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A Short Assessment of Gerson Cohen’s View of Judaism and His Contributions to Conservative Judaism

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 16, 9 - 29, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.877555

Öz

Cohen was born in New York to a Hebrew-speaking, moderately Jewish Orthodox and Zionist family of Russian origin. Cohen completed his undergraduate education in the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA) in 1943, which is the main center of Conservative Judaism, and simultaneously, in New York City College in 1944. Cohen also received his master's degree in JTSA and his rabbinic diploma in 1948. Cohen completed his doctorate at the University of Columbia in 1958.
Having studied Hebrew at a young age, Cohen has an important place in Conservative Judaism that is a branch of American Judaism. Cohen, who first started working as a librarian in JTSA (1950), started teaching Jewish History and Literature in the following years, and later continued as a professor. Cohen, who was the chancellor of JTSA between 1972-1986, is one of the best-known chancellors as he was the first chancellor to ordain a woman rabbi in Conservative Judaism. During his term, Cohen tried to make JTSA as a center of higher Jewish education for all Jews in the United States, especially for Jewish teachers, administrators and rabbis, and gave great importance to Torah studies, Zionism, Halakha and Hebrew learning and placed them in the center of Conservative Judaism.
With a historicist approach, Cohen saw today's Judaism as a continuation of historical Judaism. In his eyes, all Jewish religious education institutions in America, such as the JTS, were no different from the Yavneh academy in terms of their functions. He also regarded diversity as natural and was not afraid to use the term "Conservative Judaism" as a detached group. Cohen was telling his colleagues at the JTS that the Conservative movement should take pride in its achievements and thinking that the institutionalization of Jews in the American diaspora was vital for future generations.
Cohen's most striking idea was that he saw assimilation as a positive element for Jews. According to Cohen, it was justifiable that assimilation has a positive value when evaluated within the historical context of Judaism. For him, assimilation and cultural change should be seen as renewal, because these two factors stimulate the revival of Jewish thought life and contribute to the continuity of tradition. Although Cohen's idea was viewed by some as a creative idea, but mostly was criticized by Jewish circles. According to criticisms, Jews have suffered greatly in history due to assimilation, causing Jews not to survive for centuries. Especially in the Hellenistic and Greek periods, they lost their names, their language and even abandoned the sacred language of worship, which is Hebrew.
Cohen's expression of the ''Jewish Group'', additionally describing the Jews as a minority with the phrase; ''Jews have always been a minority and will no doubt remain a minority'' has alienated and isolated the Jews. While Cohen advocates dialogue between Jews in the diaspora (including other religions and other Jewish sects) with the external environment, on the other hand, seeing them as a "minority" and isolating them constitutes a great contradiction. Cohen also regards the support of Zionism and the State of Israel as a duty of every Jew in order to have "a healthy Israel". His Zionist family and environment, in which he grew up in his childhood, had a great influence on this idea. Indeed, Cohen's participation in the establishment of the Zionist organization, Merkaz, in Israel and the opening of JTS's branches and some schools in Israel, support his Zionist view. But this approach can be seen as a factor that weakens diaspora Judaism and can prevent it from acting independently. 

