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Yıl 2018, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 128 - 134, 31.12.2018

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization. World report on disability 2011 [Internet]. [Retrieved on August 11, 2016] Available from http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/en/index.html.
  • 2. Maulik PK, Mascarrnhas MN, Mathers CD, Dua T, Saxena S. Prevalence of intellectual disability: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Res Developmental Disabilities 2011;32:419-36.
  • 3. Neal AP, Guilarte TR. Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Neurotoxicity: Lead and Manganese. J Drug Metab Toxicol 2012;S5:002.
  • 4. Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Hoque MF. Preliminary assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from a river in Bangladesh. Environ Earth Sci 2015;73:1837–48.
  • 5. Adeniyi TD, Achukwu PU, Abubakar AA. (2017). Frequency of electronics waste generated heavy metals in urban waterways. Int J Human Capital Urban Manage 2017;2(2):89-100.
  • 6. Onwughara NI, Umeobika UC, Obianuko PN, Iloamaeke MI. Emphasis on Effects of Storm Runoff in Mobilizing the Heavy Metals from Leachate on Waste Deposit to Contaminate Nigerian Waters: Improved Water Quality Standards. Int J Environ Sci Dev 2011;2(1):55-63.
  • 7. Grant K, Fiona C, Goldizen FC, Sly PD, Brune M, Neira M, van den Berg M, Norman RE. Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: a systematic review. Lancet Global Health 2013;1:e350–e361.
  • 8. Huang J, Nkrumah PN, Anim DO, Mensah E. E-Waste Disposal Effects on the Aquatic Environment: Accra, Ghana. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2014;229:19-34.
  • 9. Adesina OS. The Negative Impact of Globalization on Nigeria. Int J Humanities Social Sci 2012;2(15):193-201.
  • 10. Osibanjo O, Nnorom IC. “The Challenge of Electronic Waste (e-waste) Management in Developing Countries.” Waste Manage Res 2007;25:489–501.
  • 11. Afiukwa JN, Agunwamba JC, Eneh OC. Reducing Environmental Pollution: Acid-Precipitation of Lead from Electrical and Electronic Equipment. J Chem Soc Niger 2015;40(1):143-46.
  • 12. Onwughara IN, Nnorom IC, Kanno OC. “Issues of roadside disposal habit of municipal solid waste, environmental impacts and implementation of sound management practices in developing country: Nigeria.” Int J Environ Sci Dev 2010b;1(5):409-17.
  • 13. Onwughara NI, Nnorom IC, Kanno CO, Chukwuma RC. “Disposal methods and heavy metals released from certain electrical and electronic equipment wastes in Nigeria: Adoption of environmental sound recycling system.” Int J Environ Sci Dev 2010a;1(4):290-96.
  • 14. Azuka A.I. The influx of used electronics into Africa: a perilous trend. LEAD Journal 2009;5(1):90–106.
  • 15. Robinson BH. E-waste: an assessment of global production and environmental impacts. Sci Total Environ 2009;408:183–91.
  • 16. Schmidt CW. “Unfair Trade - E-waste in Africa.” Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:A232–A235.
  • 17. Ogungbuyi O, Nnorom IC, Osibanjo O, Schluep M. E-waste country assessment Nigeria. Report of UNEP E-waste Africa project for Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: Basel Convention Coordinating Centre in Nigeria (BCCC-Nigeria); 2012. 230p.
  • 18. Wuhib ZO. Environmental impact assessment of waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) management practices in developing countries through leaching test. Afri J Environ Sci Technol 2015;9(8):671-81.
  • 19. Sepúlveda A, Schluep M, Renaud FG, Streicher M, Kuehr R, Hagelüken C, Gerecke AC. A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling: Examples from China and India. Environ Impact Assess Rev 2010;30:28–41.
  • 20. Li Y, Richardson JB, Bricka RM, Niu X, Yang H, Li L, Jimenez A. Leaching of heavy metals from E-waste in stimulated landfill columns. Waste manage 2009;29:2147–50.
