Kütahya Şehir Merkezinde Yer Alan Çocuk Parklarındaki Toprakların Ağır Metal Kirliliğinin Belirlenmesi

Yıl 2019, , 226 - 240, 28.05.2019

Cafer Özkul

https://doi.org/10.35414/akufemubid.408653

Cited By: 4

Öz

Yoğun kentleşme, sanayileşme ve bunlara bağlı olarak ortaya
çıkan trafik yoğunluğu, madencilik ve endüstriyel faaliyetler şehir
topraklarının kirletilmesine ve geri dönüşü olmayacak şekilde zarar görmesine
neden olmaktadır. Şehir merkezinde yer alan çocuk parkları da bu kirlilikten
fazlasıyla etkilenmektedir. Bu kirliliğinin önemli bir bölümünü ise insanlarda
toksik etki gösteren ağır metal kirliliği oluşturmaktadır. Çocuklar ise bu
alanlarda en fazla vakit geçiren gruptur ve bu kirlilikten en fazla onlar etkilenmektedir.
Bu çalışmada Kütahya'daki çocuk parklarında yer alan toprakların ağır metal
içerikleri incelenmiştir. Kütahya şehir merkezi yerleşim alanında bulunan 19
çocuk parkından toprak örnekleri toplanmıştır. Örnekler toprağın 0-10 cm
derinliğinden alınmış ve As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb ve Zn ağır metallerinin
analizleri yapılmıştır. Son analizler ICP-MS yöntemi ile gerçekleştirilmiş olup
çözelti hazırlamak için A.R. (aqua regia) kullanılmıştır. Toprağın üst
kısımlarından alınan örneklere ait ağır metal konsantrasyonları, As için
9.60-260.90 mg/kg, Cd için 0.07-1.24 mg/kg, Cr için 16.10-55.50 mg/kg, Cu için
9.13-65.23 mg/kg, Hg için 0.02-0.60, Ni için 24.70-121.30 mg/kg,  Pb için 13.06-113.60 mg/kg ve Zn için 28.70-252.90
mg/kg'dir. Park topraklarındaki ağır metal kirliliğini değerlendirmek için
Zenginleşme Faktörü (EF), Jeobirikim İndeksi (Igeo), Kirlilik Faktörü (CF) ve
Kirlilik Yük İndeksi (PLI) parametreleri hesaplanmıştır. Özellikle As, Cd, Hg,
Ni, Pb ve Zn ağır metal içerikleri, çalışma alanındaki çocuk parklarında
tehlike oluşturabilecek kadar yüksek bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çocuk Parkları, Ağır Metaller, Toprak Kirliliği, Kütahya, Türkiye

