Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2022, , 151 - 175, 30.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1089411

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alesina, Alberto, and David Dollar. “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why.” Journal of Economic Growth 5 (2000): 33–63.
  • Apodaca, Clair, and Michael Stohl. “United States Human Rights Policy and Foreign Assistance.” International Studies Quarterly 43 (1999): 185–98.
  • Askarov, Zohid, and Hristos Doucouliagos. “Does Aid Improve Democracy and Governance? A Meta-regression Analysis.” Public Choice 157 (2013): 601–28.
  • Balla, Eliana, and Gina Yannitell Reinhardt. “Giving and Receiving Foreign Aid: Does Conflict Count?” World Development 36 (2008): 2566–585.
  • Bailey, Michael A., Anton Strezhnev, and Erik Voeten. “Estimating Dynamic State Preferences from United Nations Voting Data.” Journal of Conflict Resolution. 61, no. 2 (2017): 430–56.
  • Barbieri, Katherine, and Omar M. G. Keshk. “Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set Codebook.” Version 3.0. 2012. http://correlatesofwar.org.
  • Baum, Matthew, and Philip B. K. Potter. War and Democratic Constraint: How the Public Influences Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.
  • Baumgartner, Frank R., and Bryan D. Jones. Agendas and Instability In American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
  • Beck, Nathaniel. “Time-Series-Cross-Section Methods.” In Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, edited by Janet Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. London: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Bell, Sam R., K. Chad Clay, and Carla Martinez Machain. “The Effect of US Troop Deployments on Human Rights.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 10 (2017): 2020–042.
  • Blanton, Shannon Lindsey. “Foreign Policy in Transition: Human Rights, Democracy, and U.S. Arms Exports.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (2005): 647–67.
  • Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, and Alastair Smith. “Foreign Policy and Policy Concessions.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 51 (2007): 251–84.
  • Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: Mit Press, 2003.
  • Cingranelli, David L., and Thomas E. Pasquarello. “Human Rights Practices and the Distribution of U.S. Foreign Aid to Latin American Countries.” American Journal of Political Science 3 (1985): 539–63.
  • Demirel-Pegg, Tijen, and James Moskowitz. “U.S. Aid Allocation: The Nexus of Human Rights, Democracy, and Development.” Journal of Peace Research 46 (2009): 181–98.
  • Dietrich, Simone. “Bypass or Engage? Explaining Donor Delivery Tactics in Foreign Aid Allocations.” International Studies Quarterly 57, no. 4 (2013): 698–712.
  • –––. “Donor Political Economies and the Pursuit of Aid Effectiveness.” International Organization 70 (2016): 65–102.
  • Dietrich, Simone, and Joseph Wright. “Foreign Aid Allocation Tactics and Democratic Change in Africa.” Journal of Politics 77 (2015): 216–34.
  • Drury, A. Cooper, Richard Olson, and Douglas Van Belle. “The CNN Effect, Geo-Strategic Motives and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance.” Journal of Politics 67 (2005): 454–73.
  • Edy, Jill A., Scott L. Althaus, and Patricia F. Phalen. “Using News Abstracts to Represent News Agendas.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 82, no. 2 (2005): 434–46.
  • Fariss, Christopher J. “Respect for Human Rights has Improved Over Time: Modeling the Changing Standard of Accountability.” American Political Science Review 108, no. 2 (2014): 297–318.
