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Liver cirrhosis and nitric oxide

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 91 - 131, 01.06.2009

Öz

Liver cirrhosis is a clinical condition which appears due to various etiologies and basically contains diffuse fibrozis and nodularity. Portal hypertension frequently accompanies this condition and constitutes the complications with negative effects concerning patients mortality and morbidity. For this reason, understanding the pathophysiologies of cirrhosis and portal hypertension is essential for the supplementation of new treatment options. In this review, the role of nitric oxide in the pathophysiologies of fibrosis, cirrhosis and portal hypertension has been discussed.

Kaynakça

  • Battaler R, Brenner DA. Liver fibrozis. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 209-218.
  • Pinzani M, Rombouts K. Liver fibrozis: from the bench to clinical targets. Dig Dis Sci 2004; 36: 231-242.
  • Ramadori G, Saile B. Portal tract fibrogenesis in the liver. Lab Invest 2004; 84: 153-159.
  • Battaler R, Sancho-Bru P, Gines P, et al. Liver fibrogenesis: A new role fort the renin- angiotensin system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7: 1346-1355.
  • Mayoral P, Criado M, Hidalgo F, et al. Effects of chronic nitric oxide activation or inhibition on early hepatic fibrosis in rats with bile duct ligation. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999; 96: 297-305.
  • Wei CL, Hon WM, Lee KH, et al. Chronic administration of aminoguanidine reduces vascular nitric oxide production and attenuates liver damage in bile duct-ligated rats. Liver Int 2005; 25: 647-56.
  • Novitskiy G, Potter JJ, Wang L, et al. Influences of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide on hepatic fibrogenesis. Liver Int 2006; 26: 1248-57.
  • Kikuchi H, Katsuramaki T, Kukita K, et al. New strategy for the antifibrotic therapy with oral administration of FR260330 (a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) in rat experimental liver cirrhosis. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15: 881-8.
  • Leung TM, Tipoe GL, Liong EC, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is a critical factor in experimental liver fibrosis. Int J Exp Pathol 2008; 89: 241-50.
  • Aram G, Potter JJ, Liu X, et al. Lack of inducible nitric oxide synthase leads to increased hepatic apoptosis and decreased fibrosis in mice after chronic carbon tetrachloride administration. Hepatology 2008; 47: 2051-8.
  • Criado M, Flores O, Vázquez MJ, et al. Role of prostanoids and nitric oxide inhibition in rats with experimental hepatic fibrosis. J Physiol Biochem 2000; 56: 181-8.
  • Moal F, Veal N, Vuillemin E, et al. Hemodynamic and antifibrotic effects of a selective liver nitric oxide donor V-PYRRO/NO in bile duct ligated rats. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 6639-45.
  • Lukivskaya O, Patsenker E, Lis R, et al. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity prevents liver recovery in rat thioacetamide-induced fibrosis reversal. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38: 317-25.
  • Moreno MG, Muriel P Inducible nitric oxide synthase is not essential for the development of fibrosis and liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2006; 26: 326-32.
  • Parola M, Robino G. Oxidative stres-elated molecules and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 297-306.
  • Ramadori G, Saile B. Portal tract fibrogenesis in the liver. Lab Invest 2004; 84: 153-159.
  • Elsharkawy AM, Oakley F, Mann DA. The role and regulation of hepatic stellate cell apoptosis in reversal of liver fibrosis. Apoptosis 2005; 10(5): 927-39.
  • Rockey DC. Antifibrotic therapy in chronic liver disease. Clin Gastro Hep 2005; 3: 95-107.
  • Matsumoto A, Ogura K, Hirata Y, Kakoki Met al. Increased nitric oxide in the exhaled air of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med 1995; 15: 110-3.
  • Criado-Jiménez M, Rivas-Cabañero L, Martín-Oterino JA, López-Novoa JM, et al. Nitric oxide production by mononuclear leukocytes in alcoholic cirrhosis. J Mol Med 1995; 73: 31-3.
  • Masini E, Mugnai L, Foschi M, et al. Changes in the production of nitric oxide and superoxide by inflammatory cells in liver cirrhosis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995; 107: 197-8.