Kaynakça

  • Blumberg, Harry. “The Book of Tradition (Sefer ha-Ḳabbalah) by Abraham Ibn Daud”. Speculum 44/4 (October 1969), 629-630. https://doi.org/10.2307/2850394
  • Bridger, David. The New Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Behrman House, 1962.
  • Camp Massad. Accessed June 5, 2020. https://campmassad.org/about-camp/our-history.html
  • Cohen, Gerson D. Jewish History and Jewish Destiny. New York: JTS Press, 1997.
  • Cohen, Harry A. A Basic Jewish Encyclopedia. Hartford, USA: Hartmore House, 1965.
  • Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. Dictionary of Jewish Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Eisen, Arnold. “The Case for “Assimilation” and Diaspora”. Jewish Quarterly Review 106/4 (Fall 2016), 450-458.
  • Emet ve Emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, The Rabbinical Assembly, The United Synagogue of America, 1988.
  • Frankel, Zacharias. “On Changes in Judaism”. Tradition and Change. (ed.) Mordecai Waxman. 43-50. New York: United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, 1958.
  • Gillman, Neil. Conservative Judaism: The New Century. New Jersey: Behrman House, 1993.
  • Gordis, Robert. Understanding Conservative Judaism. New York: The Rabbinical Assembly, 1978.
  • Gordis, Robert. Conservative Judaism: An American Philosophy. New York: Behrman House, 1945.
  • Hauptman, Judith. Rereading the Rabbis A Woman’s Voice. Colorado: Westview Press, 1998.
  • Hebrew College. Accessed September 26, 2020. https://hebrewcollege.edu/about/history/
  • Hyman, Paula E. “The Unfinished Symphony The Gerson Cohen Years”, Tradition Renewed: A History of The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, ed. J. Wertheimer. 1/233-269. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1997.
  • Jewish Women’s Archive. Accessed September 29, 2020. https://jwa.org/node/12146
  • Karesh, Sara E. - Hurvitz, Mitchell M. Encyclopedia of Judaism. (ed.) J. Gordon Melton, New York: Facts On File Inc., 2006.
  • Kurtuluş, Rıza. "Jeffery, Arthur". Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Accessed: June 18, 2020. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/jeffery-arthur Merkaz USA. Accessed: April 26, 2021. https://www.mercazusa.org/
  • Nadell, Pamela S. - Raphael, Marc Lee. Conservative Judaism in America. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
  • Neusner, Jacob. The Routledge Dictionary of Judaism. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Panetz, Michael. “Cohen, Gerson D.”. Encyclopedia Judaica (2nd Edition). ed. Michael Berenbaum - Fred Skolnik. 5/15-16. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
  • Phi Beta Kappa. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.pbk.org/About
  • Ruderman, David B. “The Blessing of Gerson D. Cohen”. The Jewish Quarterly Review 106/4 (Fall 2016), 459-464. https://doi.org/10.1353/jqr.2016.0034
  • Scheindlin, Raymond P. “Gerson D. Cohen (1924-1991)”. Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 58 (1992), 15-18.
  • Weisberg, Dvora - Weisberg, Dvora E. “Jam Every Other Day: Reflections on Twenty Years as a Conservative Jewish Feminist”. Shofar 16/4 (Summer 1998), 51-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.1998.0031
  • Wigoder, Geoffrey. The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Facts On File Inc., 1992.
  • Wigoder, Geoffrey. The Encyclopedia of Judaism. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1989.

Gerson Cohen'in Yahudiliğe Bakış Açısı ve Muhafazakâr Yahudiliğe Katkıları Üzerine Kısa Bir Değerlendirme

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 16, 9 - 29, 30.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.877555