  • Finkel, Steven E., Aníbal Pérez-Liñán and Mitchell A. Seligson. “The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy-Building, 1990-2003.” World Politics 59 (2007): 404–39.
  • Gibler, Douglas M. International Military Alliances, 1648-2008. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2009.
  • Gibney, Mark, Linda Cornett, Reed Wood, and Peter Haschke. “Political Terror Scale 1976-2012.” 2013. http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/.
  • Gilboa, Eytan, Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert, Jason Miklian and Piers Robinson. “Moving Media and Conflict Studies beyond the CNN Effect.” Review of International Studies 42, no. 4 (2016): 654–72.
  • Golan, Guy. “Inter-Media Agenda-Setting and Global News Coverage: Assessing the Influence of the New York Times on Three Network Television Evening News Programs.” Journalism Studies 7, no. 2 (2006): 323–34.
  • Gorman, Brandon, and Charles Seguin. “Reporting the International System: Attention to Foreign Leaders in the US News Media, 1950–2008.” Social Forces 94, no. 2 (2015): 775–99.
  • Heinrich, Tobias. “When is Foreign Aid Selfish, When is it Selfless?” Journal of Politics 75, no. 2 (2013): 422–35.
  • Heinrich, Tobias, and Matt W. Loftis. “Democracy Aid and Electoral Accountability.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 63 (2017): 139–66.
  • Heinrich, Tobias, Yoshiharu Kobayashi, and Leah Long. “Voters Get What They Want (When They Pay Attention): Human Rights, Policy Benefits, and Foreign Aid.” International Studies Quarterly 62 (2018): 195–207.
  • Kalyvitis, Sarantis, and Irene Vlachaki. “Democratic Aid and the Democratization of Recipients.” Contemporary Economic Policy 28 (2010): 188–218.
  • Kersting, Erasmus, and Christopher Kilby. “Aid and Democracy Redux.” European Economic Review 67 (2014): 125–43.
  • Kono, Daniel Yuichi, and Gabriella R. Montinola. “Does Foreign Aid Support Autocrats, Democrats, or Both?” Journal of Politics 71 (2009): 704–18.
  • Lebovic, James H. “National Interests and U.S. Foreign Aid: The Carter and Reagan Years.” Journal of Peace Research 25 (1988): 115–35.
  • Linsky, Martin. Impact: How the President Affects Federal Policymaking. New York: W.W. Norton, 1986.
  • Livingston, Steven, and Todd Eachus. “Humanitarian Crises and U.S. Foreign Policy: Somalia and the CNN Effect Reconsidered.” Political Communication, 12, no. 4(1995): 413–29.
  • Marshall, Monty, and Keith Jaggers. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2011.” 2012. http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm.
  • McKinlay, Robert D., and Richard Little. “A Foreign Policy Model of U.S. Bilateral Aid Allocation.” World Politics 30 (1977): 58–86.
  • McNelly, John T., and Fausto Izcaray. “International News Exposure and Images of Nations.” Journalism Quarterly 63, no. 3(1986): 546–53.
  • Meernik, James. U.S. Foreign Policy and Regime Instability. US Army War College: Strategic Studies Institute, 2008.
  • Meernik, James, Eric L. Krueger and Steven C. Poe. “Testing Models of U.S. Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid During and after the Cold War.” Journal of Politics 60 (1998): 63–85.
  • Munck, Gerardo L., and Jay Verkuilen. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (2002): 5–35.
  • Nielsen, Richard. “Rewarding Human Rights? Selective Aid Sanctions against Repressive States.” International Studies Quarterly. 57 (2013): 791–803.
  • Nielson, Richard, and Daniel Nielson. “Triage for Democracy: Selection Effects in Governance Aid.” Paper presented at the Department of Government, College of William & Mary, February 5, 2010.
