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TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE SEKTÖREL KREDİ YOĞUNLAŞMASI VE RİSK-KARLILIK İLİŞKİSİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 1 - 28, 30.03.2021

Öz

Finansal sistemin %83’ünün bankalardan oluştuğu Türkiye gibi ekonomilerde finansal aracılar olarak bankalar sistemik öneme sahip kurumlardır. Bankacılığın, sektör olarak, ülkenin ekonomik yapısının şekillenmesinde, piyasaların genişlemesinde ve finansal piyasalara dönük politikaların geliştirilmesinde etkisi büyüktür. Bankaların en önemli işlevi “mali aracılık” ve dolayısıyla en temel faaliyeti de “kredi vermek”tir. Kredi faaliyetleri kısaca üretimin ve tüketimin finansmanı olduğundan hem makroekonomiden etkilenir hem de etkiler. Bankaların kredi faaliyetleri sebebiyle maruz kaldıkları en temel risk de kredi riskidir. Kredi riski, kısaca “bankanın verdiği kredinin geri dönmemesi olasılığıdır”. “Sektörel kredi yoğunlaşması” da “kredi riskini” artıran unsurlardan biridir. Kredilerin hangi alanlarda yoğunlaştığı yani bankaların kredi portföy tercihleri sadece bankaların risk ve kârlılığı için önemli olmamaktadır. Kümülatif olarak sektörün ve dolayısıyla ekonominin finansal istikrarı için de önemlidir. Bu yönde, bankacılık sektörüne bir bütün olarak bakılması gerektiği düşünüldüğünden Türkiye bankacılık sektöründe sektörel kredi yoğunlaşması ile kredi riski-karlılık ilişkisi 2007-2018 dönemi 3 aylık sektör verileri ve makroekonomik veriler birarada kullanılarak otoregresif dağıtılmış gecikme (ARDL) modeli ile incelenmiş ve sektörel kredi yoğunlaşması ile kredi riski arasında negatif yönlü, özkaynak kârlılığı(ROE) ile pozitif yönlü bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Sektörel yoğunlaşma bazı sektörlerde uzmanlaşmayı getirmekte ve Türkiye bankacılık sektörünün kredi riskini düşürürken kredi izleme, kontrol ve gözetim maliyetlerini düşürerek kârın artmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Her iki modelin bulguları birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, iktisadi yazındaki bazı çalışmaların aksine Türk bankacılık sektöründe düşük kredi riski ile kârlılık arasında bir değiş tokuş olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, V. V., Saunders, A., and Hasan, I. (2002). “The effects of focus and diversification on bank risk and return: evidence from individual bank loan portfolios”.09.12.2019 tarihinde https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm?abstract_id=1294605 adresinden erişildi.
  • Akbaş, H. E. (2012). Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyici Etkenleri: Türk Bankacılık Sektörü Üzerine Bir İnceleme - Determinants of Bank Profitability: An Investigation on Turkish Banking Sector, Öneri Dergisi, 10 (37), 103 - 110.
  • Albulescu, C. T. (2015). Banks’ profitability and financial soundness indicators: A macro-level investigation in emerging countries, Procedia economics and finance, 23 (2015), 203 - 209.
  • Alper, D. ve Anbar, A. (2011).Bank specific and macroeconomic determinants of commercial bank profitability: Empirical evidence from Turkey, Business and economics research journal, 2 (2), 139 -152.
  • Aydın, Y. (2019).Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Karlılığı Etkileyen Faktörlerin Panel Veri Analizi ile İncelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 10 (1), 181- 189.
  • Bayraç, H. N., ve Doğan, E. (2018).Teknoloji Yoksulluğu Ve Türkiye'de İhracatın İthalata Olan Bağımlılığı. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 11(1), 17-42.
  • Bebczuk, R. and Galindo, A. (2008). Financial Crisis and Sectoral Diversification of Argentine Banks, 1999 – 2004. Applied Financial Economics 18.3,199 - 211.
  • Beck, T. and De Jonghe, O.(2013).Lending Concentration, Bank Performance and Systemic Risk. World Bank, Policy Research Paper:6604, 1 - 33.
  • Behr, A., Kamp, A., Memmel, C., and Pfingsten, A. (2007). Diversification and the banks' risk-return -characteristics: Evidence from loan portfolios of German banks.
