Araştırma Makalesi
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Ideologies and the Western Question in Turkish Foreign Policy: A Neo-classical Realist Perspective

Yıl 2020, , 105 - 126, 20.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.514465

Öz

Growing anti-Western sentiments around the world are currently
manifesting themselves through divergent ways ranging from peaceful resistance movements
to various forms of political violence. In the Middle East, unlike the earlier
partially secular and nationalist Cold War anti-Americanism, the current popular
anti-Western political movements are heavily equipped with Islamism, which
appears to be an all-inclusive ideology and political movement for almost all
dissidents. This applies to Turkey as well, despite its relatively long history
of secularisation. This research particularly aims therefore to discuss the
role of nationalism and Islamism on anti-Western sentiments in Turkish foreign
policy through the lens of neo-classical realism and a new, broader conceptual framework:
The Western Question. The research examines the contours, contents, and
consequences of the problem through comparing two cases, namely the Cyprus problem
of the 1970s and the crisis with the West that has surfaced after Turkey’s
involvement in the Syrian Civil War. 

Kaynakça

  • Altunışık, Meliha B. “The Inflexibility of Turkey’s Policy in Syria.” IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook (2016): 57-62. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2016/IEMed_Med Yearbook_2016_keys_Turkey_Syrias_ Policy_Benli_Altunisik.pdf.
  • Arango, Tim. “Growing Mistrust Between U.S. and Turkey Is Played Out in Public.” New York Times, December 23, 2013. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/24/world/europe/growing-mistrust-between-us-and-turkey-is-played-out-in-public.html.
  • ———. “Turkish Premier Blames Foreign Envoy for Turmoil.” New York Times, December 22, 2013. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/world/middleeast/16-more-arrested-as-corruption-inquir y-in-turkey-widens.html.
  • Atmaca, Ayşe Ö. “The Geopolitical Origins of Turkish-American Relations: Revisiting the Cold War Years.” All Azimuth 3 (2014): 19-34.
  • Aydın, Mustafa. “Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy: Changing Patterns and Conjunctures during the Cold War.” Middle Eastern Studies 36 (2000): 103-39.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, Senem. “De-Europeanization through Discourse: A Critical Discourse Analysis of AKP’s Election Speeches.” South European Society and Politics 21 (2016): 45-58.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, Senem and Alper Kaliber. “Encounters with Europe in an Era of Domestic and International Turmoil: Is Turkey De-Europeanizing?” South European Society and Politics 21 (2016): 1-14.
  • Banchoff, Thomas. “German Identity and European Integration.” European Journal of International Relations 5 (1999): 259-89.
  • Barkey, Henry J. “Erdoğan’s Foreign Policy is in Ruins.” Foreign Policy, February 4, 2016. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/04/erdogans-foreign-policy-is-in-ruins/
  • Bayramoğlu, Ali. “Asker ve siyaset.” In Ahmet İnsel and Ali Bayramoğlu, Bir zümre, bir parti, 59-118.
  • Boll, Michael M. “Turkey between East and West: The Regional Alternative.” The World Today 35 (1979): 360-68.
  • Bora, Tanıl. Medeniyet kaybı: milliyetçilik ve faşizm üzerine yazılar. İstanbul: İletişim, 2006.
  • ———. “Ordu ve milliyetçilik.” In Ahmet İnsel and Ali Bayramoğlu, Bir zümre, bir parti, 163-78.
  • ———. “Süleyman Demirel.” In Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce, Cilt 9, Dönemler ve zihniyetler, edited by Tanıl Bora and Murat Gültekingil, 50214. İstanbul: İletişim, 2009.
  • Bora, Tanıl, and N. Canefe. “Türkiye’de popülist milliyetçilik.” In Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce, Cilt 4, Milliyetçilik, edited by Tanıl Bora and Murat Gültekingil, 63562. İstanbul: İletişim, 2003.
  • Boratav, Korkut. Türkiye iktisat tarihi 1908-2002. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, 2003.
  • Cooper, Orah, and Fogarty, Carol. “Soviet Economic and Military Aid to the Less Developed Countries, 1954-78.”
Soviet and Eastern European Foreign Trade 21 (1985): 54-73.
