ULUSLARARASI SİYASET VE ETİK: KÜRESEL YOKSULLUK ÜZERİNE OLUMLU, OLUMSUZ VE MÜTEKABİL GÖREVLER

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 1, 381 - 399, 27.03.2023

Burak Başkan

https://doi.org/10.53443/anadoluibfd.1203682

Cited By: 1

Öz

Küresel yoksulluk, gerek insan yaşamı üzerindeki yıkıcı etkileri gerekse toplumdaki çok çeşitli eşitsizliklerin ana kaynağı olması nedeniyle etik tartışmaların merkezinde yer alan bir konudur. Yoksulluğun azaltılması için insanlığın ahlaki görevlerini konu edinen bu çalışma, insanlığın mevcut yoksullara yardım etmeyi içeren pozitif görevleri ile yeni yoksulların ortaya çıkmasını engelleyecek ve yoksulluğa kalıcı çözümlerin getirilmesine önayak olacak negatif görevleri olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Çalışmanın özgünlüğü ise yoksulların pozitif hak taleplerini, hayırseverlere yönelik ‘mütekabil pozitif ve negatif görevler’ yerine getirmeleri koşuluna bağlamasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Çalışma, negatif ve pozitif görevlerin kişiler arası dağılımında bir hiyerarşi belirlenmesi gerektiği görüşünü savunarak hem yardım talep edenler hem de yardımda bulunanlar arasında adil bir görev dağılımının düzenlenmesine katkı sağlamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Küresel Yoksulluk, Etik, Pozitif Görevler, Negatif görevler, Mütekabil Görevler

INTERNATIONAL POLITICS AND ETHICS: POSITIVE, NEGATIVE AND RECIPROCAL DUTIES ON GLOBAL POVERTY

Öz

Global poverty has been an issue at the centre of ethical debates, because it has devastating effects on human life and it is the main source of various inequalities in society. This paper, which deals with the moral duties of humanity to reduce global poverty, argues that humanity has both positive duties to help the existing poor and negative duties to prevent the emergence of new poor and to find a permanent solution to poverty. The argument that ensures paper’s originality is that the poor, who claim positive rights for themselves, are obliged to fulfil their ‘reciprocal negative and positive duties’ towards the benefactors in return. By defending the opinion that a hierarchy should be determined for the interpersonal distribution of negative and positive duties, the paper also contributes to a fair distribution of duties between both those who request aid and those who aid.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Global Poverty, Ethics, Positive Duties, Negative Duties, Reciprocal Duties