Kaynakça

• Adriano, D.C., 1986. Elements in the Terrestrial Environment. Springer Verlag.
• ATSDR, 2005a. Toxicological profile for nickel. Atlanta: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services.
• ATSDR, 2005b. Toxicological profile for zinc. Atlanta: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services.
• ATSDR, 2007. Toxicological profile for arsenic. Atlanta: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services.
• ATSDR, 2012a. Toxicological profile for cadmium. Atlanta: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services.
• ATSDR, 2012b. Toxicological profile for chromium. Atlanta: U.S. Dept. of Health & Human Services.
• Baldwin D.R. and Marshall, W.J., 1999. Heavy metal poisoning and its laboratory investigation, Annals of Clinical Biochemistry, 36 (3), 267–300.
• Barbieri, M., 2016. The Importance of Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) to Evaluate the Soil Contamination. J Geology & Geophysics, 5 (1), 1 -4.
• Buat-Menard, P. and Chesselet, R., 1979. Variable influence of the atmospheric flux on the trace metal chemistry of oceanic suspended matter. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 42, 399–411.
• Campbell, P. G. C., 2006. Cadmium-A priority pollutant. Environmental Chemistry, 3 (6), 387–388.
• Chatterjee, M., Filho, E. V. S., Sarkar, S. K., Sella, S. M., Bhattacharya, A., Satpathyc, K. K., Prasadc, M. V. R., Chakrabortya, S., Bhattacharyaa, B. D., 2007. Distribution and possible source of trace elements in the sediment cores of a tropical macrotidal estuary and their ecotoxicological significance. Environ Int, 33, 346–356.
• Chakravarty, I. M. and Patgiri, A. D., 2009. Metal Pollution Assessment in Sediments of the Dikrong River, N.E. India Journal of Human Ecology, 27, 63-67.
• Chung, S. and Chon, H.T., 2014. Assessment of the level of mercury contamination from some anthropogenic sources in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. J Geochem Explor, 147, 237–244.
• Dock, L., and Vather, M., 2000. Metal toxicology. In B. Ballantyne, T. Mars, & T. Syversen (Eds.), General and applied toxicology. London: Macmillan, 2049–2078.
• Duffus J., 2002. Heavy metals: a meaningless term (IUPAC Technical report). Pure Appl Chem. 74, 793-807.
• Evelyn Ngozi, V., Spiff, A.I., Horsfall, M. Jnr., 2015. A preliminary survey of Heavy metals concentrations in Children playground within Owerri Metropolis, Imo State, Nigeria. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 5(11), 1-8.
• Fleischer, M., Sarofi m, A.F., Fassett, D.W. Hammond, P., Shacklette, H.T., Nisbet, I.C.T. , Epstein, S, 1974. Environmental impact of cadmium. Environ. Health Perspect. 5, 253.
• Gibbs, R.J., 1977. Transport Phases of Transition Metals in the Amazon and Yukon Rivers. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull, 88, 829-843.
• Hakanson, L., 1980. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control. A sedimentological approach Water Res., 14, 975-1001.
• Jasinski, S. M., 1994. The materials flow of mercury in the United States (U.S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 9412). Washington, DC.
• Kabata-Pendias, A., 2000. Trace Element in Soils and Plants. Third edition, CRC Press, 413.
• Kabata-Pendias, A., 2011. Trace elements in soils and plants. Florida: CRC Press.
• Kahvecioğlu Ö., Kartal G., Güven A., Timur S., 2009. Metallerin çevresel etkileri. Metalurji Dergisi, 136, 47-53.
• Khodadoust, A.P., Reddy, K.R., Maturi, K., 2004. Removal of nickel and phenanthrene from kaolin soil using different extractants. Environmental Engineering Science, 21 (6), 691–704.
• KİÇDR, 2017. Kütahya il çevre durum raporu. Kütahya Valiliği Çevre ve Şehircilik İl Müdürlüğü.
• Loska, K., Wiechula, D., Barska, B., Cebula, E., Chojnecka, A., 2003. Assessment of arsenic enrichment of cultivated soils in Southern Poland. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 12(2), 187-192.
• Machender, G., Dhakate, R., Prasanna, L., Govil, P. K., 2011. Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around Balanagar industrial area, Hyderabad, India. Environ Earth Sci, 63, 945–953.Manahan, S.E., 2003. Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry. CRC Press, Limited Liability Company (LLC), 3rd edition.
• Mason, B., 1966. Principals of geochemistry. New York: Wiley.
