Evaluation of the Effect of Water Content in Colluvial Sediments on Luminescence Dating in Paleoseismology Studies; An Example From Soma-Kırkağaç Fault

Yıl 2022, , 417 - 430, 30.04.2022

Mustafa Softa , Mehmet Utku

https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.1077643

Cited By: 2

Öz

To reveal the effect of the change in water content for luminescence dating (OSL and TL), in this study, nine samples were collected from the paleoseismological trench wall on the Soma-Kırkağaç fault. The results indicated that the dose rate significantly is affected by colluvial deposits having different water content, which signifies it was determined that the date of the level be date changed by 16%. In this context, the effects of the variability of the saturated and the natural water content for the KF8 sample on the dose rate and luminescence age were discussed in two different scenarios. In the study, since depth, grain size, compaction, and climatic characteristics of the region are also effective in the formation of the colluvial samples in both scenarios, in the light of the paleoclimatic conditions, the natural and the saturated water content were examined, respectively. According to the first scenario, the KF8 samples dated 17.47±2.71 ka. However, in the second scenario, it was found as 20.19±3.11 ka taken into correction factor regarding the saturated water content. As a result, it is necessary to determine the water contents according to the detailed climatic characteristics of the study area, instead of using the coefficient given in the literature. Moreover, it is strongly recommended here that a different dating methodology should be performed to determine the more realistic and the more accurate ages in paleoseismological studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Luminescence dating, Water content, Paleoseismology, Soma-Kırkağaç fault

Paleosismoloji Çalışmalarında Kolüvyal Çökellerdeki Su İçeriğinin Lüminesans Tarihlendirmeye Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi; Soma-Kırkağaç Fayı’ndan Bir Örnek

Öz

Soma-Kırkağaç Fayı’nda gerçekleştirilen paleosismolojik amaçlı hendek kazılarında, toplanan örneklerin su içeriği değişiminin Lüminesans tarihlendirmeye (OSL ve TL) etkisinin araştırıldığı bu çalışmada, kolüvyal çökellerin su içeriklerine bağlı olarak yıllık dozu önemli boyutta etkilediği, dolayısıyla analiz edilecek örneğin tarihini %16 oranında değiştirdiği saptanmıştır. Bu kapsamda OSL tarihlendirme için, Soma-Kırkağaç Fayı üzerinde açılan hendekteki KF8 örneğine ait doygun ve doğal ortamdaki su miktarlarının değişkenliğinin yıllık doz ve doğrudan yaşa etkisi iki farklı senaryoda tartışılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmada, örneklerin oluşumunda derinlik, tane boyu, sıkışma ve iklimsel özelliklerin de etkileri olduğundan dolayı oluşum anındaki iklim şartları da göz önünde bulundurularak önce doğal su içeriği ve sonra doygun su içeriği baz alınmıştır. Ağustos ayında toplanan 9 adet örnek üzerinde yapılan çalışmalarda, KF8 örneğine ait tarih, ilk senaryoya göre 17,47±2,71 bin yıl saptanmıştır. İkinci senaryoda vurgulanan doygun su parametrelerinin düzeltme katsayısına göre tek başına esas alındığında ise örneğin yaşı 20,19±3,11 bin yıl olarak elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, saptanacak yaşların hassas olarak elde edilebilmesi için, su içeriklerinin literatürde verilen katsayı ile elde edilmesi yerine, çalışılan bölgeye ait oluşturulması gereken detaylı iklimsel özelliklere göre saptanması ve tarihlendirmeyi denetleyecek farklı bir metodolojinin de uygulanması gerekliliğini ortaya çıkarmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lüminesans tarihlendirme, Su içeriği, Paleosismoloji, Soma-Kırkağaç Fayı