  • McNaughton L, Puttagunta L, Martinez-Cuesta MA, et al. Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in normal and cirrhotic human liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 24: 17161-6.
  • Mohammed NA, Abd El-Aleem S, Appleton I, et al. Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in human liver cirrhosis. J Pathol 2003; 200: 647-55.
  • Wei CL, Hon WM, Lee KH, et al. Temporal expression of hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase in liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 21: 362-7.
  • Yuan GJ, Zhou XR, Gong ZJ, et al. Expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase correlate with ethanol-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 21: 2375-81.
  • Montoliu C, Kosenko E, Del Olmo JA, et al. Correlation of nitric oxide and atrial natriuretic peptide changes with altered cGMP homeostasis in liver cirrhosis. Liver Int 2005; 25: 787-95.
  • Siqueira C, de Moura MC, Pedro AJ, et al. Elevated nitric oxide and 3',5' cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 236-42.
  • Dere F. Anatomi. Adana: Okullar Pazarı Kitapevi. 2000; 633-646.
  • Reiner W, Roberto G. Nitric oxide and portal hypertension: its role in the regulation of intrahepatic and splanchnic vascular resistance. Sem Liver Dis 1999; 19: 411-426.
  • Fiorucci S, Antonelli E, Morelli A. Nitric oxide and portal hypertesion: a nitric oxide-releasing derivative of ursodeoxycholic acid that selectively releases nitric oxide in the liver. Dig Liv Dis 2003: 35 (suppl. 2): S61-S69.
  • Hartleb M, Michielsen PP, Dziurkowska-Marek A. The role of nitric oxide in portal hypertensive systemic and portal vascular pathology. Acta Gastro-enerol Bel 1997; 60: 222
  • Wiest R, Groszmann RJ. The paradox of nitric oxide in cirrhosis and portal hypertension: Too much, not enough. Hepatol 2002: 35: 478-491.
  • Rockey DC, Chung JJ. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide during hepatic injury and fibrogenesis. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: G124-30.
  • Sarela AI, Mihaimeed FM, Batten JJ, et al. Hepatic and splanchnic nitric oxide activity in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 1999; 44: 749-53.
  • Bhimani EK, Serracino-Inglott F, Sarela AI, et al. Hepatic and mesenteric nitric oxide synthase expression in a rat model of CCl(4)-induced cirrhosis. J Surg Res 2003; 113: 172-8.
  • Gupta TK, Toruner M, Chung MK, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and decreased production of nitric oxide in the intrahepatic microcirculation of cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 1998; 28: 926-31.
  • Loureiro-Silva MR, Cadelina GW, Groszmann RJ. Deficit in nitric oxide production in cirrhotic rat livers is located in the sinusoidal and postsinusoidal areas. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284: G567-74.
  • Yu Q, Shao R, Qian HS, et al. Gene transfer of the neuronal NO synthase isoform to cirrhotic rat liver ameliorates portal hypertension. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 741-8.
  • Van de Casteele M, Omasta A, Janssens S, et al. In vivo gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase decreases portal pressure in anaesthetised carbon tetrachloride cirrhotic rats. Gut 2002; 51: 440-5.
  • Fiorucci S, Antonelli E, Morelli O, et al. NCX-1000, a NO-releasing derivative of ursodeoxycholic acid, selectively delivers NO to the liver and protects against development of portal hypertension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 17: 8897-902.
  • http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00414869?term=NCX-1000&rank=1
  • Zhang ZQ, Qiu JF, Luo M, et al. Liposome-mediated gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase to cirrhotic rat liver decreases intrahepatic vascular resistance. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: e487-93.
  • Biecker E, Trebicka J, Kang A, et al. Treatment of bile duct-ligated rats with the nitric oxide synthase transcription enhancer AVE 9488 ameliorates portal hypertension. Liver Int 2008; 28: 331-8.
  • Matei V, Rodríguez-Vilarrupla A, Deulofeu R, et al. Three-day tetrahydrobiopterin therapy increases in vivo hepatic NOS activity and reduces portal pressure in CCl4 cirrhotic rats. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 192-7.
