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Kara pas (ug99), küresel bir tehdit olarak görülmektedir

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 23 - 28, 01.06.2012

Öz

Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Eriks & Henn.)‟nin neden olduğu kara pas, buğdayın en tahripkâr hastalıklarından birisidir. Eğer patojen için uygun şartlar oluşursa, patojen gerek epidemi ve gerekse pandemilere neden olabilmektedir. Her zaman patojen populasyonunda genetik varyasyon ihtimali bulunmaktadır ki bu, patojenin yeni ırklarının ortaya çıkmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu durumun güzel bir örneği Ug99‟dir. 1998 yılında, Uganda‟da buğdaylarda şiddetli kara pas enfeksiyonları gözlenmiş, yapılan çalışmalarda patojenin yeni bir ırkı tespit edilmiş ve bu ırk Ug99 olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Ug99 ırkı, 2005 yılında Kenya ve Ethiopya‟da tespit edilmiştir. Ug99, daha sonra sırasıyla 2006 yılında Yemen‟de, 2007 yılında İran‟da 2009 yılında Tanzanya ve Güney Afrika‟da saptanmıştır. Kara pasın bu yeni ırkı dünyada buğday üretimi için bir tehdit olarak görülmektedir. Çünkü Ug99 Afrikadan Orta Doğu ve Asya‟ya sıçramıştır. Bunun yanısıra bilim adamları patojenin hakim rüzgarlar aracılığıyla dünyanın diğer alanlarına yayılacağını tahmin etmektedirler. Bu durum buğday yetiştirilen alanlar için endişe vericidir