  • Bikker, J. A., and Haaf, K. (2002). Measures of competition and concentration in the banking industry: a review of the literature. Economic & Financial Modelling, 9 (2), 53 - 98.
  • BIS (Bank for International Settlements) (1999), “Principles for the Management of Credit Risk”, Basel Komite. 27.12.2019 tarihinde https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs75.htm adresinden erişildi.
  • Busch, R., and Kick, T. K. (2009). Income diversification in the German banking industry. Deutsche Bundesbank tartışma metni No: 09/2009.
  • Castro, V. (2012). Macroeconomic Determinants of the Credit Risk in the Banking System: The Case of the GIPSI. Economic Modelling, Documentos De Trabalho Working Paper Series, ss. 672 -683.
  • Chen, Y., Wei, X. and Zhang, L. (2013a). A New Measurement of Sectoral Concentration of Credit Portfolios. Procedia Computer Science 17, 1231 - 1240.
  • Chen, Y., Wei, X., Zhang, L., and Shi, Y. (2013b). Sectoral diversification and the banks’ return and risk: Evidence from Chinese listed commercial banks. Procedia Computer Science, 18, 1737 - 1746.
  • Coşkun, M. N., Ardor, H. N., Çermikli, A. H., Eruygur, H. O., Öztürk, F., Tokatlıoğlu, İ., ... ve Dağlaroğlu, T. (2012). Türkiye’de bankacılık sektörü piyasa yapısı, firma davranışları ve rekabet analizi. TBB yayın:280.İstanbul, 52-68,142 - 180.
  • Dell’Ariccia, G.(2000). Learning by Lending, Competition, and Screening Incentives in The Banking Industry. Wharton School for Financial Institutions, Centre for Financial Institutions Working Paper No. 00-10.
  • Demsetz, R. S., ve Strahan, P. E. (1997). Diversification, size, and risk at bank holding companies. Journal of money, credit, and banking, 300 - 313.
  • Deng, S., ve Elyasiani, E. (2008). Geographic diversification, bank holding company value, and risk. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 40(6), 1217 - 1238.
  • Diamond, D. W. (1984). Financial intermediation and delegated monitoring. The review of economic studies, 51(3), 393 - 414.
  • Düllmann, C. And Masschelein, N. ( 2007). A Tractable Model to Measure Sector Concentration Risk in Credit Portfolios. Journal of Financial Services Research 32.1-2, 55-79.
  • Ersungur, Ş., Ekinci, E., ve Takım, A. (2011). Türkiye Ekonomisinde İthalata Bağımlılıktaki Değişme: Girdi-Çıktı Yaklaşımıyla Bir Uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25.
  • Gascón, F. and González, V. (2000). Diversification, Size and Risk at Spanish Banks. WP EFMA Athens.
  • Ghouse, G., Khan, S. A. and Rehman, A. U. (2018). ARDL model as a remedy for spurious regression: problems, performance and prospectus.
  • Goetz, M. R. (2012). Bank Diversification, Market Structure And Bank Risk Taking: Theory And Evidence From US Commercial Banks. FRB of Boston Quantitative Analysis Unit Working Paper 12 - 2.
  • Gönenç, H. Ve Kılıçhan, B.( 2004). Kredi Portföy Çeşitlendirmesinin Banka Performansı Üzerine Etkileri. Bankacılar Dergisi, sayı 49, 53 - 66.
  • Hasan, A., ve Nasır, Z. M. (2008). Macroeconomic factors and equity prices: An empirical investigation by using ARDL approach. The Pakistan Development Review, 501-513.
  • Hayden, E., Porath, D. and Westernhagen, N.V. (2006). Does Diversification Improve The Performance of German Banks? Evidence From Individual Bank Loan Portfolios. Journal of Financial Services Research 32.3, 123-140.
  • Heffernan, S., and Fu, M. (2008). “The determinants of bank performance in China”. 12.03.2020 tarihinde https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1247713 adresinden erişildi.
  • Jiménez, G., ve Saurina, J. (2004). Collateral, type of lender and relationship banking as determinants of credit risk. Journal of banking & Finance, 28(9), 2191 - 2212.