  • Shah V, Toruner M, Haddad F, et al. Impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity associated with enhanced caveolin binding in experimental cirrhosis in the rat. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 1222-8.
  • Yokomori H, Oda M, Ogi M, et al. Enhanced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and caveolin-1 in human cirrhosis. Liver 2002; 22: 150-8.
  • Yokomori H, Oda M, Yoshimura K, et al. Elevated expression of caveolin-1 at protein and mRNA level in human cirrhotic liver: relation with nitric oxide. J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 854
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  • Rockey DC, Chung JJ. Reduced nitric oxide production by endothelial cells in cirrhotic rat liver: endothelial dysfunction in portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 344-51.
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Karaciğer Sirozu ve Nitrik Oksit

Yıl 2009, Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2, 91 - 131, 01.06.2009

Öz

Karaciğer sirozu çeşitli etyolojilere bağlı olarak gelişen ve temelinde diffüz fibrozis ve nodülarite olan bir klinik durumdur. Portal hipertansiyon sıklıkla bu duruma eşlik eder ve hastaların mortalite ve morbiditesine olumsuz etkileri olan komplikasyonların temelini oluşturur. Bu nedenle siroz ve portal hipertansiyonun fizyopatogenezinin anlaşılması yeni tedavi seçeneklerinin sağlanması için gereklidir. Bu derlemede nitrik oksidin fibrozis, siroz ve portal hipertansiyonun fizyopatogenezindeki rolü tartışılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Battaler R, Brenner DA. Liver fibrozis. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 209-218.
  • Pinzani M, Rombouts K. Liver fibrozis: from the bench to clinical targets. Dig Dis Sci 2004; 36: 231-242.
  • Ramadori G, Saile B. Portal tract fibrogenesis in the liver. Lab Invest 2004; 84: 153-159.
  • Battaler R, Sancho-Bru P, Gines P, et al. Liver fibrogenesis: A new role fort the renin- angiotensin system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7: 1346-1355.
  • Mayoral P, Criado M, Hidalgo F, et al. Effects of chronic nitric oxide activation or inhibition on early hepatic fibrosis in rats with bile duct ligation. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999; 96: 297-305.
  • Wei CL, Hon WM, Lee KH, et al. Chronic administration of aminoguanidine reduces vascular nitric oxide production and attenuates liver damage in bile duct-ligated rats. Liver Int 2005; 25: 647-56.
  • Novitskiy G, Potter JJ, Wang L, et al. Influences of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide on hepatic fibrogenesis. Liver Int 2006; 26: 1248-57.
  • Kikuchi H, Katsuramaki T, Kukita K, et al. New strategy for the antifibrotic therapy with oral administration of FR260330 (a selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor) in rat experimental liver cirrhosis. Wound Repair Regen 2007; 15: 881-8.
  • Leung TM, Tipoe GL, Liong EC, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is a critical factor in experimental liver fibrosis. Int J Exp Pathol 2008; 89: 241-50.
  • Aram G, Potter JJ, Liu X, et al. Lack of inducible nitric oxide synthase leads to increased hepatic apoptosis and decreased fibrosis in mice after chronic carbon tetrachloride administration. Hepatology 2008; 47: 2051-8.
  • Criado M, Flores O, Vázquez MJ, et al. Role of prostanoids and nitric oxide inhibition in rats with experimental hepatic fibrosis. J Physiol Biochem 2000; 56: 181-8.
  • Moal F, Veal N, Vuillemin E, et al. Hemodynamic and antifibrotic effects of a selective liver nitric oxide donor V-PYRRO/NO in bile duct ligated rats. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12: 6639-45.
  • Lukivskaya O, Patsenker E, Lis R, et al. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase activity prevents liver recovery in rat thioacetamide-induced fibrosis reversal. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38: 317-25.
  • Moreno MG, Muriel P Inducible nitric oxide synthase is not essential for the development of fibrosis and liver damage induced by CCl4 in mice. J Appl Toxicol 2006; 26: 326-32.
  • Parola M, Robino G. Oxidative stres-elated molecules and liver fibrosis. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 297-306.