  • Norris, Pippa. “The Restless Searchlight: Network News Framing of the Post-Cold War World.” Political Communication 12 (1995): 357–70.
  • Palmer, Glenn, Scott B. Wohlander, and T. Clifton Morgan. “Give or Take: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy Substitutability.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (2002): 5–26.
  • Paquin, Jonathan. A Stability-Seeking Power: U.S. Foreign Policy and Secessionist Conflicts. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press, 2010.
  • Peksen, Dursun, Timothy M. Peterson, and A. Cooper Drury. “Media-driven Humanitarianism? News Media Coverage of Human Rights Abuses and the Use of Economic Sanctions.” International Studies Quarterly 58 (2014):855–66.
  • Peterson, Timothy, and James M. Scott. “The Democracy Aid Calculus: Regimes, Political Opponents, and the Allocation of U.S. Democracy Assistance, 1975-2009.” International Interactions. 44, no. 2 (2018): 268–93.
  • Pew Research Center 2009. “State of the news media 2009.” Accessed May 15, 2012. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1151/state-of-the-news-media-2009.
  • Plumper, Thomas, and Eric Neumayer. “The Level of Democracy during Interregnum Periods: Recoding the polity2 Score.” Political Analysis 18 (2010): 206–26.
  • Poe, Steven C. “Human Rights and Economic Aid Allocation under Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter.” American Journal of Political Science 36 (1992): 147–67.
  • Scott, James M., and Carie A. Steele. “Sponsoring Democracy: The United States and Democracy Aid to the Developing World, 1988-2001.” International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 1(2011): 47–69.
  • Scott, James M., Charles M. Rowling, and Timothy M. Jones. “Democratic Openings and Country Visibility: Media Attention and the Allocation of US Democracy Aid, 1975-2010.” Foreign Policy Analysis 16, no. 3 (2020): 373–96.
  • Scott, James M., and Ralph G. Carter. “Distributing Dollars for Democracy: Changing Foreign Policy Contexts and the Shifting Determinants of U.S. Democracy Aid, 1975-2010.” Journal of International Relations and Democracy 22, no. 3(2019): 640–75.
  • Strezhnev, Anton, and Erik Voeten. “United Nations General Assembly Voting Data.” Harvard Dataverse, V7, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/12379.
  • Swedlund, Haley. The Development Dance: How Donors and Recipients Negotiate the Delivery of Foreign Aid. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2017.
  • Tierney, Michael J., Ryan Powers, Dan Nielson, Darren Hawkins, Timmons Roberts, Mike Findley, Brad Parks, Sven Wilson, and Rob Hicks. “More Dollars than Sense: Refining Our Knowledge of Development Finance Using AidData.” World Development (2011): 1891–906.
  • Van Belle, Douglas A. “Bureaucratic Responsiveness to the News Media: Comparing the Influence of New York Times and Network Television News Coverage on U.S. Foreign Aid Allocations.” Political Communication 20 (2003): 263–85.
  • Van Belle, Douglas, Jean Sebastien Rioux, and David M. Potter. Media, Bureaucracies and Foreign Aid. Palgrave: New York, 2004.
  • Wang, Xiuli, Pamela J. Shoemaker, Gang Han, and E. Jordan Storm. “Images of Nations in the Eyes of American Educational Elites.” American Journal of Media Psychology 1, no. 1/2 (2008): 36–60.
  • Zhang, Cui, and Charles William Meadows III. “International Coverage, Foreign Policy, and National Image: Exploring the Complexities of Media Coverage, Public Opinion, and Presidential Agenda.” International Journal of Communication 6 (2012): 76–95.
  • Ziaja, Sebastian. “More Donors, More Democracy.” Journal of Politics 82, no. 2 (2020): 433– 47.