  • Kamp, A., Pfingsten, A. and Porath, D. (2005). Do Banks Diversify Loan Portfolios? A Tentative Answer Based On İndividual Bank Loan Portfolios. Discussion Paper Series 2: Banking and Financial Studies No 03/2005, 2 - 23.
  • Kattai, R. (2010). “Credit risk model for the Estonian banking sector”. Eesti Pank.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., ve Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of econometrics, 54 (1-3), 159 - 178.
  • Louzis, D. P., Vouldis, A. T., ve Metaxas, V. L. (2012). Macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of non-performing loans in Greece: A comparative study of mortgage, business and consumer loan portfolios. Journal of Banking & Finance, 36(4), 1012 - 1027.
  • Mercieca, S., Schaeck, K., ve Wolfe, S. (2007). Small European banks: Benefits from diversification?. Journal of Banking & Finance, 31(7), 1975 - 1998.
  • Mert, M. ve Çağlar, A. E. (2019). Eviews ve Gauss Uygulamalı Zaman Serileri Analizi. Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Mileris, R. (2012). Macroeconomic Determinants of Loan Portfolio Credit Risk in Banks. Engineering Economics 23.5. 496 - 504.
  • Mishkin, F.S. (2007/2011). Para, Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar İktisadı (çev. N. Engin, S. Şahin, S. Çiçek ve Ç. Boz). Akademi Yayıncılık, 203, 205 - 214, 236, 599 - 605.
  • Morgan, D. P., and Samolyk, K. (2003). Geographic diversification in banking and its implications for bank portfolio choice and performance. Unpublished paper, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests. Applied economics, 37(17), 1979 - 1990.
  • Narayan, P. K., ve Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423 - 438.
  • Narayan, P. K., ve Smyth, R. (2006). What determines migration flows from low‐income to high‐income countries? An empirical investigation of fiji–Us migration 1972 – 2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332 - 342.
  • Nkoro, E., ve Uko, A. K. (2016). Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration technique: application and interpretation. Journal of Statistical and Econometric Methods, 5(4), 63 - 91.
  • Nkusu, M. (2011). Nonperforming Loans and Macrofinancial Vulnerabilities in Advanced Economies. IMF Working Papers, 1 - 27.
  • Özdamar, G. (2015). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Döviz Kuru Geçiş Etkisi: Ardl-Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı Bulguları. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(32), 66 - 97.
  • Pan, Q., and Pan, M. (2014). The impact of macro factors on the profitability of china’s commercial banks in the decade after WTO Accession, Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(9), 64 - 69.
  • Pesaran, M. H., ve Shin, Y. (1998). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. Econometric Society Monographs, 31, 371 - 413.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., and Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289 - 326.
  • Sarı, S. (2019). Türk Bankacılık Sektörü Kredilerinde Sektörel Yoğunlaşma ve Kredi Riski. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Özel Sayı, 43 - 68.
  • Stiroh, K. J., and Rumble, A. (2006). The Dark Side of Diversification: The Case of US financial holding companies. Journal of Banking & Finance 30.8, 2131 - 2161.
  • Tabak, B. M., Fazio, D. M. and Cajueiro, D. O (2011).The Effects of Loan Portfolio Concentration on Brazilian Banks’ Return and Risk. Journal of Banking and Finance, vol.35,ıssue:11, 3065 - 076.
  • TBB (2019), 60.Yılında Türkiye Bankalar Birliği ve Türk Bankacılık Sistemi 1958-2018. İstanbul: TBB. Yayın No:334.
  • TC Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2019), “Temel Ekonomik Göstergeler”. 13.07.2019 tarihinde http://www.sbb.gov.tr/temel-ekonomik-gostergeler/#1542268521132-a9825b93-fa4c adresinden erişildi.
  • Tunay, K. B. (2015). Kredi Portföylerinde Yoğunlaşma ve Risk İlişkisi. BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar Dergisi, cilt 9, sayı:1, 129 - 132.
  • Türkmen, S. Y. and Yiğit, İ. (2012). Diversification in Banking and Its Effects on Bank Performance: Evidence from Turkey. American Internation Journal of Contemporary Research, Vol.2, no:12, 111 - 115.
  • Winton, A.(1999). Don't Put All Your Eggs in One Basket? Diversification and Specialization in Lending. Diversification and Specialization in Lending.

