA karışımında yaklaşık %65,48’e yükselmiş; CBR tutma oranı (ıslatılmış/ıslatılmamış) ise yaklaşık 0,44’ten 0,71’e çıkmıştır. M–E değerlendirmesi kapsamında, standart bir korelasyon kullanılarak CBR değerlerinden rezilyent modül ihtiyatlı biçimde tahmin edilmiş ve bunun ıslak koşullardaki rijitlikte belirgin bir artışa ve tekerlek izi oluşumuna karşı duyarlılıkta azalmaya işaret ettiği, dolayısıyla alttemel tabakalarının mevsimsel performansını iyileştirdiği belirlenmiştir. Bu sonuçlar, SD–BLA sisteminin lateritik yol üstyapısı tabakaları için düşük karbonlu bir stabilizatör sistemi olarak kullanılabileceğini desteklemekte; ancak tekrarlı yükleme ve ıslanma–kuruma çevrimleri altında çevrimsel dayanıklılığın tam olarak nicelendirilebilmesi için ilave çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Bambu yaprağı külü
• Lateritik zemin
• Taş tozu
• Alttemel
• Islatılmış CBR
• Neme duyarlılık

Supporting Institution

Yazarlar, bu çalışmanın yürütülmesi veya sunulan çalışmanın hazırlanması sürecinde herhangi bir mali destek, hibe ya da başka bir yardım alınmadığını beyan ederler.

Ethical Statement

Yazarlar, bu makalenin araştırılması, yazarlığı ve yayımlanmasıyla ilgili beyan edilecek herhangi bir çıkar çatışmalarının bulunmadığını belirtirler. Yazarlar ayrıca, bu çalışmada kullanılan materyal ve yöntemlerin etik kurul onayı veya herhangi bir yasal/özel izin gerektirmediğini beyan ederler.

Durability and Mechanistic–Empirical Performance Implications of Bamboo Leaf Ash–Stone Dust Stabilised Lateritic Subbase under Moisture Exposure and Traffic Loading

Abstract

Lateritic soils are widely used in tropical pavement construction but often exhibit high fines, plasticity, and moisture susceptibility that undermine long-term performance. This study synthesizes engineering, chemical, and microstructural evidence from a lateritic soil stabilized using stone dust (SD) and bamboo leaf ash (BLA) to assess (i) moisture-related durability indicators and (ii) mechanistic–empirical (M–E) performance implications relevant to cyclic traffic loading. Lateritic soil was treated with SD (0–30% at 5% intervals) and with combined SD-BLA blends (BLA: 3 to 9%; SD: 5 to 20%) and tested for Atterberg limits, compaction (BSL/WAS/BSH), soaked and unsoaked CBR, UCS, and shear strength. XRF confirmed the pozzolanic character of SD and BLA (SiO₂+Al₂O₃+Fe₂O₃ = 85.51% for SD; 66.71% for BLA), while XRD/SEM evidenced microfabric densification and cementitious bonding in stabilized blends. The combined SD–BLA blend provided the best overall performance, with an optimum at 10% SD + 3% BLA (by dry soil mass), reducing plasticity (PI down to ~10%) and increasing strength. Moisture durability improved substantially: under British Standard Heavy (BSH) compaction, soaked California bearing ratio (CBR) increased from ~18% (natural) to ~65.48% (SD-BLA optimum) and the CBR retention ratio (soaked/unsoaked) improved from ~0.44 to ~0.71. For M-E interpretation, resilient modulus was conservatively estimated from CBR using a standard correlation, indicating a marked increase in wet-condition stiffness and reduced rutting susceptibility, thereby improving seasonal performance of subbase layers. These results support SD-BLA as a low-carbon stabilizer system for lateritic pavement layers, while highlighting the need for follow-on repeated-load and wet-dry cycling to fully quantify cyclic durability.

Keywords

• Bamboo leaf ash
• Lateritic soil
• Stone dust
• Subbas
• Soaked CBR
• Moisture susceptibility

Supporting Institution

The authors affirm that no financial support, grants, or other assistance was obtained during the course of this study or in the preparation of the submitted work.

Ethical Statement

The authors have no competing interests to declare regarding the research, authorship, and publication of this article. The authors also state that the materials and methods used in this study do not require ethics committee approval or any legal-special permissions.

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