Araştırma Makalesi
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Automated Text Analysis and International Relations: The Introduction and Application of a Novel Technique for Twitter

Yıl 2019, , 183 - 204, 01.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.476852

Öz

Social
media platforms, thanks to their inherent nature of quick and far-reaching
dissemination of information, have gradually supplanted the conventional media and
become the new loci of political communication. These platforms not only ease
and expedite communication among crowds, but also provide researchers huge and easily
accessible information. This huge information pool, if it is processed with a
systematic analysis, can be a fruitful data source for researchers. Systematic
analysis of data from social media, however, poses various challenges for
political analysis. Significant advances in automated textual analysis have
tried to address such challenges of social media data. This paper introduces
one such novel technique to assist researchers doing textual analysis on
Twitter. The technique develops a measure, the Longest Common Subsequence
Similarity Metric (LCSSM), which automatically clusters tweets with content. To
illustrate the usefulness of this technique, we present some of our findings
from a project we conducted on Turkish sentiments on Twitter towards Syrian
refugees.

Kaynakça

  • Adler, E. Scott, and John D. Wilkerson. Congress and the Politics of Problem Solving. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Arın, İnanç. Impact Assessment & Prediction of Tweets and Topics. Ph.D. thesis, Sabancı University, 2017. Arın, İnanç, Mert Kemal Erpam, and Yücel Saygın. “I–TWEC: Interactive Clustering Tool for Twitter.” Expert Systems with Applications 96 (2018): 1–13. Barberá, Pablo. Less is More? How Demographic Sample Weights Can Improve Public Opinion Estimates Based on Twitter Data. Working paper, NYU, 2016. Baron, Naomi S. Always On: Language in an Online and Mobile World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010. Bollen, Johan, Huina Mao, and Alberto Pepe. “Modeling Public Mood and Emotion: Twitter Sentiment and Socio–Economic Phenomena.” ICWSM 11 (2011): 450–53. Bond, Doug, Joe Bond, Churl Oh, J. Craig Jenkins, and Charles Lewis Taylor. “Integrated Data for Events Analysis (IDEA): An Event Typology for Automated Events Data Development.” Journal of Peace Research 40, no. 6 (2003): 733–45. Braithwaite, Alex, and Douglas Lemke. “Unpacking Escalation.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 28, no. 2 (2011): 111–23. Cambria, Erik, Daniel Olsher, and Dheeraj Rajagopal. “SenticNet 3: A Common and Common–Sense Knowledge Base for Cognition-Driven Sentiment Analysis.” Twenty-eighth AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (2014): 1515–21. Chew, Cynthia, and Gunther Eysenbach. “Pandemics in the Age of Twitter: Content Analysis of Tweets During The 2009 H1N1 Outbreak.” PloS one 5, no. 11 (2010): e14118. Cottam, Martha L. Foreign Policy Decision Making: The Influence of Cognition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986. Cull, Nicholas J. “The Long Road to Public Diplomacy 2.0: The Internet in US Public Diplomacy.” International Studies Review 15, no. 1 (2013): 123–39. de Jong, Ms Wilma, Martin Shaw, and Neil Stammers. Global Activism, Global Media. London, UK: Pluto Press, 2005. Dehkharghani, Rahim, Yucel Saygin, Berrin Yanikoglu, and Kemal Oflazer. “SentiTurkNet: a Turkish Polarity Lexicon for Sentiment Analysis.” Language Resources and Evaluation 50, no. 3 (2016): 667–85. Demirhan, Kamil. “Social Media Effects on the Gezi Park Movement in Turkey: Politics under Hashtags.” In Social Media in Politics: Case Studies on the Political Power of Social Media, edited by Bogdan Pătruţ and Monica Pătruţ, 281–314. Basel: Springer International Publishing, 2014. Dugan, Laura, and Erica Chenoweth. “Government Actions in Terror Environments (GATE): A Methodology that Reveals How Governments Behave toward Terrorists and Their Constituencies.” In Handbook of Computational Approaches to Counterterrorism, edited by V. S. Subrahmanian, 465–486. New York, NY: Springer, 2013. Einspänner, Jessica, Mark Dang-Anh, and Caja Thimm. “Computer-Assisted Content Analysis of Twitter Data.” In Twitter and Society, edited by K. Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt, and C. Puschmann, 97–108. New York, NY: P. Lang, 2014. Erdoğan, M. Murat. Türkiye'deki Suriyeliler: Toplumsal Kabul ve Uyum. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2015. Erdoğmuş, İrem Eren, and Mesut Cicek. “The Impact of Social Media Marketing on Brand Loyalty.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 (2012): 1353–60. Gerner, Deborah J., Philip A. Schrodt, Omür Yilmaz, and Rajaa Abu-Jabr. “Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO): A New Event Data Framework for the Analysis of Foreign Policy Interactions.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, 2002. Ghosn, Faten, Glenn Palmer, and Stuart A. Bremer. “The MID3 Data Set, 1993–2001: Procedures, Coding Rules, and Description.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 21, no. 2 (2004): 133–54. Gökçe, Osman Z., Emre Hatipoğlu, Gökhan Göktürk, Brooke Luetgert, and Yücel Saygın. “Twitter and Politics: Identifying Turkish Opinion Leaders in New Social Media.” Turkish Studies 15, no. 4 (2014): 671–88. Goldstein, Joshua S. “A Conflict-Cooperation Scale for WEIS Events Data.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 36, no. 2 (1992): 369–85. Grimmer, Justin and Gary King. “General Purpose Computer-Assisted Clustering and Conceptualization.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 7 (2011): 2643–50. Grimmer, Justin, and Brandon M. Stewart. “Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts.” Political Analysis 21, no. 3 (2013): 267–297. Hatipoğlu, Emre, Osman Z. Gökçe, Berkay Dinçer, and Yücel Saygın. “Sosyal Medya ve Türk Dış Politikası: Kobani Tweetleri Üzerinden Türk Dış Politikası Algısı.” International Relations/Uluslararası Iliskiler 13, no. 52 (2016): 175–97. Hayles, N. Katherine. “Print is Flat, Code is Deep: The Importance of Media-Specific Analysis.” Poetics Today 25, no. 1 (2004): 67–90. Hemsley, Bronwyn, Stephen Dann, Stuart Palmer, Meredith Allan, and Susan Balandin. “‘We Definitely Need an Audience’: Experiences of Twitter, Twitter Networks and Tweet Content in Adults with Severe Communication Disabilities Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC).” Disability and Rehabilitation 37, no. 17 (2015): 1531–42. Herrmann, Richard K., and Michael P. Fischerkeller. “Beyond the Enemy Image and Spiral Model: Cognitive–Strategic Research after the Cold War.” International Organization 49, no. 3 (1995): 415–50. Hjorth, Frederik, Robert Klemmensen, Sara Hobolt, Martin Ejnar Hansen, and Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard. “Computers, Coders, and Voters: Comparing Automated Methods for Estimating Party Positions.” Research & Politics 2, no. 2 (2015): 1–9. Hopkins, Daniel J., and Gary King. “Improving Anchoring Vignettes: Designing Surveys to Correct Interpersonal Incomparability.” Public Opinion Quarterly 74, no. 2 (2010): 201–222. Ifukor, Presley. “”Elections” or “Selections”? Blogging and Twittering the Nigerian 2007 General Elections.” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 30, no. 6 (2010): 398–414. Kalathil, Shanthi, and Taylor C. Boas. Open Networks, Closed Regimes: The Impact of the Internet on Authoritarian Rule. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment, 2010. Kenwick, Michael R., Matthew Lane, Benjamin Ostick, and Glenn Palmer. “Codebook for the Militarized Interstate Incident Data, version 4.0.” Unpublished manuscript, 2013. King, Gary, Patrick Lam, and Margaret E. Roberts. “Computer‐Assisted Keyword and Document Set Discovery from Unstructured Text.” American Journal of Political Science 61, no. 4 (2017): 971–88. Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1994. Klemmensen, Robert, Sara Binzer Hobolt, and Martin Ejnar Hansen. “Estimating Policy Positions Using Political Texts: An Evaluation of the Wordscores Approach.” Electoral Studies 26, no. 4 (2007): 746–55. König, Thomas, Brooke Luetgert, and Tanja Dannwolf. “Quantifying European legislative Research: Using CELEX and PreLex in EU legislative studies.” European Union Politics 7, no. 4 (2006): 553–74. LaFree, Gary, Laura Dugan, and Erin Miller. Putting Terrorism in Context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database. London, UK: Routledge, 2014. Laver, Michael, and Kenneth Benoit. “Locating TDs in Policy Spaces: The Computational Text Analysis of Dáil Speeches.” Irish Political Studies 17, no. 1 (2002): 59–73. Laver, Michael, Kenneth Benoit, and John Garry. “Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data.” American Political Science Review 97, no. 2 (2003): 311–31. Lubanovic, Bill. Introducing Python: Modern Computing in Simple Packages. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, 2014. Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor, and Kenneth Cukier. Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. McClelland, Charles A., Rodney G. Tomlinson, Ronald G. Sherwin, Gary A. Hill, and Herbert L. Calhoun. The Management and Analysis of International Event Data: A Computerized System for Monitoring and Projecting Event Flows. University of Southern California Los Angeles School of International Relations, 1971. Melissen, Jan, and Emillie V. de Keulenaar. “Critical Digital Diplomacy as a Global Challenge: The South Korean Experience.” Global Policy 8, no. 3 (2017): 294–302. Monroe, Burt L., Michael P. Colaresi, and Kevin M. Quinn. “Fightin'words: Lexical Feature Selection and Evaluation for Identifying the Content of Political Conflict.” Political Analysis 16, no. 4 (2008): 372–403. Organski, Abramo F. K., and Jacek Kugler. The War Ledger. London, UK: University of Chicago Press, 1981. Palmer, Glenn, Vito d’Orazio, Michael Kenwick, and Matthew Lane. “The MID4 dataset, 2002–2010: Procedures, Coding Rules and Description.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 32, no. 2 (2015): 222–42. Pötzsch, Holger. “The Emergence of iWar: Changing Practices and Perceptions Of Military Engagement in a Digital Era.” New Media & Society 17, no. 1 (2015): 78–95. Proksch, Sven-Oliver, and Jonathan B. Slapin. “WORDFISH: Scaling Software for Estimating Political Positions From Texts.” Version 1 (2008): 323–44. Purdy, Christopher H. “Using the Internet and Social Media to Promote Condom Use in Turkey.” Reproductive Health Matters 19, no. 37 (2011): 157–65. Schrodt, Philip A. “Event Data in Foreign Policy Analysis.” In Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change in Its Second Generation, edited by L. Neack, P. J. Haney, and J. A.K. Hey, 145–66. New York, NY: Prentice Hall, 1995. ______., “Precedents, Progress, and Prospects in Political Event Data.” International Interactions 38, no. 4 (2012): 546–69. Schrodt, Philip A., and Deborah J. Gerner. “Validity Assessment of a Machine-Coded Event Data Set for the Middle East, 1982-92.” American Journal of Political Science (1994): 825–54. Schrodt, Philip A., Glenn Palmer, and Mehmet Emre Hatipoğlu. “Automated Detection of Reports of Militarized Interstate Disputes Using the SVM Document Classification Algorithm.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 2008. Schrodt, Philip A., Shannon G. Davis, and Judith L. Weddle. “Political Science: KEDS- a Program for the Machine Coding of Event Data.” Social Science Computer Review 12, no. 4 (1994): 561–87. Schwartz, Randal L., and Tom Phoenix. Learning Perl. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, 2001. Seib, Philip. Real-Time Diplomacy: Politics and Power in the Social Media Era. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. Shaw, Zed A. Learn Python 3 the Hard Way: A Very Simple Introduction to the Terrifyingly Beautiful World of Computers and Code. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2017. Shellman, Stephen M. “Coding Disaggregated Intrastate Conflict: Machine Processing The Behavior Of Substate Actors over Time and Space.” Political Analysis 16, no. 4 (2008): 464–77. Small, Melvin, and Joel David Singer. Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816-1980. London, UK: Sage Publications, Inc, 1982. Soroka, Stuart, Marc André Bodet, Lori Young, and Blake Andrew. “Campaign News and Vote Intentions.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 19, no. 4 (2009): 359–76. Tüfekçi, Zeynep. Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017. Tumasjan, Andranik, Timm Oliver Sprenger, Philipp G. Sandner, and Isabell M. Welpe. “Predicting Elections with Twitter: What 140 Characters Reveal about Political Sentiment.” ICWSM 10, no. 1 (2010): 178–85. Ünver, H. Akın, and Hassan Alassaad. “How Turks Mobilized against the Coup: The Power of the Mosque and the Hashtag.” Foreign Affairs, September 14, 2016. Varol, Onur, Emilio Ferrara, Clayton A. Davis, Filippo Menczer, and Alessandro Flammini. “Online Human-Bot Interactions: Detection, Estimation, and Characterization.” arXiv:1703.03107 (2017). Yavuz Görkem, Şenay. “The Weakest Link or the Magic Stick?: Turkish Activists’ Perceptions on the Scope and Strength of Digital Activism.” Turkish Studies 18, no. 1 (2017): 102–24. Young, Lori, and Stuart Soroka. “Affective News: The Automated Coding of Sentiment in Political Texts.” Political Communication 29, no. 2 (2012): 205–31.