U.S. Democracy Aid and the Conditional Effects of Donor Interests, Media Attention and Democratic Change, 1975-2010

Yıl 2022, , 151 - 175, 30.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1089411

Öz

Democracy promotion emerged as a US foreign policy priority during the late 20th century, especially after the Cold War. Scarce resources, however, require policymakers to make difficult choices about which countries should receive democracy aid and which ones should not. Previous studies indicate that a variety of factors shape democracy aid allocations, including donor strategic interests and democratic openings within potential recipient states. Research has also shown that media coverage plays a significant role in these decisions. We model the conditional effects of media attention and regime shifts on US democracy aid decisions, controlling for other recipient and donor variables. We argue that these factors are contingent on the salience, in terms of broad interest profiles, of a particular country for policymakers. The donor’s overall level of interest in a potential recipient systematically shapes the effects of media attention on democracy assistance. Broadly speaking, low-interest conditions elevate the agenda-setting impact of media attention and regime conditions/shifts while high-interest conditions reduce that effect. To assess these contingent relationships, we examine US democracy aid from 1975-2010. Our results support our argument and present a more nuanced explanation of the relationship between the media’s agenda-setting role, recipient characteristics and donor interests.

Kaynakça

  • Alesina, Alberto, and David Dollar. “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why.” Journal of Economic Growth 5 (2000): 33–63.
  • Apodaca, Clair, and Michael Stohl. “United States Human Rights Policy and Foreign Assistance.” International Studies Quarterly 43 (1999): 185–98.
  • Askarov, Zohid, and Hristos Doucouliagos. “Does Aid Improve Democracy and Governance? A Meta-regression Analysis.” Public Choice 157 (2013): 601–28.
  • Balla, Eliana, and Gina Yannitell Reinhardt. “Giving and Receiving Foreign Aid: Does Conflict Count?” World Development 36 (2008): 2566–585.
  • Bailey, Michael A., Anton Strezhnev, and Erik Voeten. “Estimating Dynamic State Preferences from United Nations Voting Data.” Journal of Conflict Resolution. 61, no. 2 (2017): 430–56.
  • Barbieri, Katherine, and Omar M. G. Keshk. “Correlates of War Project Trade Data Set Codebook.” Version 3.0. 2012. http://correlatesofwar.org.
  • Baum, Matthew, and Philip B. K. Potter. War and Democratic Constraint: How the Public Influences Foreign Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015.
  • Baumgartner, Frank R., and Bryan D. Jones. Agendas and Instability In American Politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
  • Beck, Nathaniel. “Time-Series-Cross-Section Methods.” In Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology, edited by Janet Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. London: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Bell, Sam R., K. Chad Clay, and Carla Martinez Machain. “The Effect of US Troop Deployments on Human Rights.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 10 (2017): 2020–042.
  • Blanton, Shannon Lindsey. “Foreign Policy in Transition: Human Rights, Democracy, and U.S. Arms Exports.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (2005): 647–67.
  • Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, and Alastair Smith. “Foreign Policy and Policy Concessions.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 51 (2007): 251–84.
  • Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: Mit Press, 2003.
  • Cingranelli, David L., and Thomas E. Pasquarello. “Human Rights Practices and the Distribution of U.S. Foreign Aid to Latin American Countries.” American Journal of Political Science 3 (1985): 539–63.
  • Demirel-Pegg, Tijen, and James Moskowitz. “U.S. Aid Allocation: The Nexus of Human Rights, Democracy, and Development.” Journal of Peace Research 46 (2009): 181–98.
  • Dietrich, Simone. “Bypass or Engage? Explaining Donor Delivery Tactics in Foreign Aid Allocations.” International Studies Quarterly 57, no. 4 (2013): 698–712.