Öz

Cohen, New York'ta İbranice konuşan, ılımlı Ortodoks, Rus kökenli Siyonist bir ailede dünyaya geldi. Cohen lisans eğitimini; 1943 yılında, Muhafazakâr Yahudiliğin ana merkezi olan Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA) ve bununla paralel olarak New York City College'da (1944) tamamladı. Aynı zamanda Cohen, JTSA’da master derecesini ve 1948 yılında da rabinik diplomasını aldı. Cohen, doktorasını da Columbia Üniversitesi’nde 1958 yılında bitirdi.
Küçük yaşta İbranice eğitimi alan Cohen, Amerikan Yahudiliğinin bir şubesi olan Muhafazakâr Yahudilikte önemli bir yere sahip olmuştur. JTSA’da ilk önce kütüphaneci olarak göreve başlayan (1950) Cohen, daha sonraki yıllarda, Yahudi Tarihi ve Literatürü dersleri vermeye başlamış, daha sonra da profesör olarak görevine devam etmiştir. 1972-1986 yılları arasında JTSA’nın rektörlüğünü yapan Cohen, 1985 yılında Muhafazakâr Yahudilik içerisinde ilk defa kadın rabbi atayan kişi olmasından dolayı en iyi bilinen rektörlerdendir. Cohen, rektörlük döneminde, başta Yahudi öğretmenler, idareciler ve rabbiler olmak üzere JTSA’yı, Amerika’daki tüm Yahudilerin eğitim merkezi olan bir üniversite haline getirmeye çalışmış, Tora Çalışmaları, Siyonizm, Halaka ve İbranice öğrenimi alanlarına büyük önem vermiş ve bunları Muhafazakâr Yahudiliğin merkezine yerleştirmiştir.
Cohen, tarihselci bir yaklaşımla, bugünkü Yahudiliği tarihten gelen Yahudiliğin bir devamı olarak görüyordu. Onun gözünde, JTS gibi Amerika’daki tüm Yahudi dini eğitim kurumları işlevleri itibariyle, Yavneh akademisinden farklı değildi. O aynı zamanda, çeşitliliği tabii karşılıyor ve müstakil bir grup olarak “Conservative Judaism” tabirini kullanmaktan çekinmiyordu. Cohen, JTS’teki meslektaşlarından, Muhafazakâr hareketin başarılarıyla iftihar etmeleri gerektiğini söylüyor ve Amerikan diasporasındaki Yahudilerin kurumsallaşmasının gelecek nesiller için hayatiyet arzettiğini düşünmekteydi.
Cohen’in en çarpıcı fikri, asimilasyonu Yahudiler için bir pozitif unsur olarak görmesiydi. Cohen’e göre, aslında asimilasyonun Yahudiliğin tarihsel bağlamı içerisinde değerlendirildiğinde olumlu bir değerinin olduğuna hak vermekte bir sakınca yoktu. Ona göre, asimilasyon ve kültürel değişim, bir yenilenme olarak görülmelidir çünkü bu iki faktör, Yahudi düşünce hayatınının canlanmasını teşvik etmekte ve geleneğin devamlılığına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Cohen’in bu fikri bazıları tarafından yaratıcı bir fikir olarak görülse de çoğu Yahudi çevrelerce eleştirilmiştir. Eleştirilere göre, Yahudiler tarihte, asimilasyon dolayısıyla çok zarar görmüş ve asırlarca Yahudilerin ayakta kalamamasına sebebiyet vermiştir. Özellikle Helenistik ve Grek dönemlerinde Yahudiler, isimlerini, dillerini kaybetmişler ve kutsal ibadet dili olan İbranice’yi bile terketmişlerdir.
Cohen’in Yahudileri izole eden "Yahudi grubu" tabiri ile, yine Yahudileri bir azınlık olarak tarif eden; "Yahudiler daima azınlık olmuştur ve şüphesiz azınlık olarak kalacaktır” görüşü, Yahudileri yalnızlaştıran bir görüştür. Cohen, bir taraftan diasporada Yahudilerin (diğer dinler ve diğer Yahudi mezhepleri dahil) dış çevre ile diyaloğunu savunurken, diğer taraftan da Yahudileri bir “azınlık” olarak görüp onları toplumdan soyutlaması büyük bir çelişki oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca Cohen, “sağlıklı bir İsrail” olabilmesi için Siyonizm ve İsrail Devleti’nin desteklenmesini her Yahudi’nin üzerine düşen bir görev olarak kabul etmektedir. Bu fikre sahip olmasında onun çocukluğunda yetiştiği Siyonist aile ve çevresinin büyük etkisi vardır. Nitekim, Cohen’in İsrail’de Merkaz adlı Siyonist organizasyonun kuruluşunda yer alması ve JTS’in İsrail’de şube ve bazı okulları açması, onun Siyonist görüşünü desteklemektedir. Fakat bu yaklaşım, diaspora Yahudiliğini zayıflatan ve bağımsız hareket etmesini engelleyen bir faktör olarak görülebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Blumberg, Harry. “The Book of Tradition (Sefer ha-Ḳabbalah) by Abraham Ibn Daud”. Speculum 44/4 (October 1969), 629-630. https://doi.org/10.2307/2850394