Kaynakça

• Aitken, M.J., and Alldred, J.C., 1972. The assessment of error limits in thermoluminescent dating. Archaeometry, 14(2), 257-267.
• Aitken, M.J., 1985. Thermoluminescence Dating. 1st Edt. Academic Press, London, 351.
• Aitken, M.J., 1998. Introduction to optical dating: the dating of Quaternary sediments by the use of photon-stimulated luminescence. 1st Edt. Oxford University Press. Newyork, 267.
• Akçar, N., Tikhomirov, D., Özkaymak, Ç., Ivy-Ochs, S., Alfimov, V., Sözbilir, H., Uzel, B., and Schlüchter, Ch., 2012. 36Cl exposure dating of paleoearthquakes in the Eastern Mediterranean: first results from western Anatolian Extensional Province, Turkey. GSA Bulletin, 124, 1724–1735.
• Atlıhan, M.A., Şahiner, E., and Alanyalı, F.S., 2012. Dose estimation and dating of pottery from Turkey. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 81(6), 594-598.
• Atlıhan, M.A., Koralay, T., and Sahiner, E., 2018. Luminescence dating and mineralogical investigations of bricks from Erikli Basilica in Stratonikeia ancient city (SW-Turkey). Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 18(1),77-91.
• Akbaş, F., 2020. Gördes İlçesi’nin (Manisa) İklim Özellikleri. Sosyal, Beşeri ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 3(1), 46-73.
• Akkiraz, M.S., Utescher, T., Bruch, A.A., Wilde, V., Durak, S.D., and Mosbrugger, V., 2020. Early Miocene palaeoflora and palaeoecology of the Soma Basin, Western Turkey. Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments, 100(4), 921-938.
• Arpalıyiğit, İ., 1996. Quaternary geology of the soma district, western Turkey (Master Thesis), Dokuz Eylül University The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, 56.
• Arpalıyiğit, İ., 2004. Pliocene-quaternary geology of the Soma graben, Western Turkey (PhD Thesis), Dokuz Eylül University The Graduate School of Natural and Applied Science, 98.
• Arpalıyiğit, İ., ve İnci, U., 2000. Kırkağaç diri fay zonu. Batı Anadolu’nun Depremselliği Sempozyumu, BADSEM-2000 Bildiriler Kitabı, 184-189.
• Barron, E., van Andel, T.H., and Pollard, D., 2003. Glacial environments II: Reconstructing the climate of Europe in the last glaciation. Neanderthals and modern humans in the European landscape during the last glaciation, 57-78.
• Basmenji, M., Akyuz, H.S., Kirkan, E., Aksoy, M. E., Ucarkus, G., and Yakupoglu, N., 2021. Earthquake history of the Yatagan Fault (Mugla, SW Turkey): implications for regional seismic hazard assessment and paleoseismology in extensional provinces. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 30(2), 161-181.
• Civico, R., Smedile, A., Pantosti, D., Cinti, F.R., De Martini, P.M., Pucci, S., ... and Şentürk, S., 2021. New trenching results along the İznik segment of the central strand of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey): an integration with preexisting data. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 3(1), 115-128.
• Colls, A.E., Stokes, S., Blum, M. D., and Straffin, E., 2001. Age limits on the Late Quaternary evolution of the upper Loire River. Quaternary Science Reviews, 20(5-9), 743-750.
• Damon, P., 1987. Radiocarbon dating techniques: TAMS versus Quantulus. In Directions in Paleoseismology (Ed: Crone, A.J; Omdahl, E.M.), United States Department Of The Interior Geological Survey Proceedings Of Conference XXXIX, 23-29.
• Denk, T., Güner, H.T., and Bouchal, J.M., 2022. Catalogue of revised and new plant macrofossils from the Aquitanian-Burdigalian of Soma (W Turkey)–Biogeographic and palaeoclimatic implications. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 296, 104550.
• Dikbaş, A., Akyüz, H.S., Meghraoui, M., Ferry, M., Altunel, E., Zabcı, C., ... and Yalçıner, C.Ç., 2018. Paleoseismic history and slip rate along the Sapanca-Akyazı segment of the 1999 İzmit earthquake rupture (Mw= 7.4) of the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey). Tectonophysics, 738, 92-111