  • Ramadori G, Saile B. Portal tract fibrogenesis in the liver. Lab Invest 2004; 84: 153-159.
  • Elsharkawy AM, Oakley F, Mann DA. The role and regulation of hepatic stellate cell apoptosis in reversal of liver fibrosis. Apoptosis 2005; 10(5): 927-39.
  • Rockey DC. Antifibrotic therapy in chronic liver disease. Clin Gastro Hep 2005; 3: 95-107.
  • Matsumoto A, Ogura K, Hirata Y, Kakoki Met al. Increased nitric oxide in the exhaled air of patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Ann Intern Med 1995; 15: 110-3.
  • Criado-Jiménez M, Rivas-Cabañero L, Martín-Oterino JA, López-Novoa JM, et al. Nitric oxide production by mononuclear leukocytes in alcoholic cirrhosis. J Mol Med 1995; 73: 31-3.
  • Masini E, Mugnai L, Foschi M, et al. Changes in the production of nitric oxide and superoxide by inflammatory cells in liver cirrhosis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1995; 107: 197-8.
  • McNaughton L, Puttagunta L, Martinez-Cuesta MA, et al. Distribution of nitric oxide synthase in normal and cirrhotic human liver. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 24: 17161-6.
  • Mohammed NA, Abd El-Aleem S, Appleton I, et al. Expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in human liver cirrhosis. J Pathol 2003; 200: 647-55.
  • Wei CL, Hon WM, Lee KH, et al. Temporal expression of hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase in liver cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 21: 362-7.
  • Yuan GJ, Zhou XR, Gong ZJ, et al. Expression and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase and endothelial nitric oxide synthase correlate with ethanol-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 21: 2375-81.
  • Montoliu C, Kosenko E, Del Olmo JA, et al. Correlation of nitric oxide and atrial natriuretic peptide changes with altered cGMP homeostasis in liver cirrhosis. Liver Int 2005; 25: 787-95.
  • Siqueira C, de Moura MC, Pedro AJ, et al. Elevated nitric oxide and 3',5' cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 236-42.
  • Dere F. Anatomi. Adana: Okullar Pazarı Kitapevi. 2000; 633-646.
  • Reiner W, Roberto G. Nitric oxide and portal hypertension: its role in the regulation of intrahepatic and splanchnic vascular resistance. Sem Liver Dis 1999; 19: 411-426.
  • Fiorucci S, Antonelli E, Morelli A. Nitric oxide and portal hypertesion: a nitric oxide-releasing derivative of ursodeoxycholic acid that selectively releases nitric oxide in the liver. Dig Liv Dis 2003: 35 (suppl. 2): S61-S69.
  • Hartleb M, Michielsen PP, Dziurkowska-Marek A. The role of nitric oxide in portal hypertensive systemic and portal vascular pathology. Acta Gastro-enerol Bel 1997; 60: 222
  • Wiest R, Groszmann RJ. The paradox of nitric oxide in cirrhosis and portal hypertension: Too much, not enough. Hepatol 2002: 35: 478-491.
  • Rockey DC, Chung JJ. Regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide during hepatic injury and fibrogenesis. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: G124-30.
  • Sarela AI, Mihaimeed FM, Batten JJ, et al. Hepatic and splanchnic nitric oxide activity in patients with cirrhosis. Gut 1999; 44: 749-53.
  • Bhimani EK, Serracino-Inglott F, Sarela AI, et al. Hepatic and mesenteric nitric oxide synthase expression in a rat model of CCl(4)-induced cirrhosis. J Surg Res 2003; 113: 172-8.
  • Gupta TK, Toruner M, Chung MK, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and decreased production of nitric oxide in the intrahepatic microcirculation of cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 1998; 28: 926-31.
  • Loureiro-Silva MR, Cadelina GW, Groszmann RJ. Deficit in nitric oxide production in cirrhotic rat livers is located in the sinusoidal and postsinusoidal areas. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284: G567-74.
  • Yu Q, Shao R, Qian HS, et al. Gene transfer of the neuronal NO synthase isoform to cirrhotic rat liver ameliorates portal hypertension. J Clin Invest 2000; 105: 741-8.