Kaynakça

  • Akan K, Mert Z, Cetin L, Dusunceli F, Wanyera R, Singh D (2010) Global initiatives for management of ug99 stem rust race and reactions of winter wheat genotypes to ug99 in 2009 year. 8th International wheat conference. St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 292.
  • Alex B, Gill G, Arieh L (1997) Evaluation and variation in response to infection with Puccinia striiformis and Puccinia recondita of local landraces. Euphytica 94: 287 - 293.
  • Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996) Introductory Mycology. 4th edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York.
  • Assefa S, Fehrmann H (2004) Evaluation of Aegilops tauschii Coss. for resistance to wheat stem rust and inheritance of resistance genes in hexaploid wheat. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51: 663- 669.
  • Babiker E, Amir MHI, Yen Y, Stein J (2009) Identification of a microsatellite marker associated with stem rust resistance gene Sr35 in wheat. Australian Journal of Crop Science 3: 195-200.
  • Beteselassie N, Fininsa C, Badebo A (2006) Short communication sources of stem rust resistance in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions. African Crop Science Journal 15:51 -57.
  • Borlaug NE (1954) Mexican wheat production and its role in the epidemiology of stem rust in North America. Phytopathology 44: 398-404.
  • Borlaug NE (2005) Sounding the alarm on global stem rust. An assessment of race Ug99 in Kenya and Ethiopia and the potential for impact in neighboring regions and beyond. By the Expert Panel on the Stem Rust Outbreak in Eastern Africa.
  • Buchenauer H (1982) Chemical and biological control of cereal rust. In: Scott KJ, Chakravorty AK (Eds), The Rust Fungi. Academic Press, London, pp. 247-279.
  • Csősz M, Bartos P, Mesterhazy A (2001) Identification of stem rust resistance gene Sr36 in the wheat cultivar GK Kincso and in its derivatives. Cereal Research Communications 29: 267-273.
  • Das BK, Saini A, Bhagwat SG, Jawali N (2006) Development of SCAR markers for identification of stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in the homozygous orheterozygous condition in bread wheat. Plant Breeding 125: 544-549.
  • Ephrem B, Hirut K, Getachew B (2000) Durum wheat in Ethiopia: An old crop in an ancient land. Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research (IBCR), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • FAO (2010) Statistics Division. http://faostat.fao.org. Accessed 14 March 2010.
  • FAO (2011) Rust Report. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/en/. Accessed 22 Nowember 2011.
  • Flor HH (1955) Host-parasite interaction in flax rust- its genetics and other implications. Phytopathology 45: 680-685.
  • Groth JV, Roelfs AP (1982) The effect of sexual and asexual reproduction on race abundance in cereal rust fungus population. Phtopathology 72: 1503-1507.
  • Jin Y, Szabo LJ (2008) Detection of virulences to resistance gene Sr24 within race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f.. sp. tritici. Plant Disease 92: 923-926.
  • Jin Y, Singh RP (2006) Resistance in US wheat to recent eastern African isolates of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici with virulence to resistance gene Sr31. Plant Disease 90: 476–480.
  • Jin Y, Pretorius ZA, Singh RP (2007) New virulence within race TTKS (Ug99) of the stem rust pathogen and effective resistance genes. Phytopathology 97: 137.
  • Jin Y, Szabo LJ, Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Ward R, Fetch TJR (2008) Detection of virulence to resistance gene Sr24 within race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Disease 92: 923–926.
  • Jin Y, Szabo LJ, Rouse MN, Fetch TJR, Pretorius ZA, Wanyera R, Njau P (2009) Detection of virulence to resistance gene Sr36 within the TTKS race lineage of Puccinia graminis f sp. tritici. Plant Disease 93: 367–370.
  • Johnson R (1981) Durable diseases resistance. In: Jenkyn JF, Plumb RT (Eds), Strategies for Control of Cereal Diseases. Blacwell, Oxford, pp. 55-63.
  • Joshi LM, Singh DV, Srivastava KD (1986) Wheat and wheat diseases in India. In: Joshi LM, Singh DV, Srivastava KD (Eds), Problems and Progress of Wheat Pathology in South Asia. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi.
  • Kislev ME (1982) Stem rust of wheat 3300 years old found in Israel. Science 216: 993–994.
  • Kleinhofs A, Robert B, Jayaveeramuthu N, Ling Z, Aghafakhr M, Arnis D, Nils R, Brian JS (2009) Barley stem rust resistance genes, structure and function. The Plant Genome 2: 109–120.
  • Kolmer JA, Jin Y, Long DL (2007) Wheat leaf and stem rust in the United States. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58: 631- 638.
  • Krattinger SG, Lagudah ES, Spielmeyer W, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, McFadden H, Bossolini E, Setler LL, Keller B (2009) Putative ABC transporter confers durable resistance to multiple fungal pathogens in wheat. Science 323: 1360- 1363.
  • Leonard KJ (2001) Stem rust-future enemy? In: Peterson PD (Ed), Stem Rust of Wheat: from Ancient Enemy to Modern Foe. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, pp. 119-146.
  • Leonard KJ, Szabo LJ (2005) Rust of small grains and grasses caused by Puccinia graminis. Molecular Plant Pathology 6: 99-111.
  • Luig NH (1985) Epidemiology in Australia and New Zealand. In: Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR (Eds), Cereal Rusts, Vol. II: Diseases, Distribution, Epidemiology, and Control. Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 301–328.
  • Margo R, Bariana HS, Dundas IS, Spielmeyer W, Lawrence GJ, Pryor AJ, Ellis JG (2005) Development of PCR markers for the selection of wheat stem rust resistance genes Sr24 and Sr26 in diverse wheat germplasm. Theoretical Applied Genetics 111: 496- 504.