  • Criss, Nur B. “A Short History of Anti-Americanism and Terrorism: The Turkish Case.” The Journal of American History 89 (2002): 472-84.
  • Demirtaş, Birgül. “Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans: A Europeanized Foreign Policy in a De-Europeanized National Context?” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 17 (2015): 123-40.
  • Devlen, Balkan, and Özgür Özdamar. “Neoclassical Realism and Foreign Policy Analysis.” In Rethinking Realism in International Relations, edited by A. Freyberg-Inan, E. Harrison and P. James, 136-64. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2009.
  • Doty, Roxanne L. “Foreign Policy as Social Construction: A Post-Positivist Analysis of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy in the Philippines,” International Studies Quarterly 37 (1993): 297-320.
  • Dönmez, Yeliz, and Bico, Cem. “Bülent Ecevit.” In Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce, Cilt 4, Milliyetçilik, edited by Tanıl Bora and Murat Gültekingil, 448-53. İstanbul: İletişim, 2003.
  • Erhan, Çağrı. “ABD ve NATO’yla ilişkiler.” In Türk dış politikası, cilt I, 1919-1980, edited by Baskın Oran, 681-715. İstanbul: İletişim, 2004.
  • Erhan, Çağrı, and Tuğrul Arat. “AET’yle ilişkiler.” In Türk dış politikası, cilt I, 1919-1980, edited by Baskın Oran, 808-53. İstanbul: İletişim, 2004.
  • European Commission. “Turkey 2016 Report, SWD 2016 (366) final.” Brussels, November 9, 2016.
  • Franz, Erhard. “Secularism and Islamism in Turkey.” In The Islamic World and the West: An Introduction to Political Cultures and International Relations, edited by Kai Hafez, 161-75. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Guan-Fu, Gu. “Soviet Aid to the Third World: An Analysis of Its Strategy.” Soviet Studies 35 (1983): 71-89.
  • Güner, Serdar. “Religion and Preferences: A Decision- theoretic Explanation of Turkey’s New Foreign Policy.” Foreign Policy Analysis 8 (2012): 217-30.
  • Güney, Aylin. “An Anatomy of the Transformation of the US–Turkish Alliance: From ‘Cold War’ to ‘War on Iraq’.” Turkish Studies 6 (2005): 341-59.
  • ———. “Anti-Americanism in Turkey: Past and Present.” Middle Eastern Studies 44 (2008): 471-87.
  • Kadercan, Pelin T., and Burak Kadercan. “Turkish Military as a Political Actor: Its Rise and Fall.” Middle East Policy XXIII (2016): 84-96.
  • Kadir Has University. “2017 Survey on Turkish Foreign Policy.” Center for Turkish Studies, 2017. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://www.khas.edu.tr/en/news/270.
  • Kardaş, Şaban. “Türk dış politikasında eksen kayması mı?” Akademik Ortadoğu 5 (2011): 19-42.
  • Kaygı, Abdullah. Türk düşüncesinde çağdaşlaşma. Ankara: Gündoğan Yayınları, 1992.
  • Kitchen, Nicholas. “Systemic Pressures and Domestic Ideas: A Neo-classical Realist Model of Grand Strategy Formation.” Review of International Studies 36 (2010): 117-43.
  • Lobell, Steven E., Norrin M. Ripsman, and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro. Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Mankaff, Jeffrey. “Russia and Turkey’s Rapprochement: Don’t Expect an Equal Partnership.” Foreign Affairs, July 20, 2016. Accessed February 20, 2018. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/turkey/2016-07-20/russia-and-turkeys-rapprochement.
  • Middle East Media Research Institute. “Special Dispatch, No 5962.” February 9, 2015. Accessed February 20, 2018. https://www.memri.org/reports/anti-west-statements-turkish-president-erdogan-and-pm-davutoglu-muslim-countries-must-unite.
  • Miller, James E. “Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Turkey, June 5, 1964.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XVI, Cyprus; Greece; Turkey. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2000. Accessed February 15, 2018. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/ frus1964-68v16/d54.
  • Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.
  • Neziroğlu, İrfan, and Tuncer Yılmaz, ed. Hükümetler, programları ve genel kurul görüşmeleri, cilt 5, 26 Mart 1971-17 Kasım 1974. Ankara: TBMM Yayınları, 2013.