  • Bridger, David. The New Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Behrman House, 1962.
  • Camp Massad. Accessed June 5, 2020. https://campmassad.org/about-camp/our-history.html
  • Cohen, Gerson D. Jewish History and Jewish Destiny. New York: JTS Press, 1997.
  • Cohen, Harry A. A Basic Jewish Encyclopedia. Hartford, USA: Hartmore House, 1965.
  • Cohn-Sherbok, Dan. Dictionary of Jewish Biography. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • Eisen, Arnold. “The Case for “Assimilation” and Diaspora”. Jewish Quarterly Review 106/4 (Fall 2016), 450-458.
  • Emet ve Emunah: Statement of Principles of Conservative Judaism. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, The Rabbinical Assembly, The United Synagogue of America, 1988.
  • Frankel, Zacharias. “On Changes in Judaism”. Tradition and Change. (ed.) Mordecai Waxman. 43-50. New York: United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism, 1958.
  • Gillman, Neil. Conservative Judaism: The New Century. New Jersey: Behrman House, 1993.
  • Gordis, Robert. Understanding Conservative Judaism. New York: The Rabbinical Assembly, 1978.
  • Gordis, Robert. Conservative Judaism: An American Philosophy. New York: Behrman House, 1945.
  • Hauptman, Judith. Rereading the Rabbis A Woman’s Voice. Colorado: Westview Press, 1998.
  • Hebrew College. Accessed September 26, 2020. https://hebrewcollege.edu/about/history/
  • Hyman, Paula E. “The Unfinished Symphony The Gerson Cohen Years”, Tradition Renewed: A History of The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, ed. J. Wertheimer. 1/233-269. New York: The Jewish Theological Seminary of America, 1997.
  • Jewish Women’s Archive. Accessed September 29, 2020. https://jwa.org/node/12146
  • Karesh, Sara E. - Hurvitz, Mitchell M. Encyclopedia of Judaism. (ed.) J. Gordon Melton, New York: Facts On File Inc., 2006.
  • Kurtuluş, Rıza. "Jeffery, Arthur". Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi. Accessed: June 18, 2020. https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/jeffery-arthur Merkaz USA. Accessed: April 26, 2021. https://www.mercazusa.org/
  • Nadell, Pamela S. - Raphael, Marc Lee. Conservative Judaism in America. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
  • Neusner, Jacob. The Routledge Dictionary of Judaism. London: Routledge, 2004.
  • Panetz, Michael. “Cohen, Gerson D.”. Encyclopedia Judaica (2nd Edition). ed. Michael Berenbaum - Fred Skolnik. 5/15-16. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2007.
  • Phi Beta Kappa. Accessed June 6, 2020. https://www.pbk.org/About
  • Ruderman, David B. “The Blessing of Gerson D. Cohen”. The Jewish Quarterly Review 106/4 (Fall 2016), 459-464. https://doi.org/10.1353/jqr.2016.0034
  • Scheindlin, Raymond P. “Gerson D. Cohen (1924-1991)”. Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research 58 (1992), 15-18.
  • Weisberg, Dvora - Weisberg, Dvora E. “Jam Every Other Day: Reflections on Twenty Years as a Conservative Jewish Feminist”. Shofar 16/4 (Summer 1998), 51-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sho.1998.0031
  • Wigoder, Geoffrey. The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Facts On File Inc., 1992.
  • Wigoder, Geoffrey. The Encyclopedia of Judaism. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1989.
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ismaıl Basaran 0000-0003-4408-0842

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 16

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Basaran, Ismaıl. “A Short Assessment of Gerson Cohen’s View of Judaism and His Contributions to Conservative Judaism”. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 16 (Haziran 2021), 9-29. https://doi.org/10.18498/amailad.877555.