  • McIntosh RA (1976) Genetics of wheat and wheat rusts since Farrer. Farrer Memorial Oration. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 42: 203-216.
  • McIntosh RA, Wellings CR, Park RF (1995) Wheat Rust. An Atlas of Resistance Genes. Melbourne, CSIRO, pp. 44-45.
  • McIntosh RA, Hart GE, Devos KM, Gale MD, Rogers WJ (1998) Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat. In: Slinkard AE (Ed), Proceedings of the 9th International Wheat Genetics.
  • Nazari K, Mafi M, Yahyaoui A, Singh RP, Park RF (2009) Detection of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) race TTKSK (Ug99) in Iran. doi: 10.1094/pdis-93-3-0317b.
  • Olson EL (2009) Characterization of stem rust resistance in US Wheat Germplasm. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Crop Science Raleigh, North Carolina.
  • Park RF (2007) Stem rust of wheat in Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58: 558−566.
  • Porter JR, Jameison PD, Grace PR (2007) Wheat production and global climate change. Terrestrial Ecosystems in A Changing World. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Wagoire WW, Payne TS (2000) Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Uganda. Plant Disease 84: 203.
  • Pretorius ZA, Bender CM, Visser B (2010) First report of a Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race virulent to the Sr24 and Sr31 wheat stem rust resistance genes in South Africa. doi: 10.1094/pdis-94-6- 0784c..
  • Purnhauser L, Bóna L (2009) Detection of Sr31 and Sr36 stem rust resistance genes by molecular markers in wheat cultivars registered in Hungary. Research Journal of Agricultural Science 41: 318-322.
  • Reynolds MP, Borlaug NE (2006) Applying innovations and new technologies from international collaborative wheat improvement. Journal of Agricultural Science 144: 95–110.
  • Roelfs AP, Groth JV (1980) A comparison of virulence phenotypes in wheat stem rust populations reproducing sexually and asexually. Phytopathology 70: 855-862.
  • Roelfs AP (1982) Effects of barberry eradication on stem rust in the United States. Plant Disease 66: 177-181.
  • Roelfs AP (1985) Wheat and rye stem rust. In: Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR (Eds), The Cereal Rusts, Vol. II: Diseases, Distribution, Epidemiology, and Control. Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 3–37.
  • Roelfs AP (1988) Resistance to leaf and stem rusts in wheat. In: Simmonds NW, Rajaram S (Eds), Breeding Strategies for Resistance to the Rust of Wheat. CIMMTY, Mexico, pp. 10-22.
  • Roelfs AP, Singh RP, Saari EE (1992) Rust diseases of wheat: concepts and methods of disease management. CIMMYT, Mexico.
  • Rotem J, Wooding B, Aylor DE (1985) The role of solar radiation, especially UV, in the mortality of fungal spores. Phytopathology 75: 510–514.
  • Rupert JA (1951) Rust Resistance in the Mexican Wheat Improvement Program. Fundacion Rockefeller, CIMMYT, Mexico.
  • Saari EE, Prescott JM (1985) World distribution in relation to economic losses. In : Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR (Eds), The Cereal Rusts, Vol. II: Diseases, Distribution, Epidemiology, and Control. Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 259–298.
  • Shank R (1994) Wheat stem rust and drought effects on Bale agricultural production and future prospects. Addis Ababa: United Nations Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia.
  • Singh RP, Hodson DP, Jin Y, Huerta-Espino J, Kinyua MG, Wanyera R, Njau P, Ward RW (2006) Current status, likely migration and strategies to mitigate the threat to wheat production from race Ug99 (TTKS) of stem rust pathogen. CAB Reviews: Perspectives Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 54: 13.
  • Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, Sharma R, Joshi AK, Trethowan RM (2007) High yielding spring breadwheat germplasm for global irrigated agro-ecosystems. Euphytica 157:351–363.
  • Singh RP, Hodson DP, Huerta-Espino J, Jin Y, Njau P, Wanyera R, Sybil AH-F, Ward RW (2008) Will stem rust destroy the World‟s wheat crop? Advances in Agronomy 98: 272-308.
  • Spielmeyer W, Sharp PJ, Lagudah ES (2003) Identification and validation of markers linked to broad-spectrum stem rust resistance gene Sr2 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crop Science 43: 333-336.
  • Stakman EC (1923) Wheat Diseases 14. The wheat rust problem in the United States. 1st Pan-Pacific Scientific Congress, pp. 86-96.
  • Stakman EC, Harar JG (1957) Principles of plant pathology. Ronald Press, New York.
  • Stubbs RW, De Bruin T (1970) Bestrijding van gele roest met het systemische fungicide oxycaroxin „Plantvax‟. Gewasbescherming 1: 99-104.
  • Xu SS, Jin Y, Klindworth DL, Wang RRC, Cai X (2009) Evaluation and characterization of seedling resistances to stem rust ug99 races in wheat–alien species derivatives. Crop Science 49: 2167– 2175.
  • Wanyera R, Kinyua MG, Jin Y, Singh RP (2006) The spread of stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, with virulence on Sr31 in wheat in Eastern Africa. Plant Disease 90:113.
  • Watson IA, De Sousa CNA (1983) Long distance transport of spores of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in the Southern Hemisphere. Linnean Society of New South Wales 106: 311-321.
  • Wu S (2008) Molecular mapping of stem rust resistance genes in wheat. A thesis for the degree master of science Department of Agronomy College of Agriculture Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas.
  • Zadoks JC, Bouwman JJ (1985) Epidemiology in Europe. In: Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR (Eds), The Cereal Rusts Vol. II; Diseases, Distribution, Epidemiology, and Control. Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 329-369.
  • Zadoks JC (2008) On the Political Economy of Plant Disease Epidemics: Capita Selecta in Historic Epidemiology. Academic Publishers, Wageningen.