Yıl 2019, , 183 - 204, 01.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.476852

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adler, E. Scott, and John D. Wilkerson. Congress and the Politics of Problem Solving. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013. Arın, İnanç. Impact Assessment & Prediction of Tweets and Topics. Ph.D. thesis, Sabancı University, 2017. Arın, İnanç, Mert Kemal Erpam, and Yücel Saygın. “I–TWEC: Interactive Clustering Tool for Twitter.” Expert Systems with Applications 96 (2018): 1–13. Barberá, Pablo. Less is More? How Demographic Sample Weights Can Improve Public Opinion Estimates Based on Twitter Data. Working paper, NYU, 2016. Baron, Naomi S. Always On: Language in an Online and Mobile World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010. Bollen, Johan, Huina Mao, and Alberto Pepe. “Modeling Public Mood and Emotion: Twitter Sentiment and Socio–Economic Phenomena.” ICWSM 11 (2011): 450–53. Bond, Doug, Joe Bond, Churl Oh, J. Craig Jenkins, and Charles Lewis Taylor. “Integrated Data for Events Analysis (IDEA): An Event Typology for Automated Events Data Development.” Journal of Peace Research 40, no. 6 (2003): 733–45. Braithwaite, Alex, and Douglas Lemke. “Unpacking Escalation.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 28, no. 2 (2011): 111–23. Cambria, Erik, Daniel Olsher, and Dheeraj Rajagopal. “SenticNet 3: A Common and Common–Sense Knowledge Base for Cognition-Driven Sentiment Analysis.” Twenty-eighth AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (2014): 1515–21. Chew, Cynthia, and Gunther Eysenbach. “Pandemics in the Age of Twitter: Content Analysis of Tweets During The 2009 H1N1 Outbreak.” PloS one 5, no. 11 (2010): e14118. Cottam, Martha L. Foreign Policy Decision Making: The Influence of Cognition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1986. Cull, Nicholas J. “The Long Road to Public Diplomacy 2.0: The Internet in US Public Diplomacy.” International Studies Review 15, no. 1 (2013): 123–39. de Jong, Ms Wilma, Martin Shaw, and Neil Stammers. Global Activism, Global Media. London, UK: Pluto Press, 2005. Dehkharghani, Rahim, Yucel Saygin, Berrin Yanikoglu, and Kemal Oflazer. “SentiTurkNet: a Turkish Polarity Lexicon for Sentiment Analysis.” Language Resources and Evaluation 50, no. 3 (2016): 667–85. Demirhan, Kamil. “Social Media Effects on the Gezi Park Movement in Turkey: Politics under Hashtags.” In Social Media in Politics: Case Studies on the Political Power of Social Media, edited by Bogdan Pătruţ and Monica Pătruţ, 281–314. Basel: Springer International Publishing, 2014. Dugan, Laura, and Erica Chenoweth. “Government Actions in Terror Environments (GATE): A Methodology that Reveals How Governments Behave toward Terrorists and Their Constituencies.” In Handbook of Computational Approaches to Counterterrorism, edited by V. S. Subrahmanian, 465–486. New York, NY: Springer, 2013. Einspänner, Jessica, Mark Dang-Anh, and Caja Thimm. “Computer-Assisted Content Analysis of Twitter Data.” In Twitter and Society, edited by K. Weller, A. Bruns, J. Burgess, M. Mahrt, and C. Puschmann, 97–108. New York, NY: P. Lang, 2014. Erdoğan, M. Murat. Türkiye'deki Suriyeliler: Toplumsal Kabul ve Uyum. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2015. Erdoğmuş, İrem Eren, and Mesut Cicek. “The Impact of Social Media Marketing on Brand Loyalty.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 58 (2012): 1353–60. Gerner, Deborah J., Philip A. Schrodt, Omür Yilmaz, and Rajaa Abu-Jabr. “Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO): A New Event Data Framework for the Analysis of Foreign Policy Interactions.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, New Orleans, 2002. Ghosn, Faten, Glenn Palmer, and Stuart A. Bremer. “The MID3 Data Set, 1993–2001: Procedures, Coding Rules, and Description.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 21, no. 2 (2004): 133–54. Gökçe, Osman Z., Emre Hatipoğlu, Gökhan Göktürk, Brooke Luetgert, and Yücel Saygın. “Twitter and Politics: Identifying Turkish Opinion Leaders in New Social Media.” Turkish Studies 15, no. 4 (2014): 671–88. Goldstein, Joshua S. “A Conflict-Cooperation Scale for WEIS Events Data.