  • –––. “Donor Political Economies and the Pursuit of Aid Effectiveness.” International Organization 70 (2016): 65–102.
  • Dietrich, Simone, and Joseph Wright. “Foreign Aid Allocation Tactics and Democratic Change in Africa.” Journal of Politics 77 (2015): 216–34.
  • Drury, A. Cooper, Richard Olson, and Douglas Van Belle. “The CNN Effect, Geo-Strategic Motives and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance.” Journal of Politics 67 (2005): 454–73.
  • Edy, Jill A., Scott L. Althaus, and Patricia F. Phalen. “Using News Abstracts to Represent News Agendas.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 82, no. 2 (2005): 434–46.
  • Fariss, Christopher J. “Respect for Human Rights has Improved Over Time: Modeling the Changing Standard of Accountability.” American Political Science Review 108, no. 2 (2014): 297–318.
  • Finkel, Steven E., Aníbal Pérez-Liñán and Mitchell A. Seligson. “The Effects of U.S. Foreign Assistance on Democracy-Building, 1990-2003.” World Politics 59 (2007): 404–39.
  • Gibler, Douglas M. International Military Alliances, 1648-2008. Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2009.
  • Gibney, Mark, Linda Cornett, Reed Wood, and Peter Haschke. “Political Terror Scale 1976-2012.” 2013. http://www.politicalterrorscale.org/.
  • Gilboa, Eytan, Maria Gabrielsen Jumbert, Jason Miklian and Piers Robinson. “Moving Media and Conflict Studies beyond the CNN Effect.” Review of International Studies 42, no. 4 (2016): 654–72.
  • Golan, Guy. “Inter-Media Agenda-Setting and Global News Coverage: Assessing the Influence of the New York Times on Three Network Television Evening News Programs.” Journalism Studies 7, no. 2 (2006): 323–34.
  • Gorman, Brandon, and Charles Seguin. “Reporting the International System: Attention to Foreign Leaders in the US News Media, 1950–2008.” Social Forces 94, no. 2 (2015): 775–99.
  • Heinrich, Tobias. “When is Foreign Aid Selfish, When is it Selfless?” Journal of Politics 75, no. 2 (2013): 422–35.
  • Heinrich, Tobias, and Matt W. Loftis. “Democracy Aid and Electoral Accountability.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 63 (2017): 139–66.
  • Heinrich, Tobias, Yoshiharu Kobayashi, and Leah Long. “Voters Get What They Want (When They Pay Attention): Human Rights, Policy Benefits, and Foreign Aid.” International Studies Quarterly 62 (2018): 195–207.
  • Kalyvitis, Sarantis, and Irene Vlachaki. “Democratic Aid and the Democratization of Recipients.” Contemporary Economic Policy 28 (2010): 188–218.
  • Kersting, Erasmus, and Christopher Kilby. “Aid and Democracy Redux.” European Economic Review 67 (2014): 125–43.
  • Kono, Daniel Yuichi, and Gabriella R. Montinola. “Does Foreign Aid Support Autocrats, Democrats, or Both?” Journal of Politics 71 (2009): 704–18.
  • Lebovic, James H. “National Interests and U.S. Foreign Aid: The Carter and Reagan Years.” Journal of Peace Research 25 (1988): 115–35.
  • Linsky, Martin. Impact: How the President Affects Federal Policymaking. New York: W.W. Norton, 1986.
  • Livingston, Steven, and Todd Eachus. “Humanitarian Crises and U.S. Foreign Policy: Somalia and the CNN Effect Reconsidered.” Political Communication, 12, no. 4(1995): 413–29.
  • Marshall, Monty, and Keith Jaggers. “Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2011.” 2012. http://www.systemicpeace.org/polity/polity4.htm.
  • McKinlay, Robert D., and Richard Little. “A Foreign Policy Model of U.S. Bilateral Aid Allocation.” World Politics 30 (1977): 58–86.
  • McNelly, John T., and Fausto Izcaray. “International News Exposure and Images of Nations.” Journalism Quarterly 63, no. 3(1986): 546–53.
  • Meernik, James. U.S. Foreign Policy and Regime Instability. US Army War College: Strategic Studies Institute, 2008.
  • Meernik, James, Eric L. Krueger and Steven C. Poe. “Testing Models of U.S. Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid During and after the Cold War.” Journal of Politics 60 (1998): 63–85.
  • Munck, Gerardo L., and Jay Verkuilen. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Democracy: Evaluating Alternative Indices.” Comparative Political Studies 35 (2002): 5–35.
  • Nielsen, Richard. “Rewarding Human Rights? Selective Aid Sanctions against Repressive States.” International Studies Quarterly. 57 (2013): 791–803.