Stem rust (ug99), seen as a threat globally

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1, 23 - 28, 01.06.2012

Öz

Stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici (Eriks & Henn.) is one of the most devastating diseases of wheat. If favorable conditions for the pathogen appear, the pathogen may cause both epidemics and pandemics. Evolution of genes of the pathogen population gives rise to emerge of new races of the pathogen. The Ug99 is a good example. In 1998, severe stem rust infections were observed on wheat in Uganda, and a race, designated as Ug99, was detected. The same race was detected in Kenya and Ethiopia in 2005. Later, Ug99 was established in Yemen in 2006, in Iran in 2007, in Tanzania and South Africa in 2009. The new race of stem rust has been seen globally as a threat to wheat production because Ug99 has spreaded from Eastern Africa to Middle East and Asia. In addition, scientists predict spreading of the pathogen towards other areas of the world through prevailed air currents. The situation is worrying for areas where wheat is grown.

Kaynakça

  • Akan K, Mert Z, Cetin L, Dusunceli F, Wanyera R, Singh D (2010) Global initiatives for management of ug99 stem rust race and reactions of winter wheat genotypes to ug99 in 2009 year. 8th International wheat conference. St. Petersburg, Russia, pp. 292.
  • Alex B, Gill G, Arieh L (1997) Evaluation and variation in response to infection with Puccinia striiformis and Puccinia recondita of local landraces. Euphytica 94: 287 - 293.
  • Alexopoulos CJ, Mims CW, Blackwell M (1996) Introductory Mycology. 4th edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc, New York.
  • Assefa S, Fehrmann H (2004) Evaluation of Aegilops tauschii Coss. for resistance to wheat stem rust and inheritance of resistance genes in hexaploid wheat. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 51: 663- 669.
  • Babiker E, Amir MHI, Yen Y, Stein J (2009) Identification of a microsatellite marker associated with stem rust resistance gene Sr35 in wheat. Australian Journal of Crop Science 3: 195-200.
  • Beteselassie N, Fininsa C, Badebo A (2006) Short communication sources of stem rust resistance in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat accessions. African Crop Science Journal 15:51 -57.
  • Borlaug NE (1954) Mexican wheat production and its role in the epidemiology of stem rust in North America. Phytopathology 44: 398-404.
  • Borlaug NE (2005) Sounding the alarm on global stem rust. An assessment of race Ug99 in Kenya and Ethiopia and the potential for impact in neighboring regions and beyond. By the Expert Panel on the Stem Rust Outbreak in Eastern Africa.
  • Buchenauer H (1982) Chemical and biological control of cereal rust. In: Scott KJ, Chakravorty AK (Eds), The Rust Fungi. Academic Press, London, pp. 247-279.
  • Csősz M, Bartos P, Mesterhazy A (2001) Identification of stem rust resistance gene Sr36 in the wheat cultivar GK Kincso and in its derivatives. Cereal Research Communications 29: 267-273.
  • Das BK, Saini A, Bhagwat SG, Jawali N (2006) Development of SCAR markers for identification of stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in the homozygous orheterozygous condition in bread wheat. Plant Breeding 125: 544-549.
  • Ephrem B, Hirut K, Getachew B (2000) Durum wheat in Ethiopia: An old crop in an ancient land. Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research (IBCR), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • FAO (2010) Statistics Division. http://faostat.fao.org. Accessed 14 March 2010.
  • FAO (2011) Rust Report. http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/rust/stem/en/. Accessed 22 Nowember 2011.
  • Flor HH (1955) Host-parasite interaction in flax rust- its genetics and other implications. Phytopathology 45: 680-685.
  • Groth JV, Roelfs AP (1982) The effect of sexual and asexual reproduction on race abundance in cereal rust fungus population. Phtopathology 72: 1503-1507.
  • Jin Y, Szabo LJ (2008) Detection of virulences to resistance gene Sr24 within race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f.. sp. tritici. Plant Disease 92: 923-926.
  • Jin Y, Singh RP (2006) Resistance in US wheat to recent eastern African isolates of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici with virulence to resistance gene Sr31. Plant Disease 90: 476–480.