  • Van de Casteele M, Omasta A, Janssens S, et al. In vivo gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase decreases portal pressure in anaesthetised carbon tetrachloride cirrhotic rats. Gut 2002; 51: 440-5.
  • Fiorucci S, Antonelli E, Morelli O, et al. NCX-1000, a NO-releasing derivative of ursodeoxycholic acid, selectively delivers NO to the liver and protects against development of portal hypertension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 17: 8897-902.
  • http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00414869?term=NCX-1000&rank=1
  • Zhang ZQ, Qiu JF, Luo M, et al. Liposome-mediated gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase to cirrhotic rat liver decreases intrahepatic vascular resistance. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 23: e487-93.
  • Biecker E, Trebicka J, Kang A, et al. Treatment of bile duct-ligated rats with the nitric oxide synthase transcription enhancer AVE 9488 ameliorates portal hypertension. Liver Int 2008; 28: 331-8.
  • Matei V, Rodríguez-Vilarrupla A, Deulofeu R, et al. Three-day tetrahydrobiopterin therapy increases in vivo hepatic NOS activity and reduces portal pressure in CCl4 cirrhotic rats. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 192-7.
  • Shah V, Toruner M, Haddad F, et al. Impaired endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity associated with enhanced caveolin binding in experimental cirrhosis in the rat. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 1222-8.
  • Yokomori H, Oda M, Ogi M, et al. Enhanced expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and caveolin-1 in human cirrhosis. Liver 2002; 22: 150-8.
  • Yokomori H, Oda M, Yoshimura K, et al. Elevated expression of caveolin-1 at protein and mRNA level in human cirrhotic liver: relation with nitric oxide. J Gastroenterol 2003; 38: 854
  • Shir Mohammadi M, Thabut D, Cazals-Hatem D, et al. Possible mechanisms involved in the discrepancy of hepatic and aortic endothelial nitric oxide synthases during the development of cirrhosis in rats. Liver Int 2008 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Abraldes JG, Rodríguez-Vilarrupla A, Graupera M, Zet al. Simvastatin treatment improves liver sinusoidal endothelial dysfunction in CCl4 cirrhotic rats. J Hepatol 2007; 46: 1040-6.
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  • Vizzutti F, Romanelli RG, Arena U, et al. ADMA correlates with portal pressure in patients with compensated cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Invest 2007; 37: 509-15.
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  • Perri RE, Langer DA, Chatterjee S, et al. Defects in cGMP-PKG pathway contribute to impaired dependent responses in hepatic stellate cells upon activation. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290: G535-42.
  • Davies NA, Hodges SJ, Pitsillides AA, et al. Hepatic guanylate cyclase activity is decreased in a model of cirrhosis: a quantitative cytochemistry study. FEBS Lett 2006; 580: 2123-8.
  • Loureiro-Silva MR, Iwakiri Y, Abraldes JG, et al. Increased phosphodiesterase-5 expression is involved in the decreased vasodilator response to nitric oxide in cirrhotic rat livers. J Hepatol 2006; 44: 886-93.
  • Deibert P, Schumacher Y-O, Ruecker G, et al. Effect of vardenafil, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase-5, on portal haemodnamics in normal and cirrhotic liver-results of a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 23: 121-128.
  • Trebicka J, Hennenberg M, Laleman W, et al. Atorvastatin lowers portal pressure in cirrhotic rats by inhibition of RhoA/Rho-kinase and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Hepatology 2007; 46: 242-53.
  • Anegawa G, Kawanaka H, Yoshida D, et al. Defective endothelial nitric oxide synthase signaling is mediated by rho-kinase activation in rats with secondary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2008; 47: 966-77.
  • Cahill PA, Redmond EM, Sitzmann JV. Endothelial dysfunction in cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 2001: 89: 273-293.
  • Stark ME, Szurszewski JH. Role of nitric oxide in gastrointestinal and hepaic function and disease. Gastroenterol 1992; 103: 1928-1949.
  • Blendis L, Wong F. The hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis: an overview. Pharmacol Trends 2001; 89: 221-231.