  • 21. Galadima A, Garba ZN, Leke L, Almustapha MN, Adam IK. Domestic Water Pollution among Local Communities in Nigeria - Causes and Consequences. Eur J Scientific Res 2011;52(4):592-603.
  • 22. Izah SC, Chakrabarty N, Srivastav AL. A Review on Heavy Metal Concentration in Potable Water Sources in Nigeria: Human Health Effects and Mitigating Measures. Expo. Health 2016;8(2):285-304.
  • 23. Mason LH, Harp JP, Yan DY. Pb Neurotoxicity: Neuropsychological Effects of Lead Toxicity. Biomed Res Int 2014;840547:1-8.
  • 24. Davis JR, Allen P, Lampman S, Zorc TB, Henry SD, Daquila JL, Ronke AW. Metals handbook: properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials. ASM International 1990. 3470 p.
  • 25. Eneh OC, Agunwamba JC. E-waste Management in Africa: Recycling of Crude Lead-Extract from E-waste Items. J Applied Sci 2011;11(17):3215-20.
  • 26. Chen A, Dietrich KN, Huo X, Ho S. Developmental neurotoxicant in E-Waste: An Emerging Health Concern. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119:431-438.
  • 27. Fishbein B. Waste in the wireless World: The challenge of cell phones; inform, Inc, New York. 2002. 106p.
  • 28. Ibrahim, U. E-Waste Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Implications for Early Child Care, Growth and Development in Nigeria. Sustainable Human Dev Rev 2017;9(2):41-54.
  • 29. Song Q, Li J. A systematic review of the human body burden of e-waste exposure in China. Environ international 2014;68:82-93.
  • 30. Fakayode SO, Olu-Owolabi BI. Heavy metal contamination of roadside topsoil in Osogbo, Nigeria: its relationship to traffic density and proximity to highways. Environ Geol 2003;44:150-57.
  • 31. Lincoln JD, Ogunseitan OA, Saphores JD, Shapiro, A. A. Leaching assessments of hazardous materials in cellular telephones. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41(7):2572-78.
  • 32. Florianne M, Marie-Gabrielle Z, Corina B, Anne C, Paul H. Involvement of Environmental Mercury and Lead in the Etiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Rev environ health 2006;21(2):105-17.
  • 33. Bellinger DC. Very low lead exposures and children’s neurodevelopment. Cur Opinion Ped 2008;20:172–77.
  • 34. Dorsey CD, Lee BK, Bolla KI, Weaver VM, Lee SS, Lee GS, Todd AC, Shi W, Schwartz BS. Comparison of patella lead with blood lead and tibia lead and their associations with neurobehavioral test scores. J Occup Environ Med 2006;48:489–96.
  • 35. Lidsky TI, Schneider JS. Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Brain 2003;126:5–19.
  • 36. Daniel AT, Adekilekun TA, Adewale MA, Adekemi AT. Cyanide-induced hyperthyroidism in male Wistar rats. Niger Med J 2014;55:246-49.
  • 37. Adeyemi O, Oloyede OB, Oladiji AT. Physicochemical and microbial characteristics of leachate-contaminated groundwater. Asian J Biochem 2007;2(5):343–348.
  • 38. Van Zutphen LFM, Baumans V, Beynen AC. Principles of Laboratory Animal Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1993. 265-276p.
  • 39. Drury RA, Wellington EA. Carleton Histological Technique. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 1980. 190p.
  • 40. Bancroft JD, Gamble H. Theory and practice of histological technique, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, New York. 2008. 240p.
  • 41. Marsland TA, Glees P, Erikson LB. Modification of Glee's silver impregnation for paraffin sections. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1954;13:587-91.
  • 42. Lyck L, Dalmau I, Chemnitz J, Finsen B, Schroder HD. Immunohistochemical Markers for Quantitative Studies of Neurons and Glia in Human Neocortex. J Histochem Cytochem 2008;56(3):201-21.