• Duller, G.A., 2004. Luminescence dating of Quaternary sediments: recent advances. Journal of Quaternary Science, 19(2), 183-192.
• Duman, T.Y., Elmacı, H., Özalp, S., Kürçer, A., Kara, M., Özdemir, E., ... and Uygun Güldoğan, Ç., 2020. Paleoseismology of the western Sürgü–Misis fault system: East Anatolian Fault, Turkey. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 2(3), 411-437.
• Duran, I., Sözbilir, H., Eski, S., Softa, M., Uytun, H., Yüksel, M., and Topaksu, M., 2021. Paleoseismic history of the Manisa fault zone, Western Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 30(SI-1), 806-832.
• Emre, Ö., Duman, T.Y., Özalp, S., Şaroğlu, F., Olgun, Ş., Elmacı, H., and Çan, T., 2018. Active fault database of Turkey. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 16(8), 3229-3275.
• Eroğlu, İ., ve Bozyiğit, R., 2012. Yunt Dağıve Çevresinin İklim Özellikleri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 27, 129-151.
• Erturaç, M.K., Şahiner, E., Zabcı, C., Okur, H., Polymeris, G.S., Meriç, N., and İkiel, C., 2019. Fluvial response to rising levels of the Black Sea and to climate changes during the Holocene: Luminescence geochronology of the Sakarya terraces. The Holocene, 29(6), 941-952.
• Forman, S., 1987. The Application Of Thermoluminescence (TL) Dating To Normal Faulted Terrain. In Directions in Paleoseismology (Ed: Crone, A.J; Omdahl, E.M.), United States Department Of The Interior Geological Survey Proceedings Of Conference XXXIX, 42-49.
• Forti, P., and Postpischl, D., 1984. Seismotectonic and paleoseismic analyses using karst sediments. Marine geology, 55(1-2), 145-161.
• Galbraith, R.F., and Roberts, R.G., 2012. Statistical aspects of equivalent dose and error calculation and display in OSL dating: an overview and some recommendations. Quaternary Geochronology, 11, 1-27.
• Gilli, E., 1999. Evidence of palaeoseismicity in a flowstone of the Observatoire cave (Monaco). Geodinamica Acta, 12(3-4), 159-168.
• Göktürk, O.M., Fleitmann, D., Badertscher, S., Cheng, H., Edwards, R. L., Leuenberger, M., ... and Kramers, J., 2011. Climate on the southern Black Sea coast during the Holocene: implications from the Sofular Cave record. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30(19-20), 2433-2445.
• Guidorzi, L., Fantino, F., Durisi, E., Ferrero, M., Re, A., Vigorelli, L., ... and Lo Giudice, A., 2021. Age determination and authentication of ceramics: advancements in the thermoluminescence dating laboratory in Torino (Italy). Acta Imeko, 10(1), 32-39.
• Hubert-Ferrari, A., Avşar, U., El Ouahabi, M., Lepoint, G., Martinez, P., and Fagel, N., 2012. Paleoseismic record obtained by coring a sag-pond along the North Anatolian Fault (Turkey). Annals of Geophysics, 55(5), 929-953.
• Huxtable, J., Aitken, M.J., and Weber, J.C., 1972. Thermoluminescent dating of baked clay balls of the Poverty Point Culture. Archaeometry, 14(2), 269-275.
• Huntley, D.J., Hutton, J.T., and Prescott, J.R., 1993. Optical dating using inclusions within quartz grains. Geology, 21(12), 1087-1090.
• ICOMMOTR, 1991. International Committee on Soil Moisture and Temperature Regimes. Circular letter no. 2.
• Jacoby, G., 1987. Potential and limits for dating prehistoric earthquakes using tree-ring analysis. In Directions in Paleoseismology (Ed: Crone, A.J; Omdahl, E.M.), United States Department Of The Interior Geological Survey Proceedings Of Conference XXXIX, 18-22.
• Kayseri-Özer, M.S., 2017. Cenozoic vegetation and climate change in Anatolia-A study based on the IPR-vegetation analysis. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 467, 37-68.
• Kürçer, A., Özaksoy, V., Özalp, S., Güldoğan, Ç. U., Özdemir, E., and Duman, T.Y., 2017. The Manyas fault zone (southern Marmara region, NW Turkey): active tectonics and paleoseismology. Geodinamica Acta, 29(1), 42-61.