  • Oğuzlu, Tarık. “Middle Easternization of Turkey’s Foreign Policy: Does Turkey Dissociate from the West?” Turkish Studies 9 (2016): 3-20.
  • Oğuzlu, Tarık, and Mustafa Kibaroğlu. “Is the Westernization Process Losing Pace in Turkey: Who’s to Blame?” Turkish Studies 10 (2009): 577-93.
  • Oran, Baskın. “Dönemin bilançosu.” In Türk dış politikası, cilt I: 1919-1980, edited by Baskın Oran, 655-80. İstanbul: İletişim, 2004.
  • Ovalı, Şevket. “From Europeanization to Re-nationalization: Contextual Parameters of Change in Turkish Foreign Policy.” Studia Europea 3 (2012): 17–37.
  • Öniş, Ziya. “Multiple Faces of the New Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and a Critique.” Insight Turkey 13 (2011): 47-65.
  • Rathbun, Brian. “A Rose by Any Other Name: Neoclassical Realism as the Logical and Necessary Extension of Structural Realism.” Security Studies 17 (2008): 294-321.
  • Ripsman, Norrin M., Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, and Steven E. Lobell. Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Rose, Gideon. “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy.” World Politics 51 (1998): 144-72.
  • SASAD. “Performance Report.” 2016. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://www.sasad.org.tr/sasad-savunma-ve-havacilik-sanayii-performans-raporu.
  • Schweller, Randall L. Maxwell’s Demon and the Golden Apple: Global Discord in the New Millennium. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2014.
  • ———. “Neo-classical Realism and State Mobilization: Expansionist Ideology in the Age of Mass Politics.” In Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy, edited by Steven E. Lobell, Norrin M. Ripsman and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, 22750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • ———. “Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing.” International Security 29 (2004): 159-201.
  • Sezer, Duygu B. “Peaceful Coexistence: Turkey and the near East in Soviet Foreign Policy.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 481 (1985): 117-26.
  • Snyder, Jack. Myths of Empire: Domestic politics and International Ambition. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1991.
  • Sözen, Ahmet, and Devrim Şahin. “Perception of Axis Shift in Turkish Foreign Policy: An Analysis through ‘Butterfly Effect’.” İzmir Review of Social Sciences 1 (2013): 47-63.
  • Stepak, Amir, and Rachel Whitlark. “The Battle over America's Foreign Policy Doctrine.” Survival 54 (2012): 45-66.
  • Şen, Mustafa. “Transformation of Turkish Islamism and the Rise of Justice and Development Party.” Turkish Studies 11 (2010): 59-84.
  • Talieferro, Jeffrey W. “State building for Future Wars: Neoclassical Realism and the Resource-Extractive State.” Security Studies 15 (2006): 464-95.
  • Taliaferro, Jeffrey W., Steven E. Lobell, and Norrin M. Ripsman. “Introduction: Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy.” In Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy, edited by S.E. Lobell, N.M. Ripsman and J.W. Taliaferro, 1–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Taşpınar, Ömer. “The Anatomy of Anti-Americanism in Turkey.” Brookings Institute, November 16, 2005. Accessed February 15, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/taspinar20051116.pdf.
  • Tür, Özlem. “Economic Relations with the Middle East under the AKP: Trade, Business Community and Reintegration with Neighbouring Zones.” Turkish Studies 12 (2011): 589-602.
  • Wallace, Cissy E.G. “Soviet Economic and Technical Cooperation with Developing Countries: The Turkish Case.” PhD diss., London School of Economics, 1990. Accessed February 15, 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1177/1/U048631.pdf.
  • Weldes, Jutta. “Constructing National Interest.” European Journal of International Relations 2 (1996): 275–318.
  • Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Wohlforth, William C. “Realism and the End of the Cold War.” International Security 19 (1995): 91-129.
  • Yeşilyurt, Nuri. “Explaining Miscalculation and Maladaptation in Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Middle East during Arab Uprisings: A Neoclassical Realist Perspective.” All Azimuth 6 (2017): 65–83.
  • Yılmaz, Hakan. “Euroscepticism in Turkey: Parties, Elites, and Public Opinion.” South European Society and Politics 16 (2011): 185-208.