  • Clària J, Jiménez W, Ros J, et al. Pathogenesis of arterial hypotension in cirrhotic rats with ascites: role of endogenous nitric oxide. Hepatology 1992; 15: 343-9.
  • Pizcueta P, Piqué JM, Fernández M, et al. Modulation of the hyperdynamic circulation of cirrhotic rats by nitric oxide inhibition. Gastroenterology 1992; 103: 1909-15.
  • Clària J, Jiménez W, Ros J, et al. Increased nitric oxide-dependent vasorelaxation in aortic rings of cirrhotic rats with ascites. Hepatology 1994; 20: 1615-21.
  • Ros J, Jiménez W, Lamas S, et al. Nitric oxide production in arterial vessels of cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 1995; 21: 554-60.
  • Niederberger M, Ginès P, Tsai P, et al. Increased aortic cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentration in experimental cirrhosis in rats: evidence for a role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of arterial vasodilation in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995; 21: 1625-31.
  • Fernández-Rodriguez CM, Prieto J, Quiroga J, et al. Enhanced urinary excretion of cGMP in liver cirrhosis. Relationship to hemodynamic changes, neurohormonal activation, and urinary sodium excretion. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 1416-20.
  • Lee SS, Pak JM, Medlicott SM, et al. Vasodilatory responses of isolated arteries of cirrhotic rats. Clin Sci (Lond) 1995; 89: 227-32.
  • Forrest EH, Jones AL, Dillon JF, et al. The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on portal pressure and azygos blood flow in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1995; 23: 254-8.
  • La Villa G, Barletta G, Pantaleo P, et al. Hemodynamic, renal, and endocrine effects of acute inhibition of nitric oxide synthase in compensated cirrhosis. Hepatology 2001; 34: 19-27.
  • Castro A, Jiménez W, Clària J, Ros J, et al. Impaired responsiveness to angiotensin II in experimental cirrhosis: role of nitric oxide. Hepatology 1993; 18: 367-72.
  • 35-Hartleb M, Moreau R, Cailmail S, Gaudin C, Lebrec D. Vascular hyporesponsiveness to endothelin 1 in rats with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology. 1994 Oct;107(4):1085-93.
  • Calver A, Harris A, Maxwell JD, Vallance P. Effect of local inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis on forearm blood flow and dorsal hand vein size in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 1994; 86: 203-8.
  • Albillos A, Rossi I, Cacho G, et al. Enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: G459-64.
  • Campillo B, Chabrier P-E, Pelle G, et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in the forearm arterial bed of patients with advanced cirrhosis. Hepatol 1995; 22: 1423-1429.
  • Van Obbergh LV, Leonard V, Chen H, et al. The endothelial and non-endothelial mechanism responsible for attenuated vasoconstriction in cirrhotic rats. Exper Physiol 1995; 80: 609-617.
  • Ryan J, Jennings G, Dudley F, et al. Smooth muscle-derived nitric oxide is elevated in isolated forearm veins in human alcoholic cirrhosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 1996; 91: 23-8.
  • Atucha NM, Shah V, García-Cardeña G, et al. Role of endothelium in the abnormal response of mesenteric vessels in rats with portal hypertension and liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 1627-32.
  • Ortíz MC, Fortepiani LA, Martínez C, et al. Vascular hyporesponsiveness in aortic rings from cirrhotic rats: role of nitric oxide and endothelium. Clin Sci (Lond) 1996; 91: 733-8.
  • Barrière E, Tazi KA, Pessione F, et al. Role of small-conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels in in vitro nitric oxide-mediated aortic hyporeactivity to alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction in rats with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 350-7.
  • Ferguson JW, Dover AR, Chia S, et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase activity contributes to the regulation of peripheral vascular tone in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Gut 2006; 55: 542-546.
  • Campillo B, Bories PN, Benvenuti C, et al. Serum and urinary nitrate levels in liver cirrhosis: endotoxemia, renal function and hyperdynamic circulation. J Hepatol 1996; 24: 707-714.
  • Genesca J, Gonzalez A, Segura R, et al. Interleukin-6, nitric oxide, and the clinical and hemodynamic alterations of patients with liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 169- 77.