• Kürçer, A., Özalp, S., Özdemir, E., Güldoğan, Ç.U., and Duman, T.Y., 2019. Active tectonic and paleoseismologic characteristics of the Yenice-Gönen fault, NW Turkey, in light of the 18 March 1953 Yenice-Gönen Earthquake (Ms= 7.2). Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 159(159), 29-62.
• Kürçer, A., Özdemir, E., Olgun, Ş., Özalp, S., Çan, T., and Elmacı, H., 2021. Active tectonic and paleoseismological characteristics of the Dinar Fault, SW Anatolia, Turkey. Mediterranean Geoscience Reviews, 3(2), 219-251.
• McCalpin, J. P., 2009. Paleoseismology in extensional tectonic environments. International Geophysics, 95, 171-269.
• Muhs, D., 1987. Applications Of Aminostratigraphy, Strontium-Isotope Stratigraphy, And Uranium-Trend Dating To Paleoseismology And Neotectonics. In Directions in Paleoseismology (Ed: Crone, A.J; Omdahl, E.M.), United States Department Of The Interior Geological Survey Proceedings Of Conference XXXIX, 76-83.
• Nelson, M.S., and Rittenour, T.M., 2015. Using grain-size characteristics to model soil water content: application to dose-rate calculation for luminescence dating. Radiation Measurements, 81, 142-149.
• Okumura, K., Yoshioka, T., Kuşçu, İ., Nakamura, T., and Suzuki, Y., 1993. Recent surface faulting on the North Anatolian Fault East of Erzincan Basin, Turkey – a trenching survey. EOS, 74(43), supplement p.545.
• Olley, J., Caitcheon, G., and Murray, A., 1998. The distribution of apparent dose as determined by optically stimulated luminescence in small aliquots of fluvial quartz: implications for dating young sediments. Quaternary Science Reviews, 17(11), 1033-1040.
• Özaksoy, V., Elmaci, H., Özalp, S., Meryem, K. and Duman, T.Y., 2018. Holocene activity of the Orhaneli Fault based on palaoseismological data, Bursa, NW Anatolia. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 156(156), 1-16.
• Özkaymak, Ç., Sözbilir, H., Uzel, B., and Akyüz, H. S., 2011. Geological and palaeoseismological evidence for late Pleistocene− Holocene activity on the Manisa Fault Zone, western Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 20(4), 449-474.
• Page, R., 1970. Dating episodes of faulting from tree rings: effects of the 1958 rupture of the Fairweather fault on tree growth. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 81(10), 3085-3094.
• Pantosti, D., and Yeats, R. S., 1993. Paleoseismology of great earthquakes of the late Holocene. Annals of Geophysics, 36(3-4), 237-257.
• Pavlides, S.B., Chatzipetros, A., Tutkun, Z.S., Özaksoy, V., and Doğan, B., 2006. Evidence for late Holocene activity along the seismogenic fault of the 1999 Izmit earthquake, NW Turkey. Geological Society of London Special Publications, 260(1), 635-647.
• Personius, S.F., and Mahan, S.A., 2005. Unusually low rates of slip on the Santa Rosa Range fault zone, northern Nevada. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 95(1), 319-333.
• Porat, N., Amit, R., Zilberman, E., and Enzel, Y., 1997. Luminescence dating of fault-related alluvial fan sediments in the southern Arava Valley, Israel. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16(3-5), 397-402.
• Preusser, F,, Degering, D., Fuchs, M., Hilgers, A., Kadereit, A., … and Spencer, J.Q.G., 2008. Luminescence dating: basics, methods and applications. E&G Quaternary Science Journal, 57 (1/2), 95-149.
• Rendell, H.M., 1985. The precision of water content estimates in the thermoluminescence dating of loess from northern Pakistan. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, 10(4-6), 763-768.
• Robinson, S.A., Black, S., Sellwood, B.W., and Valdes, P.J., 2006. A review of palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments in the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean from 25,000 to 5000 years BP: setting the environmental background for the evolution of human civilisation. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25(13-14), 1517-1541.