  • Zakaria, Fareed. From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Yıl 2020, , 105 - 126, 20.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.514465

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Altunışık, Meliha B. “The Inflexibility of Turkey’s Policy in Syria.” IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook (2016): 57-62. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2016/IEMed_Med Yearbook_2016_keys_Turkey_Syrias_ Policy_Benli_Altunisik.pdf.
  • Arango, Tim. “Growing Mistrust Between U.S. and Turkey Is Played Out in Public.” New York Times, December 23, 2013. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/24/world/europe/growing-mistrust-between-us-and-turkey-is-played-out-in-public.html.
  • ———. “Turkish Premier Blames Foreign Envoy for Turmoil.” New York Times, December 22, 2013. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/22/world/middleeast/16-more-arrested-as-corruption-inquir y-in-turkey-widens.html.
  • Atmaca, Ayşe Ö. “The Geopolitical Origins of Turkish-American Relations: Revisiting the Cold War Years.” All Azimuth 3 (2014): 19-34.
  • Aydın, Mustafa. “Determinants of Turkish Foreign Policy: Changing Patterns and Conjunctures during the Cold War.” Middle Eastern Studies 36 (2000): 103-39.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, Senem. “De-Europeanization through Discourse: A Critical Discourse Analysis of AKP’s Election Speeches.” South European Society and Politics 21 (2016): 45-58.
  • Aydın-Düzgit, Senem and Alper Kaliber. “Encounters with Europe in an Era of Domestic and International Turmoil: Is Turkey De-Europeanizing?” South European Society and Politics 21 (2016): 1-14.
  • Banchoff, Thomas. “German Identity and European Integration.” European Journal of International Relations 5 (1999): 259-89.
  • Barkey, Henry J. “Erdoğan’s Foreign Policy is in Ruins.” Foreign Policy, February 4, 2016. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/04/erdogans-foreign-policy-is-in-ruins/
  • Bayramoğlu, Ali. “Asker ve siyaset.” In Ahmet İnsel and Ali Bayramoğlu, Bir zümre, bir parti, 59-118.
  • Boll, Michael M. “Turkey between East and West: The Regional Alternative.” The World Today 35 (1979): 360-68.
  • Bora, Tanıl. Medeniyet kaybı: milliyetçilik ve faşizm üzerine yazılar. İstanbul: İletişim, 2006.
  • ———. “Ordu ve milliyetçilik.” In Ahmet İnsel and Ali Bayramoğlu, Bir zümre, bir parti, 163-78.
  • ———. “Süleyman Demirel.” In Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce, Cilt 9, Dönemler ve zihniyetler, edited by Tanıl Bora and Murat Gültekingil, 50214. İstanbul: İletişim, 2009.
  • Bora, Tanıl, and N. Canefe. “Türkiye’de popülist milliyetçilik.” In Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce, Cilt 4, Milliyetçilik, edited by Tanıl Bora and Murat Gültekingil, 63562. İstanbul: İletişim, 2003.
  • Boratav, Korkut. Türkiye iktisat tarihi 1908-2002. Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları, 2003.
  • Cooper, Orah, and Fogarty, Carol. “Soviet Economic and Military Aid to the Less Developed Countries, 1954-78.”
Soviet and Eastern European Foreign Trade 21 (1985): 54-73.
  • Criss, Nur B. “A Short History of Anti-Americanism and Terrorism: The Turkish Case.” The Journal of American History 89 (2002): 472-84.
  • Demirtaş, Birgül. “Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Balkans: A Europeanized Foreign Policy in a De-Europeanized National Context?” Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 17 (2015): 123-40.
  • Devlen, Balkan, and Özgür Özdamar. “Neoclassical Realism and Foreign Policy Analysis.” In Rethinking Realism in International Relations, edited by A. Freyberg-Inan, E. Harrison and P. James, 136-64. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2009.
  • Doty, Roxanne L. “Foreign Policy as Social Construction: A Post-Positivist Analysis of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy in the Philippines,” International Studies Quarterly 37 (1993): 297-320.
  • Dönmez, Yeliz, and Bico, Cem. “Bülent Ecevit.” In Modern Türkiye’de siyasi düşünce, Cilt 4, Milliyetçilik, edited by Tanıl Bora and Murat Gültekingil, 448-53. İstanbul: İletişim, 2003.