SECTORAL CREDIT CONCENTRATION AND RISK-RETURN RELATIOSHIP IN THE TURKISH BANKING SECTOR

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1, 1 - 28, 30.03.2021

Öz

Banks are systematically important instutions in Turkey and form 83% of the financial sector. Banking as a sector plays an important role in shaping the economic structure of the country, expanding the markets and forming policies regarding financial markets. The most important function of banks is acting as intermediarries and the their basic operation is crediting. As crediting is simply financing of consumption and production, it directly affects macroeconmy and gets affected by it. Credit risk simply means a fail of repayment on a loan. Sectoral credit concentration is one of the factors that increase credit risk. Sectoral credit concentration, in other words, credit portfolio preference is not important for only banks’ risk and return. It is also important for banking sector stability along with macroeconomic stability as well. In this perspective, it is thought that banking sector must be considered as a whole, so Sectoral credit concentration and credit risk-return relationship in the Turkish banking sector is analyzed by Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag model with the quarterly banking sectoral data and macroeconomical variables between 2007 - 2018. According to the findings, there is a negative relationship between sectoral concentration and credit risk, positive relationship between sectoral concentration and ROE. Therefore sectoral concentration brings specialization in some sectors and lowers the credit risk in Turkish banking sector and increase profitability by lowering costs regarding credit monitoring and control. When all the findings are taken into account from the two models, despite some studies in the literature, there were no tradeoff observed between lower credit risk and profitability in Turkish banking sector.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, V. V., Saunders, A., and Hasan, I. (2002). “The effects of focus and diversification on bank risk and return: evidence from individual bank loan portfolios”.09.12.2019 tarihinde https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm?abstract_id=1294605 adresinden erişildi.
  • Akbaş, H. E. (2012). Banka Kârlılığının Belirleyici Etkenleri: Türk Bankacılık Sektörü Üzerine Bir İnceleme - Determinants of Bank Profitability: An Investigation on Turkish Banking Sector, Öneri Dergisi, 10 (37), 103 - 110.
  • Albulescu, C. T. (2015). Banks’ profitability and financial soundness indicators: A macro-level investigation in emerging countries, Procedia economics and finance, 23 (2015), 203 - 209.
  • Alper, D. ve Anbar, A. (2011).Bank specific and macroeconomic determinants of commercial bank profitability: Empirical evidence from Turkey, Business and economics research journal, 2 (2), 139 -152.
  • Aydın, Y. (2019).Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Karlılığı Etkileyen Faktörlerin Panel Veri Analizi ile İncelenmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Elektronik Dergisi, 10 (1), 181- 189.
  • Bayraç, H. N., ve Doğan, E. (2018).Teknoloji Yoksulluğu Ve Türkiye'de İhracatın İthalata Olan Bağımlılığı. International Journal of Social Inquiry, 11(1), 17-42.
  • Bebczuk, R. and Galindo, A. (2008). Financial Crisis and Sectoral Diversification of Argentine Banks, 1999 – 2004. Applied Financial Economics 18.3,199 - 211.
  • Beck, T. and De Jonghe, O.(2013).Lending Concentration, Bank Performance and Systemic Risk. World Bank, Policy Research Paper:6604, 1 - 33.
  • Behr, A., Kamp, A., Memmel, C., and Pfingsten, A. (2007). Diversification and the banks' risk-return -characteristics: Evidence from loan portfolios of German banks.
  • Bikker, J. A., and Haaf, K. (2002). Measures of competition and concentration in the banking industry: a review of the literature. Economic & Financial Modelling, 9 (2), 53 - 98.
  • BIS (Bank for International Settlements) (1999), “Principles for the Management of Credit Risk”, Basel Komite. 27.12.2019 tarihinde https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs75.htm adresinden erişildi.
  • Busch, R., and Kick, T. K. (2009). Income diversification in the German banking industry. Deutsche Bundesbank tartışma metni No: 09/2009.
  • Castro, V. (2012). Macroeconomic Determinants of the Credit Risk in the Banking System: The Case of the GIPSI. Economic Modelling, Documentos De Trabalho Working Paper Series, ss. 672 -683.
  • Chen, Y., Wei, X. and Zhang, L. (2013a). A New Measurement of Sectoral Concentration of Credit Portfolios. Procedia Computer Science 17, 1231 - 1240.