Kaynakça

• Assal, M. A. M. (2008). Is it the fault of NGOs alone? Aid and dependency in Eastern Sudan. Sudan Working Paper, 5(19), 1-19.
• Barry, C. (2015). Sovereign debt, human rights, and policy conditionality. In R. E. Goodin & J. S. Fishkin (Eds.), Political theory without borders (pp. 107–132). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. doi:10.1002/9781119110132.ch6
• Bastiat, F. (1998). The law. (Trans: D. Russell). New York: Foundation for Economic Education. (Original work published 1850).
• Bauer, P. T. (1984). Reality and rhetoric: Studies in the economics of development. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
• Beetham, D. (1997). Market economy and democratic polity. Democratization, 4(1), 76-93. doi:10.1080/13510349708403503
• Blöser, C. (2022). Global poverty and Kantian hope. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice. doi:10.1007/s10677-022-10280-1
• Cain, W. E. (2000). Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862: A Brief Biography. In W. E. Cain (Ed.), A historical guide to Henry David Thoreau (pp. 11-60). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Caney, S. (2007). Global poverty and human rights: The case for positive duties. In T. Pogge (Ed.), Freedom from poverty as a human right: Who owes what to the very poor? (pp. 275-302). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Capone, (2011). Negative rights. In D. K. Chatterjee (Ed.), Encyclopedia of global justice (pp. 749-750). Berlin: Springer Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5
• Cohen, A. I. (2005). Famine relief and human virtue. In A. L. Cohen & C. H. Wellman (Eds.), Contemporary debates in applied ethics (pp. 326-342). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
• Cooksey, (2002). Can aid agencies really help combat corruption. Forum on Crime and Society, 2(1), 45-56.
• Credit Suisse Research Institute. (2021). Global wealth report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.credit-suisse.com/media/assets/corporate/docs/about-us/research/publications/global-wealth-report-2021-en.pdf
• Cruft, R. (2005). Human rights and positive duties, ethics and international affairs. Ethics and International Affairs, 19(1), 29-37. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2005.tb00487.x
• de Vita, A. (2007). 4. Inequality and poverty in global perspective. In T. Pogge (Ed.), Freedom from Poverty as a Human Right Who Owes What to the Very Poor? (pp. 103-132). New York: Oxford University Press.
• Duflo, E. (2012). Human values and the design of the fight against poverty. Tanner Lectures. Retrieved from https://economics.mit.edu/sites/default/files/2022-08/2012.05%20TannerLectures_EstherDuflo_draft.pdf
• Fagan, A. (2003). Human rights. The internet encyclopaedia of philosophy. Retrieved from https://iep.utm.edu/hum-rts/
• Food and Agriculture Organization [FAO], International Fund for Agricultural Development [IFAD], United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund [UNICEF], World Food Programme [WFP] & World Health Organisation [WHO]. (2022). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2022. Repurposing food and agricultural policies to make healthy diets more affordable. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. doi:10.4060/cc0639en
• Gomberg, P. (2002). The fallacy of philanthropy. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 32(1), 29-66.
• Gupta, P., & Randewich, N. (2013, 25 January). Apple steps up labour audits, finds underage workers. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-apple-audit-idUKBRE90O08220130125
• Harris, P. (2012, 29 January). Apple hit by boycott call over worker abuses in China. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/jan/29/apple-faces-boycott-worker-abuses
• Hoskins, Z. (2011). Correlative obligations. In D. K. Chatterjee (Ed.), Encyclopedia of global justice (pp. 198-199). Berlin: Springer Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5
• James, S. M. (2007). Good samaritans, good humanitarians. Journal of Applied Philosophy, 24(3), 238–254.
• Kinnock, G. (2011, 24 May). America's $24bn subsidy damages developing world cotton farmers. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/may/24/american-cotton-subsidies-illegal-obama-must-act
• Krishnamurthy, M. (2015). International financial institutions. In D. Moellendorf & H. Widdows (Eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Global Ethics (pp. 230-250). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
• Lippke, R. L. (1995). The elusive distinction between negative and positive rights. The Southern Journal of Philosophy, 33(3), 335–346. doi:10.1111/j.2041-6962.1995.tb00748.x
• Locke, J. (2003). Two treatises of government and a letter concerning toleration. I. Shapiro (Ed.). New Haven Connecticut: Yale University Press. (Original work published 1690).
• Lomasky, L. E. (1987). Persons, rights, and the moral community. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Lötter, H. (2015). Poverty. In D. Moellendorf & H. Widdows (Eds.), The routledge handbook of global ethics (pp. 158-169). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
• Malthus, T. R. (1998). An essay on the principle of population. London: Electronic Scholarly Publishing Project. (Original work published 1798)
• Narveson, J. (2001). The libertarian idea. Hertfordshire: Broadview Press.
• O’Neill, O. (2016). Rights, obligations and world hunger. In Justice across boundaries: Whose obligations? (pp. 29-42). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Original work published 1987)
• Oxfam. (2020). Time to care: Unpaid and underpaid care work and the global inequality crisis. Oxford: Oxfam GB.
• Pflaum, M. (2015). The limitations of reductive wealth redistribution strategies for curtailing inequality in the era of global capitalism. Journal of Economics and Political Economy, 2(3), 383-399. doi:10.1453/jepe.v2i3.383
• Pleeging, E., & Burger, M. (2020). Hope in economics. In S. C. van den Heuvel (Ed.), Historical and multidisciplinary perspectives on hope (pp. 165-178). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
• Pogge, T. (2002). World poverty and human rights. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Pogge, T. (2005). Severe poverty as a violation of negative duties. Ethics & International Affairs, 19(1), 55-83. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2005.tb00490.x
• Risse, M. (2005). Do we owe the global poor assistance or rectification?. Ethics & International Affairs, 19(1), 9-18. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7093.2005.tb00485.x
• Ruamps, C. (2022). Ethics of humanitarian action: On aid-recipients’ vulnerability and humanitarian agencies’ distinct obligation. Ethics & Behavior, 32(8), 647-657. doi:10.1080/10508422.2022.2088536
• Semega, J., & Kollar, M. (2022). Income in the United States: 2021. U.S. Census Bureau current population reports P60-276. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Publishing Office.
• Shue H. (1996). Basic rights: Subsistence, affluence and U.S. foreign policy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Sieger, L. E. (2011). Duties to the distant needy. In D. K. Chatterjee (Ed.), Encyclopedia of global justice (pp. 276-278). Berlin: Springer Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5
• Singer, P. (1972). Famine, affluence and morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs, 1(3), 229-243.
• Thoreau, H. D. (2017). Civil disobedience. Los Angeles, CA: Enhanced Media. (Original work published 1849).
• United Nations [UN]. (2022). The sustainable development goals report 2022. New York. Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2022/The-Sustainable-Development-Goals-Report-2022.pdf
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs [UN DESA]. (2020). The world social report 2020: Inequality in a rapidly changing world. New York: United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2020/02/World-Social-Report2020-FullReport.pdf
• United Nations Development Programme [UNDP] & Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative [OPHI]. (2022). 2022 global multidimensional poverty index (MPI): Unpacking deprivation bundles to reduce multidimensional poverty. New York. Retrieved from https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/hdp-document/2022mpireportenpdf.pdf
• United Nations General Assembly [UNGA]. (1948, December 10). Universal declaration of Human Rights. General Assembly Resolution 217A. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sites/un2.un.org/files/2021/03/udhr.pdf United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund [UNICEF], World Health Organisation [WHO], World
• Bank Group & UN Population Division (2021). Levels and trends in child mortality: United Nations Inter-Agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) report 2021. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/levels-and-trends-in-child-mortality-report-2021
• Varden, H. (2011). Duties, positive and negative. In D. K. Chatterjee (Ed.), Encyclopedia of global justice (pp. 281-284). Berlin: Springer Dordrecht. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9160-5
• Weede, E. (2008). Human rights, limited government and capitalism. Cato Journal, 28(1), 35-52.
• Weil, S. (1952). The need for roots: Prelude to a declaration of duties towards mankind. (Trans: A. Wills). London: Routledge.
• Wellman, C. H. (2005). Famine relief: The duties we have to others. In A. L. Cohen & C. H. Wellman (Eds.), Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics (pp. 313-325). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
• Widdows, H. (2011). Global ethics: An introduction. Durham: Acumen Publishing.
• World Health Organization [WHO], United Nations Children's Fund [UNICEF] & World Bank. (‎2021)‎. Levels and trends in child malnutrition: UNICEF / WHO / The World Bank Group joint child malnutrition estimates: Key findings of the 2021 edition. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/341135