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 36, no. 2 (1992): 369–85. Grimmer, Justin and Gary King. “General Purpose Computer-Assisted Clustering and Conceptualization.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 7 (2011): 2643–50. Grimmer, Justin, and Brandon M. Stewart. “Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts.” Political Analysis 21, no. 3 (2013): 267–297. Hatipoğlu, Emre, Osman Z. Gökçe, Berkay Dinçer, and Yücel Saygın. “Sosyal Medya ve Türk Dış Politikası: Kobani Tweetleri Üzerinden Türk Dış Politikası Algısı.” International Relations/Uluslararası Iliskiler 13, no. 52 (2016): 175–97. Hayles, N. Katherine. “Print is Flat, Code is Deep: The Importance of Media-Specific Analysis.” Poetics Today 25, no. 1 (2004): 67–90. Hemsley, Bronwyn, Stephen Dann, Stuart Palmer, Meredith Allan, and Susan Balandin. “‘We Definitely Need an Audience’: Experiences of Twitter, Twitter Networks and Tweet Content in Adults with Severe Communication Disabilities Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC).” Disability and Rehabilitation 37, no. 17 (2015): 1531–42. Herrmann, Richard K., and Michael P. Fischerkeller. “Beyond the Enemy Image and Spiral Model: Cognitive–Strategic Research after the Cold War.” International Organization 49, no. 3 (1995): 415–50. Hjorth, Frederik, Robert Klemmensen, Sara Hobolt, Martin Ejnar Hansen, and Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard. “Computers, Coders, and Voters: Comparing Automated Methods for Estimating Party Positions.” Research & Politics 2, no. 2 (2015): 1–9. Hopkins, Daniel J., and Gary King. “Improving Anchoring Vignettes: Designing Surveys to Correct Interpersonal Incomparability.” Public Opinion Quarterly 74, no. 2 (2010): 201–222. Ifukor, Presley. “”Elections” or “Selections”? Blogging and Twittering the Nigerian 2007 General Elections.” Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society 30, no. 6 (2010): 398–414. Kalathil, Shanthi, and Taylor C. Boas. Open Networks, Closed Regimes: The Impact of the Internet on Authoritarian Rule. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment, 2010. Kenwick, Michael R., Matthew Lane, Benjamin Ostick, and Glenn Palmer. “Codebook for the Militarized Interstate Incident Data, version 4.0.” Unpublished manuscript, 2013. King, Gary, Patrick Lam, and Margaret E. Roberts. “Computer‐Assisted Keyword and Document Set Discovery from Unstructured Text.” American Journal of Political Science 61, no. 4 (2017): 971–88. Kissinger, Henry. Diplomacy. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster, 1994. Klemmensen, Robert, Sara Binzer Hobolt, and Martin Ejnar Hansen. “Estimating Policy Positions Using Political Texts: An Evaluation of the Wordscores Approach.” Electoral Studies 26, no. 4 (2007): 746–55. König, Thomas, Brooke Luetgert, and Tanja Dannwolf. “Quantifying European legislative Research: Using CELEX and PreLex in EU legislative studies.” European Union Politics 7, no. 4 (2006): 553–74. LaFree, Gary, Laura Dugan, and Erin Miller. Putting Terrorism in Context: Lessons from the Global Terrorism Database. London, UK: Routledge, 2014. Laver, Michael, and Kenneth Benoit. “Locating TDs in Policy Spaces: The Computational Text Analysis of Dáil Speeches.” Irish Political Studies 17, no. 1 (2002): 59–73. Laver, Michael, Kenneth Benoit, and John Garry. “Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data.” American Political Science Review 97, no. 2 (2003): 311–31. Lubanovic, Bill. Introducing Python: Modern Computing in Simple Packages. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, 2014. Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor, and Kenneth Cukier. Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013. McClelland, Charles A., Rodney G. Tomlinson, Ronald G. Sherwin, Gary A. Hill, and Herbert L. Calhoun. The Management and Analysis of International Event Data: A Computerized System for Monitoring and Projecting Event Flows. University of Southern California Los Angeles School of International Relations, 1971. Melissen, Jan, and Emillie V. de Keulenaar. “Critical Digital Diplomacy as a Global Challenge: The South Korean Experience.” Global Policy 8, no. 3 (2017): 294–302. Monroe, Burt L., Michael P. Colaresi, and Kevin M. Quinn. “Fightin'words: Lexical Feature Selection and Evaluation for Identifying the Content of Political Conflict.” Political Analysis 16, no. 4 (2008): 372–403. Organski, Abramo F. K., and Jacek Kugler. The War Ledger. London, UK: University of Chicago Press, 1981. Palmer, Glenn, Vito d’Orazio, Michael Kenwick, and Matthew Lane. “The MID4 dataset, 2002–2010: Procedures, Coding Rules and Description.