• Rosenzweig, R., and Porat, N., 2015. Evaluation of soil-moisture content for OSL dating using an infiltration model. Ancient TL, 33(2), 10-14.
• Sarıkaya, M.A., Çiner, A., Haybat, H., and Zreda, M., 2014. An early advance of glaciers on Mount Akdağ, SW Turkey, before the global Last Glacial Maximum; insights from cosmogenic nuclides and glacier modeling. Quaternary Science Reviews, 88, 96-109.
• Schwartz, D.P., 1987. Earthquakes of the Holocene. Reviews of Geophysics, 25(6), 1197-1202.
• Shao, Y., Yuan, D., Oskin, M. E., Wang, P., Liu‐Zeng, J., Li, C., and Wu, Z., 2017. Historical (Yuan Dynasty) Earthquake on the North Danghe Nanshan Thrust, Western Qilian Shan, China. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 107(3), 1175-1184.
• Sheppard, P. R., and Jacoby, G. C., 1989. Application of tree-ring analysis to paleoseismology: two case studies. Geology, 17(3), 226-229.
• Softa, M., Spencer, J.Q., Sözbilir, H., Huot, S., and Emre, T., 2021. Luminescence dating of Quaternary marine terraces from the coastal part of Eastern Black Sea and their tectonic implications for the Eastern Pontides, Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 30(3), 359-378.
• Sözbilir, H., Sümer, Ö., Özkaymak, Ç., Uzel, B., Güler, T., and Eski, S., 2016. Kinematic analysis and palaeoseismology of the Edremit Fault Zone: evidence for past earthquakes in the southern branch of the North Anatolian Fault Zone, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 28(4), 273-294.
• Spencer, J. Q., Oviatt, C. G., Pathak, M., and Fan, Y., 2015. Testing and refining the timing of hydrologic evolution during the latest Pleistocene regressive phase of Lake Bonneville. Quaternary international, 362, 139-145.
• Szczygieł, J., Gradziński, M., Bella, P., Hercman, H., Littva, J., Mendecki, M. J., ... and Wróblewski, W., 2021. Quaternary faulting in the Western Carpathians: Insights into paleoseismology from cave deformations and damaged speleothems (Demänová Cave System, Low Tatra Mts). Tectonophysics, 820, 229111.
• Şahiner, E., Erturaç, M.K., Polymeris, G.S., and Meriç, N., 2018. Methodological studies on integration time interval's selection for the luminescence ages using quartz and feldspar minerals; sediments collected from Sakarya, Turkey. Radiation Measurements, 120, 163-169.
• Tanaka, K., Hataya, R., Spooner, N.A., Questiaux, D.G., Saito, Y., and Hashimoto, T., 1997. Dating of marine terrace sediments by ESR, TL and OSL methods and their applicabilities. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16(3-5), 257-264.
• Vandenberghe, D., De Corte, F., Buylaert, J.P., and Kučera, J., 2008. On the internal radioactivity in quartz. Radiation Measurements, 43(2-6), 771-775.
• Vanneste, K., and Verbeeck, K., 2001. Paleoseismological analysis of the Rurrand fault near Julich, Roer Valley graben, Germany: Coseismic or aseismic faulting history?. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 80(3/4), 155-170.
• Wallinga, J., 2002. Optically stimulated luminescence dating of fluvial deposits: a review. Boreas, 31(4), 303-322.
• Wintle, A.G., 1997. Luminescence dating: laboratory procedures and protocols. Radiation measurements, 27(5-6), 769-817.
• Yamaç, A., Gilli, E., Tok, E., and Törk, K., 2021. Caves and Karst of Turkey. History, Archaeology and Caves. 1st Edt. James W. LaMoreaux (Editor), Springer Nature, 108.
• Yerli, B., Sözbilir, H., Softa, M., 2021. Kırkağaç Fayı’nın Paleosismolojisi ve Morfometrik Özelliklerine Dair Ön Bulgular. 24. Aktif Tektonik Araştırma Grubu Çalıştayı, s.25.
• Yılmaz, E., 2021. Yüksek Çözünürlüklü CCSM4 Model Verilerine Göre Son Buzul Maksimumunda (SBM) Türkiye’nin Holdridge Ekolojik Bölgeleri ve Günümüz İklim Şartlarıyla Karşılaştırılması. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 331-367.
• Zimmerman, D.W., 1971. Thermoluminescent dating using fine grains from pottery. Archaeometry, 13(1), 29-52.