  • Chen, Y., Wei, X., Zhang, L., and Shi, Y. (2013b). Sectoral diversification and the banks’ return and risk: Evidence from Chinese listed commercial banks. Procedia Computer Science, 18, 1737 - 1746.
  • Coşkun, M. N., Ardor, H. N., Çermikli, A. H., Eruygur, H. O., Öztürk, F., Tokatlıoğlu, İ., ... ve Dağlaroğlu, T. (2012). Türkiye’de bankacılık sektörü piyasa yapısı, firma davranışları ve rekabet analizi. TBB yayın:280.İstanbul, 52-68,142 - 180.
  • Dell’Ariccia, G.(2000). Learning by Lending, Competition, and Screening Incentives in The Banking Industry. Wharton School for Financial Institutions, Centre for Financial Institutions Working Paper No. 00-10.
  • Demsetz, R. S., ve Strahan, P. E. (1997). Diversification, size, and risk at bank holding companies. Journal of money, credit, and banking, 300 - 313.
  • Deng, S., ve Elyasiani, E. (2008). Geographic diversification, bank holding company value, and risk. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 40(6), 1217 - 1238.
  • Diamond, D. W. (1984). Financial intermediation and delegated monitoring. The review of economic studies, 51(3), 393 - 414.
  • Düllmann, C. And Masschelein, N. ( 2007). A Tractable Model to Measure Sector Concentration Risk in Credit Portfolios. Journal of Financial Services Research 32.1-2, 55-79.
  • Ersungur, Ş., Ekinci, E., ve Takım, A. (2011). Türkiye Ekonomisinde İthalata Bağımlılıktaki Değişme: Girdi-Çıktı Yaklaşımıyla Bir Uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 25.
  • Gascón, F. and González, V. (2000). Diversification, Size and Risk at Spanish Banks. WP EFMA Athens.
  • Ghouse, G., Khan, S. A. and Rehman, A. U. (2018). ARDL model as a remedy for spurious regression: problems, performance and prospectus.
  • Goetz, M. R. (2012). Bank Diversification, Market Structure And Bank Risk Taking: Theory And Evidence From US Commercial Banks. FRB of Boston Quantitative Analysis Unit Working Paper 12 - 2.
  • Gönenç, H. Ve Kılıçhan, B.( 2004). Kredi Portföy Çeşitlendirmesinin Banka Performansı Üzerine Etkileri. Bankacılar Dergisi, sayı 49, 53 - 66.
  • Hasan, A., ve Nasır, Z. M. (2008). Macroeconomic factors and equity prices: An empirical investigation by using ARDL approach. The Pakistan Development Review, 501-513.
  • Hayden, E., Porath, D. and Westernhagen, N.V. (2006). Does Diversification Improve The Performance of German Banks? Evidence From Individual Bank Loan Portfolios. Journal of Financial Services Research 32.3, 123-140.
  • Heffernan, S., and Fu, M. (2008). “The determinants of bank performance in China”. 12.03.2020 tarihinde https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1247713 adresinden erişildi.
  • Jiménez, G., ve Saurina, J. (2004). Collateral, type of lender and relationship banking as determinants of credit risk. Journal of banking & Finance, 28(9), 2191 - 2212.
  • Kamp, A., Pfingsten, A. and Porath, D. (2005). Do Banks Diversify Loan Portfolios? A Tentative Answer Based On İndividual Bank Loan Portfolios. Discussion Paper Series 2: Banking and Financial Studies No 03/2005, 2 - 23.
  • Kattai, R. (2010). “Credit risk model for the Estonian banking sector”. Eesti Pank.
  • Kwiatkowski, D., Phillips, P. C., Schmidt, P., ve Shin, Y. (1992). Testing the null hypothesis of stationarity against the alternative of a unit root. Journal of econometrics, 54 (1-3), 159 - 178.
  • Louzis, D. P., Vouldis, A. T., ve Metaxas, V. L. (2012). Macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of non-performing loans in Greece: A comparative study of mortgage, business and consumer loan portfolios. Journal of Banking & Finance, 36(4), 1012 - 1027.
  • Mercieca, S., Schaeck, K., ve Wolfe, S. (2007). Small European banks: Benefits from diversification?. Journal of Banking & Finance, 31(7), 1975 - 1998.