  • Jin Y, Pretorius ZA, Singh RP (2007) New virulence within race TTKS (Ug99) of the stem rust pathogen and effective resistance genes. Phytopathology 97: 137.
  • Jin Y, Szabo LJ, Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Ward R, Fetch TJR (2008) Detection of virulence to resistance gene Sr24 within race TTKS of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici. Plant Disease 92: 923–926.
  • Jin Y, Szabo LJ, Rouse MN, Fetch TJR, Pretorius ZA, Wanyera R, Njau P (2009) Detection of virulence to resistance gene Sr36 within the TTKS race lineage of Puccinia graminis f sp. tritici. Plant Disease 93: 367–370.
  • Johnson R (1981) Durable diseases resistance. In: Jenkyn JF, Plumb RT (Eds), Strategies for Control of Cereal Diseases. Blacwell, Oxford, pp. 55-63.
  • Joshi LM, Singh DV, Srivastava KD (1986) Wheat and wheat diseases in India. In: Joshi LM, Singh DV, Srivastava KD (Eds), Problems and Progress of Wheat Pathology in South Asia. Malhotra Publishing House, New Delhi.
  • Kislev ME (1982) Stem rust of wheat 3300 years old found in Israel. Science 216: 993–994.
  • Kleinhofs A, Robert B, Jayaveeramuthu N, Ling Z, Aghafakhr M, Arnis D, Nils R, Brian JS (2009) Barley stem rust resistance genes, structure and function. The Plant Genome 2: 109–120.
  • Kolmer JA, Jin Y, Long DL (2007) Wheat leaf and stem rust in the United States. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58: 631- 638.
  • Krattinger SG, Lagudah ES, Spielmeyer W, Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, McFadden H, Bossolini E, Setler LL, Keller B (2009) Putative ABC transporter confers durable resistance to multiple fungal pathogens in wheat. Science 323: 1360- 1363.
  • Leonard KJ (2001) Stem rust-future enemy? In: Peterson PD (Ed), Stem Rust of Wheat: from Ancient Enemy to Modern Foe. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, pp. 119-146.
  • Leonard KJ, Szabo LJ (2005) Rust of small grains and grasses caused by Puccinia graminis. Molecular Plant Pathology 6: 99-111.
  • Luig NH (1985) Epidemiology in Australia and New Zealand. In: Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR (Eds), Cereal Rusts, Vol. II: Diseases, Distribution, Epidemiology, and Control. Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 301–328.
  • Margo R, Bariana HS, Dundas IS, Spielmeyer W, Lawrence GJ, Pryor AJ, Ellis JG (2005) Development of PCR markers for the selection of wheat stem rust resistance genes Sr24 and Sr26 in diverse wheat germplasm. Theoretical Applied Genetics 111: 496- 504.
  • McIntosh RA (1976) Genetics of wheat and wheat rusts since Farrer. Farrer Memorial Oration. Journal of the Australian Institute of Agricultural Science 42: 203-216.
  • McIntosh RA, Wellings CR, Park RF (1995) Wheat Rust. An Atlas of Resistance Genes. Melbourne, CSIRO, pp. 44-45.
  • McIntosh RA, Hart GE, Devos KM, Gale MD, Rogers WJ (1998) Catalogue of gene symbols for wheat. In: Slinkard AE (Ed), Proceedings of the 9th International Wheat Genetics.
  • Nazari K, Mafi M, Yahyaoui A, Singh RP, Park RF (2009) Detection of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) race TTKSK (Ug99) in Iran. doi: 10.1094/pdis-93-3-0317b.
  • Olson EL (2009) Characterization of stem rust resistance in US Wheat Germplasm. A thesis submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science Crop Science Raleigh, North Carolina.
  • Park RF (2007) Stem rust of wheat in Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58: 558−566.
  • Porter JR, Jameison PD, Grace PR (2007) Wheat production and global climate change. Terrestrial Ecosystems in A Changing World. Springer Berlin, Heidelberg.
  • Pretorius ZA, Singh RP, Wagoire WW, Payne TS (2000) Detection of virulence to wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr31 in Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Uganda. Plant Disease 84: 203.
  • Pretorius ZA, Bender CM, Visser B (2010) First report of a Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici race virulent to the Sr24 and Sr31 wheat stem rust resistance genes in South Africa. doi: 10.1094/pdis-94-6- 0784c..
  • Purnhauser L, Bóna L (2009) Detection of Sr31 and Sr36 stem rust resistance genes by molecular markers in wheat cultivars registered in Hungary. Research Journal of Agricultural Science 41: 318-322.