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 32, no. 2 (2015): 222–42. Pötzsch, Holger. “The Emergence of iWar: Changing Practices and Perceptions Of Military Engagement in a Digital Era.” New Media & Society 17, no. 1 (2015): 78–95. Proksch, Sven-Oliver, and Jonathan B. Slapin. “WORDFISH: Scaling Software for Estimating Political Positions From Texts.” Version 1 (2008): 323–44. Purdy, Christopher H. “Using the Internet and Social Media to Promote Condom Use in Turkey.” Reproductive Health Matters 19, no. 37 (2011): 157–65. Schrodt, Philip A. “Event Data in Foreign Policy Analysis.” In Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change in Its Second Generation, edited by L. Neack, P. J. Haney, and J. A.K. Hey, 145–66. New York, NY: Prentice Hall, 1995. ______., “Precedents, Progress, and Prospects in Political Event Data.” International Interactions 38, no. 4 (2012): 546–69. Schrodt, Philip A., and Deborah J. Gerner. “Validity Assessment of a Machine-Coded Event Data Set for the Middle East, 1982-92.” American Journal of Political Science (1994): 825–54. Schrodt, Philip A., Glenn Palmer, and Mehmet Emre Hatipoğlu. “Automated Detection of Reports of Militarized Interstate Disputes Using the SVM Document Classification Algorithm.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 2008. Schrodt, Philip A., Shannon G. Davis, and Judith L. Weddle. “Political Science: KEDS- a Program for the Machine Coding of Event Data.” Social Science Computer Review 12, no. 4 (1994): 561–87. Schwartz, Randal L., and Tom Phoenix. Learning Perl. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly, 2001. Seib, Philip. Real-Time Diplomacy: Politics and Power in the Social Media Era. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. Shaw, Zed A. Learn Python 3 the Hard Way: A Very Simple Introduction to the Terrifyingly Beautiful World of Computers and Code. Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2017. Shellman, Stephen M. “Coding Disaggregated Intrastate Conflict: Machine Processing The Behavior Of Substate Actors over Time and Space.” Political Analysis 16, no. 4 (2008): 464–77. Small, Melvin, and Joel David Singer. Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816-1980. London, UK: Sage Publications, Inc, 1982. Soroka, Stuart, Marc André Bodet, Lori Young, and Blake Andrew. “Campaign News and Vote Intentions.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 19, no. 4 (2009): 359–76. Tüfekçi, Zeynep. Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017. Tumasjan, Andranik, Timm Oliver Sprenger, Philipp G. Sandner, and Isabell M. Welpe. “Predicting Elections with Twitter: What 140 Characters Reveal about Political Sentiment.” ICWSM 10, no. 1 (2010): 178–85. Ünver, H. Akın, and Hassan Alassaad. “How Turks Mobilized against the Coup: The Power of the Mosque and the Hashtag.” Foreign Affairs, September 14, 2016. Varol, Onur, Emilio Ferrara, Clayton A. Davis, Filippo Menczer, and Alessandro Flammini. “Online Human-Bot Interactions: Detection, Estimation, and Characterization.” arXiv:1703.03107 (2017). Yavuz Görkem, Şenay. “The Weakest Link or the Magic Stick?: Turkish Activists’ Perceptions on the Scope and Strength of Digital Activism.” Turkish Studies 18, no. 1 (2017): 102–24. Young, Lori, and Stuart Soroka. “Affective News: The Automated Coding of Sentiment in Political Texts.” Political Communication 29, no. 2 (2012): 205–31.
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emre Hatipoğlu

Osman Zeki Gökçe Bu kişi benim

İnanç Arın Bu kişi benim

Yücel Saygın Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Hatipoğlu, Emre, Osman Zeki Gökçe, İnanç Arın, ve Yücel Saygın. “Automated Text Analysis and International Relations: The Introduction and Application of a Novel Technique for Twitter”. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace 8, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2019): 183-204. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.476852.

Widening the World of IR