  • Mert, M. ve Çağlar, A. E. (2019). Eviews ve Gauss Uygulamalı Zaman Serileri Analizi. Detay Yayıncılık, Ankara.
  • Mileris, R. (2012). Macroeconomic Determinants of Loan Portfolio Credit Risk in Banks. Engineering Economics 23.5. 496 - 504.
  • Mishkin, F.S. (2007/2011). Para, Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar İktisadı (çev. N. Engin, S. Şahin, S. Çiçek ve Ç. Boz). Akademi Yayıncılık, 203, 205 - 214, 236, 599 - 605.
  • Morgan, D. P., and Samolyk, K. (2003). Geographic diversification in banking and its implications for bank portfolio choice and performance. Unpublished paper, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests. Applied economics, 37(17), 1979 - 1990.
  • Narayan, P. K., ve Narayan, S. (2005). Estimating income and price elasticities of imports for Fiji in a cointegration framework. Economic Modelling, 22(3), 423 - 438.
  • Narayan, P. K., ve Smyth, R. (2006). What determines migration flows from low‐income to high‐income countries? An empirical investigation of fiji–Us migration 1972 – 2001. Contemporary Economic Policy, 24(2), 332 - 342.
  • Nkoro, E., ve Uko, A. K. (2016). Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) cointegration technique: application and interpretation. Journal of Statistical and Econometric Methods, 5(4), 63 - 91.
  • Nkusu, M. (2011). Nonperforming Loans and Macrofinancial Vulnerabilities in Advanced Economies. IMF Working Papers, 1 - 27.
  • Özdamar, G. (2015). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Döviz Kuru Geçiş Etkisi: Ardl-Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı Bulguları. Akdeniz Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(32), 66 - 97.
  • Pan, Q., and Pan, M. (2014). The impact of macro factors on the profitability of china’s commercial banks in the decade after WTO Accession, Open Journal of Social Sciences, 2(9), 64 - 69.
  • Pesaran, M. H., ve Shin, Y. (1998). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approach to cointegration analysis. Econometric Society Monographs, 31, 371 - 413.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., and Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16(3), 289 - 326.
  • Sarı, S. (2019). Türk Bankacılık Sektörü Kredilerinde Sektörel Yoğunlaşma ve Kredi Riski. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Özel Sayı, 43 - 68.
  • Stiroh, K. J., and Rumble, A. (2006). The Dark Side of Diversification: The Case of US financial holding companies. Journal of Banking & Finance 30.8, 2131 - 2161.
  • Tabak, B. M., Fazio, D. M. and Cajueiro, D. O (2011).The Effects of Loan Portfolio Concentration on Brazilian Banks’ Return and Risk. Journal of Banking and Finance, vol.35,ıssue:11, 3065 - 076.
  • TBB (2019), 60.Yılında Türkiye Bankalar Birliği ve Türk Bankacılık Sistemi 1958-2018. İstanbul: TBB. Yayın No:334.
  • TC Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2019), “Temel Ekonomik Göstergeler”. 13.07.2019 tarihinde http://www.sbb.gov.tr/temel-ekonomik-gostergeler/#1542268521132-a9825b93-fa4c adresinden erişildi.
  • Tunay, K. B. (2015). Kredi Portföylerinde Yoğunlaşma ve Risk İlişkisi. BDDK Bankacılık ve Finansal Piyasalar Dergisi, cilt 9, sayı:1, 129 - 132.
  • Türkmen, S. Y. and Yiğit, İ. (2012). Diversification in Banking and Its Effects on Bank Performance: Evidence from Turkey. American Internation Journal of Contemporary Research, Vol.2, no:12, 111 - 115.
  • Winton, A.(1999). Don't Put All Your Eggs in One Basket? Diversification and Specialization in Lending. Diversification and Specialization in Lending.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sultan Sarı 0000-0002-8670-3625

Aziz Konukman 0000-0003-0269-3245

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Mart 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 16 Ocak 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 22 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarı, S., & Konukman, A. (2021). TÜRK BANKACILIK SEKTÖRÜNDE SEKTÖREL KREDİ YOĞUNLAŞMASI VE RİSK-KARLILIK İLİŞKİSİ. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1), 1-28.

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Bu eser 2023 yılından itibaren Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.