  • Reynolds MP, Borlaug NE (2006) Applying innovations and new technologies from international collaborative wheat improvement. Journal of Agricultural Science 144: 95–110.
  • Roelfs AP, Groth JV (1980) A comparison of virulence phenotypes in wheat stem rust populations reproducing sexually and asexually. Phytopathology 70: 855-862.
  • Roelfs AP (1982) Effects of barberry eradication on stem rust in the United States. Plant Disease 66: 177-181.
  • Roelfs AP (1985) Wheat and rye stem rust. In: Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR (Eds), The Cereal Rusts, Vol. II: Diseases, Distribution, Epidemiology, and Control. Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 3–37.
  • Roelfs AP (1988) Resistance to leaf and stem rusts in wheat. In: Simmonds NW, Rajaram S (Eds), Breeding Strategies for Resistance to the Rust of Wheat. CIMMTY, Mexico, pp. 10-22.
  • Roelfs AP, Singh RP, Saari EE (1992) Rust diseases of wheat: concepts and methods of disease management. CIMMYT, Mexico.
  • Rotem J, Wooding B, Aylor DE (1985) The role of solar radiation, especially UV, in the mortality of fungal spores. Phytopathology 75: 510–514.
  • Rupert JA (1951) Rust Resistance in the Mexican Wheat Improvement Program. Fundacion Rockefeller, CIMMYT, Mexico.
  • Saari EE, Prescott JM (1985) World distribution in relation to economic losses. In : Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR (Eds), The Cereal Rusts, Vol. II: Diseases, Distribution, Epidemiology, and Control. Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 259–298.
  • Shank R (1994) Wheat stem rust and drought effects on Bale agricultural production and future prospects. Addis Ababa: United Nations Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia.
  • Singh RP, Hodson DP, Jin Y, Huerta-Espino J, Kinyua MG, Wanyera R, Njau P, Ward RW (2006) Current status, likely migration and strategies to mitigate the threat to wheat production from race Ug99 (TTKS) of stem rust pathogen. CAB Reviews: Perspectives Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources 54: 13.
  • Singh RP, Huerta-Espino J, Sharma R, Joshi AK, Trethowan RM (2007) High yielding spring breadwheat germplasm for global irrigated agro-ecosystems. Euphytica 157:351–363.
  • Singh RP, Hodson DP, Huerta-Espino J, Jin Y, Njau P, Wanyera R, Sybil AH-F, Ward RW (2008) Will stem rust destroy the World‟s wheat crop? Advances in Agronomy 98: 272-308.
  • Spielmeyer W, Sharp PJ, Lagudah ES (2003) Identification and validation of markers linked to broad-spectrum stem rust resistance gene Sr2 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crop Science 43: 333-336.
  • Stakman EC (1923) Wheat Diseases 14. The wheat rust problem in the United States. 1st Pan-Pacific Scientific Congress, pp. 86-96.
  • Stakman EC, Harar JG (1957) Principles of plant pathology. Ronald Press, New York.
  • Stubbs RW, De Bruin T (1970) Bestrijding van gele roest met het systemische fungicide oxycaroxin „Plantvax‟. Gewasbescherming 1: 99-104.
  • Xu SS, Jin Y, Klindworth DL, Wang RRC, Cai X (2009) Evaluation and characterization of seedling resistances to stem rust ug99 races in wheat–alien species derivatives. Crop Science 49: 2167– 2175.
  • Wanyera R, Kinyua MG, Jin Y, Singh RP (2006) The spread of stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, with virulence on Sr31 in wheat in Eastern Africa. Plant Disease 90:113.
  • Watson IA, De Sousa CNA (1983) Long distance transport of spores of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in the Southern Hemisphere. Linnean Society of New South Wales 106: 311-321.
  • Wu S (2008) Molecular mapping of stem rust resistance genes in wheat. A thesis for the degree master of science Department of Agronomy College of Agriculture Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas.
  • Zadoks JC, Bouwman JJ (1985) Epidemiology in Europe. In: Roelfs AP, Bushnell WR (Eds), The Cereal Rusts Vol. II; Diseases, Distribution, Epidemiology, and Control. Academic Press, Orlando, pp. 329-369.
  • Zadoks JC (2008) On the Political Economy of Plant Disease Epidemics: Capita Selecta in Historic Epidemiology. Academic Publishers, Wageningen.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ziraat Mühendisliği
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