• Mertens, J., Smolders, E., 2012. Zinc. In B. J. Alloway (Ed.), Heavy metals in soils, 3rd ed., Dordrect: Springer, 465-494.
• Miko, S., Peh, Z., Bukovec, D., Prohic, E., Kastmüller, Z., 2000. Geochemical baseline mapping and Pb pollution assessment of soils in the karst in Western Croatia. Natura Croatica, 9 (1), 41-59.
• Müller, G., 1969. Index of geo-accumulation in sediments of the Rhine River. Geo J, 2, 108–118.
• Müller, G., 1981. Die Schwermetallbelastung der Sedimenten des Neckars und Seiner Nebenflüsse, Chemiker-Zeitung, 6, 157.
• Nriagu, J.O., 1978. The biogeochemistry of lead. Amsterdam Elsevier, 18–88.
• Nriagu, J.O., 1983. Occupational exposure to lead in ancient times. Science of the Total Environment, 31, 105–116.
• Nriagu, J.O., Pacyna, J., 1988. Quantitative Assessment of Worldwide Contamination of Air, Water and Soil by Trace Metals. Nature, 333, 134 – 139.
• Nriagu, J.O., 1979. Production and uses of mercury. In J. O. Nriagu (Ed.), The biogeochemistry of mercury in the environment, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 23–40.
• Özburan, M. 2009. Kütahya ve Çevresinin Neotektonik İncelemesi. Doktora Tezi, Kocaeli Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 227.
• Özburan, M., Gürer, Ö. F., 2012. Late Cenozoic polyphase deformation and basin development, Kütahya region, western Turkey. International Geology Review, 54 (12), 1401-1418.
• Özkul, C., Çiftçi, E., Köprübaşı, N., Tokel, S., Savaş, M., 2015. Geogenic arsenic anomalies in soils and stream waters of Neogene Emet basin (Kutahya-Western Turkey). Environ. Earth. Sci., 73 (10), 6117–6130.
• Pacyna, J.M., Winchester, J.W., 1990. Contamination of the global environment as observed in the Arctic. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol, 82, 149–57.Pepper, I.L., Gerba, C.P., Brusseau, M.L., 1996. Pollution Science. Academic Press, New York.
• Quevauviller, P., Lavigne, R., Cortez, L., 1989. Impact of industrial and mine drainage wastes on the heavy metal distribution in the drainage basin and estuary of the Sado River (Portugal). Environ Pollut, 59, 267–86.
• Randall, P., Hedrick, E., Grimmet, P., Engle, M., Ilyushchenko, M., 2004. Observations and analysis of mercury in topsoil within a 100 m radius of a chlor-alkali plant in northern Kazakhstan using EPA method 7473. In International conference on mercury as a global pollutant, Ljubljana, Vol. 1, 207–211.
• Reimann, C., de Caritat, P., 2000. Intrinsic flaws of element enrichment factors (EFs) in environmental geochemistry. Environ Sci Technol, 34, 5084–91.
• Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E., Webb, J.S., 1991. Geochemistry in mineral exploration. London: Academic Press.
• Roa, M.S., Gopalkrishnan, R., Venkatesh, B.R., 2001. Medical geology—an emerging field in environmental science. National Symposium on Role of Earth Sciences, Integrated and Related Societal Issues, GSI Spl. Pub., 65, 213–222.
• Samantaray, S., 2002. Biochemical responses of Cr–tolerant and Cr–Sensitive mung bean cultivars grown on varying levels of chromium. Chemosphere, 47, 1065–1072.
• Schiff, K. C., Weisberg, S.B., 1999. Iron as a reference element for determining trace metal enrichment in Southern California coastal shelf sediments. Marine Environmental Research, 48(2), 161–176.
• Scragg, A., 2006. Environmental Biotechnology, Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 2nd edition.
• Sutherland, R. A., 2000. Bed sediment-associated trace metals in an urban stream, Oahu, Hawaii. Environ Geol, 39, 611–27.
• Sengupta, S., Chatterjee, T., Ghosh, P. B., Saha, T., 2010. Heavy metal accumulation in agricultural soils around a coal fired thermal power plant (Farakka) in India. Environ Sci Eng, 52(4), 299–306.
• Thomson, I., 1986. Exploration geochemistry: design and interpretation of soil surveys, Rev Econ Geol, 3, 1–18.
• Williams, C.H., David, D.J., 1981. The effect of superphosphate on the cadmium content of soils and plants, Aust. J. Soil Res, 11, 43.
• Wuana Raymond A. and Okieimen Felix E., 2011. Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils: A Review of Sources, Chemistry. Risks and Best Available Strategies for Remediation, International Scholarly Research Network, ISRN Ecology, 20.
• 1-http://www.nsc.org/news_resources/Resources/Documents/ Lead_Poisonning.pdf. (14.03.2018)
• 2-http://trademetalfutures. com/copperhistory.html. (15.03.2018)