  • Erhan, Çağrı. “ABD ve NATO’yla ilişkiler.” In Türk dış politikası, cilt I, 1919-1980, edited by Baskın Oran, 681-715. İstanbul: İletişim, 2004.
  • Erhan, Çağrı, and Tuğrul Arat. “AET’yle ilişkiler.” In Türk dış politikası, cilt I, 1919-1980, edited by Baskın Oran, 808-53. İstanbul: İletişim, 2004.
  • European Commission. “Turkey 2016 Report, SWD 2016 (366) final.” Brussels, November 9, 2016.
  • Franz, Erhard. “Secularism and Islamism in Turkey.” In The Islamic World and the West: An Introduction to Political Cultures and International Relations, edited by Kai Hafez, 161-75. Leiden: Brill, 2000.
  • Guan-Fu, Gu. “Soviet Aid to the Third World: An Analysis of Its Strategy.” Soviet Studies 35 (1983): 71-89.
  • Güner, Serdar. “Religion and Preferences: A Decision- theoretic Explanation of Turkey’s New Foreign Policy.” Foreign Policy Analysis 8 (2012): 217-30.
  • Güney, Aylin. “An Anatomy of the Transformation of the US–Turkish Alliance: From ‘Cold War’ to ‘War on Iraq’.” Turkish Studies 6 (2005): 341-59.
  • ———. “Anti-Americanism in Turkey: Past and Present.” Middle Eastern Studies 44 (2008): 471-87.
  • Kadercan, Pelin T., and Burak Kadercan. “Turkish Military as a Political Actor: Its Rise and Fall.” Middle East Policy XXIII (2016): 84-96.
  • Kadir Has University. “2017 Survey on Turkish Foreign Policy.” Center for Turkish Studies, 2017. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://www.khas.edu.tr/en/news/270.
  • Kardaş, Şaban. “Türk dış politikasında eksen kayması mı?” Akademik Ortadoğu 5 (2011): 19-42.
  • Kaygı, Abdullah. Türk düşüncesinde çağdaşlaşma. Ankara: Gündoğan Yayınları, 1992.
  • Kitchen, Nicholas. “Systemic Pressures and Domestic Ideas: A Neo-classical Realist Model of Grand Strategy Formation.” Review of International Studies 36 (2010): 117-43.
  • Lobell, Steven E., Norrin M. Ripsman, and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro. Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Mankaff, Jeffrey. “Russia and Turkey’s Rapprochement: Don’t Expect an Equal Partnership.” Foreign Affairs, July 20, 2016. Accessed February 20, 2018. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/turkey/2016-07-20/russia-and-turkeys-rapprochement.
  • Middle East Media Research Institute. “Special Dispatch, No 5962.” February 9, 2015. Accessed February 20, 2018. https://www.memri.org/reports/anti-west-statements-turkish-president-erdogan-and-pm-davutoglu-muslim-countries-must-unite.
  • Miller, James E. “Telegram from the Department of State to the Embassy in Turkey, June 5, 1964.” In Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964–1968, Volume XVI, Cyprus; Greece; Turkey. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 2000. Accessed February 15, 2018. https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/ frus1964-68v16/d54.
  • Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.
  • Neziroğlu, İrfan, and Tuncer Yılmaz, ed. Hükümetler, programları ve genel kurul görüşmeleri, cilt 5, 26 Mart 1971-17 Kasım 1974. Ankara: TBMM Yayınları, 2013.
  • Oğuzlu, Tarık. “Middle Easternization of Turkey’s Foreign Policy: Does Turkey Dissociate from the West?” Turkish Studies 9 (2016): 3-20.
  • Oğuzlu, Tarık, and Mustafa Kibaroğlu. “Is the Westernization Process Losing Pace in Turkey: Who’s to Blame?” Turkish Studies 10 (2009): 577-93.
  • Oran, Baskın. “Dönemin bilançosu.” In Türk dış politikası, cilt I: 1919-1980, edited by Baskın Oran, 655-80. İstanbul: İletişim, 2004.