M. Aydoğdu Bu kişi benim

N. Boyraz Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2012
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydoğdu, M., & Boyraz, N. (2012). Kara pas (ug99), küresel bir tehdit olarak görülmektedir. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, 25(1), 23-28.
AMA Aydoğdu M, Boyraz N. Kara pas (ug99), küresel bir tehdit olarak görülmektedir. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. Haziran 2012;25(1):23-28.
Chicago Aydoğdu, M., ve N. Boyraz. “Kara Pas (ug99), küresel Bir Tehdit Olarak görülmektedir”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 25, sy. 1 (Haziran 2012): 23-28.
EndNote Aydoğdu M, Boyraz N (01 Haziran 2012) Kara pas (ug99), küresel bir tehdit olarak görülmektedir. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 25 1 23–28.
IEEE M. Aydoğdu ve N. Boyraz, “Kara pas (ug99), küresel bir tehdit olarak görülmektedir”, Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, c. 25, sy. 1, ss. 23–28, 2012.
ISNAD Aydoğdu, M. - Boyraz, N. “Kara Pas (ug99), küresel Bir Tehdit Olarak görülmektedir”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture 25/1 (Haziran 2012), 23-28.
JAMA Aydoğdu M, Boyraz N. Kara pas (ug99), küresel bir tehdit olarak görülmektedir. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. 2012;25:23–28.
MLA Aydoğdu, M. ve N. Boyraz. “Kara Pas (ug99), küresel Bir Tehdit Olarak görülmektedir”. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, c. 25, sy. 1, 2012, ss. 23-28.
Vancouver Aydoğdu M, Boyraz N. Kara pas (ug99), küresel bir tehdit olarak görülmektedir. Akdeniz University Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture. 2012;25(1):23-8.