  • Nielson, Richard, and Daniel Nielson. “Triage for Democracy: Selection Effects in Governance Aid.” Paper presented at the Department of Government, College of William & Mary, February 5, 2010.
  • Norris, Pippa. “The Restless Searchlight: Network News Framing of the Post-Cold War World.” Political Communication 12 (1995): 357–70.
  • Palmer, Glenn, Scott B. Wohlander, and T. Clifton Morgan. “Give or Take: Foreign Aid and Foreign Policy Substitutability.” Journal of Peace Research 39 (2002): 5–26.
  • Paquin, Jonathan. A Stability-Seeking Power: U.S. Foreign Policy and Secessionist Conflicts. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press, 2010.
  • Peksen, Dursun, Timothy M. Peterson, and A. Cooper Drury. “Media-driven Humanitarianism? News Media Coverage of Human Rights Abuses and the Use of Economic Sanctions.” International Studies Quarterly 58 (2014):855–66.
  • Peterson, Timothy, and James M. Scott. “The Democracy Aid Calculus: Regimes, Political Opponents, and the Allocation of U.S. Democracy Assistance, 1975-2009.” International Interactions. 44, no. 2 (2018): 268–93.
  • Pew Research Center 2009. “State of the news media 2009.” Accessed May 15, 2012. http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1151/state-of-the-news-media-2009.
  • Plumper, Thomas, and Eric Neumayer. “The Level of Democracy during Interregnum Periods: Recoding the polity2 Score.” Political Analysis 18 (2010): 206–26.
  • Poe, Steven C. “Human Rights and Economic Aid Allocation under Ronald Reagan and Jimmy Carter.” American Journal of Political Science 36 (1992): 147–67.
  • Scott, James M., and Carie A. Steele. “Sponsoring Democracy: The United States and Democracy Aid to the Developing World, 1988-2001.” International Studies Quarterly 55, no. 1(2011): 47–69.
  • Scott, James M., Charles M. Rowling, and Timothy M. Jones. “Democratic Openings and Country Visibility: Media Attention and the Allocation of US Democracy Aid, 1975-2010.” Foreign Policy Analysis 16, no. 3 (2020): 373–96.
  • Scott, James M., and Ralph G. Carter. “Distributing Dollars for Democracy: Changing Foreign Policy Contexts and the Shifting Determinants of U.S. Democracy Aid, 1975-2010.” Journal of International Relations and Democracy 22, no. 3(2019): 640–75.
  • Strezhnev, Anton, and Erik Voeten. “United Nations General Assembly Voting Data.” Harvard Dataverse, V7, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1902.1/12379.
  • Swedlund, Haley. The Development Dance: How Donors and Recipients Negotiate the Delivery of Foreign Aid. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2017.
  • Tierney, Michael J., Ryan Powers, Dan Nielson, Darren Hawkins, Timmons Roberts, Mike Findley, Brad Parks, Sven Wilson, and Rob Hicks. “More Dollars than Sense: Refining Our Knowledge of Development Finance Using AidData.” World Development (2011): 1891–906.
  • Van Belle, Douglas A. “Bureaucratic Responsiveness to the News Media: Comparing the Influence of New York Times and Network Television News Coverage on U.S. Foreign Aid Allocations.” Political Communication 20 (2003): 263–85.
  • Van Belle, Douglas, Jean Sebastien Rioux, and David M. Potter. Media, Bureaucracies and Foreign Aid. Palgrave: New York, 2004.
  • Wang, Xiuli, Pamela J. Shoemaker, Gang Han, and E. Jordan Storm. “Images of Nations in the Eyes of American Educational Elites.” American Journal of Media Psychology 1, no. 1/2 (2008): 36–60.
  • Zhang, Cui, and Charles William Meadows III. “International Coverage, Foreign Policy, and National Image: Exploring the Complexities of Media Coverage, Public Opinion, and Presidential Agenda.” International Journal of Communication 6 (2012): 76–95.
  • Ziaja, Sebastian. “More Donors, More Democracy.” Journal of Politics 82, no. 2 (2020): 433– 47.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

James M. Scott Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-7415-9506

Charles M. Rowling Bu kişi benim

Timothy M. Jones Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Scott, James M., Charles M. Rowling, ve Timothy M. Jones. “U.S. Democracy Aid and the Conditional Effects of Donor Interests, Media Attention and Democratic Change, 1975-2010”. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace 11, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2022): 151-75. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.1089411.

Widening the World of IR