THE U.S. ARMS SALES AND FOREIGN POLICY: TURKİYE’S AND GREECE’S FIGHTERS CASE
Abstract
The United States (U.S.) is the largest exporter of weaponry worldwide. The U.S. arms sales can be used as a lens to analyze its foreign and security policy in international relations. The U.S. does not favor using arms exports solely to maximize financial gain. The U.S. approved Greece's modernization of F-16 warplanes, which could change the balance of power in the Eastern Mediterranean and Aegean Seas, but Türkiye’s similar request for the same was not accepted. The U.S. has also ratified the sale of F-35 warplanes to Greece, an offensive air weapon that is invisible to radar. This article examines US arms sales and restrictions to numerous states, including Türkiye and Greece, as a case study comparing the modernization of F-16 aircraft and F-35 arms sales from 2009 to 2024. We get all the needed data from the U.S. Security Defense Cooperation institution's official website. Türkiye is a NATO member and the U.S.’ refusal to give it F-35 warfighters and its protracted denial of Türkiye’s request to upgrade its F-16 aircraft raise serious questions about NATO's capacity to protect Türkiye, and ambiguity in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East.
Keywords
References
- Berman, L. (2025). Netanyahu said lobbying US against selling F-35 to Türkiye. The Times of Israel. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-said-lobbying-us-against-selling-f-35-to-T%C3%BCrkiye/
- Browne, R. (2019). US formally pulls Türkiye’s Patriot missile system offer. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/08/22/politics/T%C3%BCrkiye-patriot-missiles-us
- Çoban Oran, F., & Özcan, N. (2019). Obama dönemi Amerikan dış politikasında saldırgan gerçekçilik: Ortadoğu’ya silah ticareti örneği. Ortadoğu Etütleri, 11(2), 368–392.
- Congressional Research Service. (2023). Transfer of defense articles: U.S. sale and export of U.S.-made arms to foreign entities. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R46337
- Congressional Research Service. (2023). Türkiye: Possible U.S. F-16 sale. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IN/IN12111/5
- Congressional Research Service. (2024). Türkiye: Major issues and U.S. relations. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R44000
- Defea. (2019). Lockheed Martin to upgrade Greece’s F-16 fighter jets. https://defea.gr/greece-awards-280-million-contract-to-lockheed-martin-for-upgrade-of-its-f-16-fighter-jet-fleet/
- Defense Security Cooperation Agency. (2009–2024). Monthly archive. https://www.dsca.mil/major-arms-sales/archive-date/200905
Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
International Security, Conflict Resolution in International Relations
Journal Section
Research Article
Authors
Publication Date
March 26, 2026
Submission Date
June 17, 2025
Acceptance Date
January 11, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Volume: 27 Number: 1
APA
Alkanalka, M. (2026). THE U.S. ARMS SALES AND FOREIGN POLICY: TURKİYE’S AND GREECE’S FIGHTERS CASE. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(1), 200-218. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1721872
AMA
1.Alkanalka M. THE U.S. ARMS SALES AND FOREIGN POLICY: TURKİYE’S AND GREECE’S FIGHTERS CASE. AUİİBFD. 2026;27(1):200-218. doi:10.53443/anadoluibfd.1721872
Chicago
Alkanalka, Mehmet. 2026. “THE U.S. ARMS SALES AND FOREIGN POLICY: TURKİYE’S AND GREECE’S FIGHTERS CASE”. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 27 (1): 200-218. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1721872.
EndNote
Alkanalka M (March 1, 2026) THE U.S. ARMS SALES AND FOREIGN POLICY: TURKİYE’S AND GREECE’S FIGHTERS CASE. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 27 1 200–218.
IEEE
[1]M. Alkanalka, “THE U.S. ARMS SALES AND FOREIGN POLICY: TURKİYE’S AND GREECE’S FIGHTERS CASE”, AUİİBFD, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 200–218, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.53443/anadoluibfd.1721872.
ISNAD
Alkanalka, Mehmet. “THE U.S. ARMS SALES AND FOREIGN POLICY: TURKİYE’S AND GREECE’S FIGHTERS CASE”. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 27/1 (March 1, 2026): 200-218. https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1721872.
JAMA
1.Alkanalka M. THE U.S. ARMS SALES AND FOREIGN POLICY: TURKİYE’S AND GREECE’S FIGHTERS CASE. AUİİBFD. 2026;27:200–218.
MLA
Alkanalka, Mehmet. “THE U.S. ARMS SALES AND FOREIGN POLICY: TURKİYE’S AND GREECE’S FIGHTERS CASE”. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 27, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 200-18, doi:10.53443/anadoluibfd.1721872.
Vancouver
1.Mehmet Alkanalka. THE U.S. ARMS SALES AND FOREIGN POLICY: TURKİYE’S AND GREECE’S FIGHTERS CASE. AUİİBFD. 2026 Mar. 1;27(1):200-18. doi:10.53443/anadoluibfd.1721872