  • Guarner C, Soriano G, Tomas A, et al. Increased serum nitrite and nitrate levels in patients with cirrhosis: relationship to endotoxemia. Hepatology 1993; 18: 1139-43.
  • Chu CJ, Lee FY, Wang SS, et al. Hyperdynamic circulation of cirrhotic rats with ascites: role of endotoxin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide. Clin Sci (Lond) 1997; 93: 219-25.
  • Sánchez-Rodríguez A, Criado M, Rodríguez-López AM, et al. Increased nitric oxide synthesis and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in patients with alcoholic and non- alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Clin Sci (Lond) 1998; 94: 637-43.
  • Mizumoto M, Arii S, Furutani M, Nakamura T, et al. NO as an indicator of portal hemodynamics and the role of iNOS in increased NO production in CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis. J Surg Res 1997; 70: 124-33.
  • Wallance P, Moncada S. Hyperdynamic circulation in cirrhosis: a role for nitric oxide? Lancet 1991; 337: 776-778.
  • Fernández M, García-Pagán JC, Casadevall M, Bernadich C, et al. Evidence against a role for inducible nitric oxide synthase in the hyperdynamic circulation of portal-hypertensive rats. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 1487-95.
  • Weigert AL, Martin PY, Niederberger M, et al. Endothelium-dependent vascular hyporesponsiveness without detection of nitric oxide synthase induction in aortas of cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 1995; 22: 1856-62.
  • Morales-Ruiz M, Jiménez W, Pérez-Sala D, et al. Increased nitric oxide synthase expression in arterial vessels of cirrhotic rats with ascites. Hepatology 1996; 246:1481-6.
  • Rockey DC, Chung JJ. Reduced nitric oxide production by endothelial cells in cirrhotic rat liver: endothelial dysfunction in portal hypertension. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: 344-51.
  • Angeli P, Fernández-Varo G, Dalla Libera V, et al. The role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of systemic and splanchnic vasodilation in cirrhotic rats before and after the onset of ascites. Liver Int 2005; 25: 429-37.
  • Tazi KA, Barrière E, Moreau R, et al. Role of shear stress in aortic eNOS up-regulation in rats with biliary cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 1869-77.
  • Wiest R, Das S, Cadelina G, Garcia-Tsao G, Milstien S, Groszmann RJ. Bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats stimulates eNOS-derived NO production and impairs mesenteric vascular contractility. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 1223-33.
  • Koshy A, De Gottardi A, Ledermann M, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase is not essential for the development of fibrosis and portal hypertension in bile duct ligated mice. Liver Int 2005; 25: 1044-52.
  • Sieber CC, Lopez-Talavera JC, Groszmann RJ. Role of nitric oxide in the in vitro splanchnic vascular hyporeactivity in ascitic cirrhotic rats. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: 1750-4.
  • Farzaneh-Far R, Moore K. Nitric oxide and the liver. Liver 2001; 21: 161-174.
  • Mathie RT, Ralevic V, Moore KP, et al. Mesenteric vasodilator responses in cirrhotic rats: a role for nitric oxide? Hepatology 1996; 23: 130-6.
  • Shijo H, Yokoyama M, Ota K, Kokawa H, et al. Nitrate kinetics in patients with compensated cirrhosis: correlation with hemodynamics. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 2190-4.
  • Battista S, Bar F, Mengozzi G, et al. Hyperdynamic circulation in patients with cirrhosis: direct measurement of nitric oxide levels in hepatic and portal veins. J Hepatol 1997; 26: 75- 80.
  • Albornoz L, Motta A, Alvarez D, et al. Nitric oxide synthase activity in the splanchnic vasculature of patients with cirrhosis: relationship with hemodynamic disturbances. J Hepatol 2001; 35: 452-6.
Toplam 102 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Yusuf Ergün Bu kişi benim

Yılmaz Ergün Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2009
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2009 Cilt: 18 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

AMA Ergün Y, Ergün Y. Karaciğer Sirozu ve Nitrik Oksit. aktd. Haziran 2009;18(2):91-131.