  • Ovalı, Şevket. “From Europeanization to Re-nationalization: Contextual Parameters of Change in Turkish Foreign Policy.” Studia Europea 3 (2012): 17–37.
  • Öniş, Ziya. “Multiple Faces of the New Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and a Critique.” Insight Turkey 13 (2011): 47-65.
  • Rathbun, Brian. “A Rose by Any Other Name: Neoclassical Realism as the Logical and Necessary Extension of Structural Realism.” Security Studies 17 (2008): 294-321.
  • Ripsman, Norrin M., Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, and Steven E. Lobell. Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Rose, Gideon. “Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy.” World Politics 51 (1998): 144-72.
  • SASAD. “Performance Report.” 2016. Accessed February 20, 2018. http://www.sasad.org.tr/sasad-savunma-ve-havacilik-sanayii-performans-raporu.
  • Schweller, Randall L. Maxwell’s Demon and the Golden Apple: Global Discord in the New Millennium. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2014.
  • ———. “Neo-classical Realism and State Mobilization: Expansionist Ideology in the Age of Mass Politics.” In Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy, edited by Steven E. Lobell, Norrin M. Ripsman and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, 22750. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • ———. “Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing.” International Security 29 (2004): 159-201.
  • Sezer, Duygu B. “Peaceful Coexistence: Turkey and the near East in Soviet Foreign Policy.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 481 (1985): 117-26.
  • Snyder, Jack. Myths of Empire: Domestic politics and International Ambition. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1991.
  • Sözen, Ahmet, and Devrim Şahin. “Perception of Axis Shift in Turkish Foreign Policy: An Analysis through ‘Butterfly Effect’.” İzmir Review of Social Sciences 1 (2013): 47-63.
  • Stepak, Amir, and Rachel Whitlark. “The Battle over America's Foreign Policy Doctrine.” Survival 54 (2012): 45-66.
  • Şen, Mustafa. “Transformation of Turkish Islamism and the Rise of Justice and Development Party.” Turkish Studies 11 (2010): 59-84.
  • Talieferro, Jeffrey W. “State building for Future Wars: Neoclassical Realism and the Resource-Extractive State.” Security Studies 15 (2006): 464-95.
  • Taliaferro, Jeffrey W., Steven E. Lobell, and Norrin M. Ripsman. “Introduction: Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy.” In Neoclassical Realism, the State and Foreign Policy, edited by S.E. Lobell, N.M. Ripsman and J.W. Taliaferro, 1–42. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.
  • Taşpınar, Ömer. “The Anatomy of Anti-Americanism in Turkey.” Brookings Institute, November 16, 2005. Accessed February 15, 2018. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/taspinar20051116.pdf.
  • Tür, Özlem. “Economic Relations with the Middle East under the AKP: Trade, Business Community and Reintegration with Neighbouring Zones.” Turkish Studies 12 (2011): 589-602.
  • Wallace, Cissy E.G. “Soviet Economic and Technical Cooperation with Developing Countries: The Turkish Case.” PhD diss., London School of Economics, 1990. Accessed February 15, 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1177/1/U048631.pdf.
  • Weldes, Jutta. “Constructing National Interest.” European Journal of International Relations 2 (1996): 275–318.
  • Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Wohlforth, William C. “Realism and the End of the Cold War.” International Security 19 (1995): 91-129.
  • Yeşilyurt, Nuri. “Explaining Miscalculation and Maladaptation in Turkish Foreign Policy towards the Middle East during Arab Uprisings: A Neoclassical Realist Perspective.” All Azimuth 6 (2017): 65–83.
  • Yılmaz, Hakan. “Euroscepticism in Turkey: Parties, Elites, and Public Opinion.” South European Society and Politics 16 (2011): 185-208.
  • Zakaria, Fareed. From Wealth to Power: The Unusual Origins of America’s World Role. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ali Şevket Ovalı Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4655-3247

İlkim Özdikmenli 0000-0002-0061-4382

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Ovalı, Ali Şevket, ve İlkim Özdikmenli. “Ideologies and the Western Question in Turkish Foreign Policy: A Neo-Classical Realist Perspective”. All Azimuth: A Journal of Foreign Policy and Peace 9, sy. 1 (Aralık 2019): 105-26. https://doi.org/10.20991/allazimuth.514465.

Widening the World of IR