  • 43. Delcambre GH, Lui J, Herrington JM, Vallario K, Long MT. Immunohistochemistry for the detection of neural and inflammatory cells in equine brain tissue. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1601.
  • 44. Hoehn T, Felderhoff-Mueser U, Maschewski K, Stadelmann C, Sifringer M, Bittigau P, Koehne P, Hoppenz M, Obladen M, Bührer C. Hyperoxia Causes Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Mediated Cellular Damage to the Immature Rat Brain. Pediatr Res 2003;54:179-84.
  • 45. Semendeferi K, Armstrong E, Schleicher A, Zilles K, Van Hoesen GW. Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10. Am J Phys Anthropol 2001;114:224–41.
  • 46. Sharifi AM, Baniasadi S, Jorjani M, Rahimi F, Bakhshayesh M. Investigation of acute lead poisoning on apoptosis in rat hippocampus in vivo. Neurosci Lett 2002;329:45-48.
  • 47. Osten P, Margrie TW. Mapping brain circuitry with a light microscope. Nat Methods 2013;10(6):515-23.
  • 48. Olajide OJ, Akinola OB, Ajao MS, Enaibe BU. Sodium azide-induced degenerative changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of rats: attenuating mechanisms of kolaviron. Eur J Anat 2016;20(1):47-64.
  • 49. Stefanis L, Burke RE, Greene LA. Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 1997;10(4):299-305.
  • 50. Wyllie AH, Kerr JF, Currie AR. Cell death: the significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 1980;68:251–306.
  • 51. Mccall MA, Gregg RG, Behringer RR, Brenner M, Delaney CL, Galbreath EJ, Zhang CL, Pearce RA, Chiu SY, Messing A. (1996). Targeted deletion in astrocyte intermediate filament (Gfap) alters neuronal physiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:6361-66.
  • 52. Eng L, Ghirnikar R, Lee Y. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP-thirty-one years (1969-2000). Neurochem Res 2000;25:1439-51.
  • 53. Blasko I, Stampfer-Koutchev M, Robastscher P, Veerhuis R, Eikelenboom P, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. How chronic inflammation can affect the brain and support the development of Alzheimer’s disease in old age: the role of microglia and astrocyte. Aging Cell 2004;3:169-76.
  • 54. Hsiang J, Díaz E. Lead and developmental neurotoxicity of the central nervous system. Current Neurobiol 2011;2(1):35-42.
  • 55. Nakagawa T, Yokozawa T. Direct scavenging of nitric oxide and superoxide by green tea. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1745–50.
  • 56. Yuste JE, Tarragon E, Campuzano CM, Ros-Bernal F. Implications of glial nitric oxide in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2015;9:322.
  • 57. Antonio-García MT, Massó-Gonzalez EL. Toxic effects of perinatal lead exposure on the brain of rats: involvement of oxidative stress and the beneficial role of antioxidants. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:2089 – 95.
  • 58. Khan D, Qayyum S, Saleem S, Khan F. Lead-induced oxidative stress adversely affects health of the occupational workers. Toxicol Ind Health 2008;24(9),611–18.
  • 59. Tsang F, Soong TW. Interactions between environmental and genetic factors in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. IUBMB Life 2003;55:323-27.
  • 60. Knowles RG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. Biochem J 1994;298(Pt. 2):249–258.
  • 61. Huang PL, Dawson TM, Bredt DS, Snyder SH, Fishman MC. Targeted disruption of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene. Cell 1993;75:1273–85. 62. Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Nitric oxide synthase: role as a transmitter/mediator in the brain and endocrine system. Annu Rev Med 1996;47:219–227.
  • 63. Lowenstein CJ, Glatt CS, Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Cloned and expressed macrophage nitric oxide synthase contrasts with the brain enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992;89:6711–15. 64. Keilhoff G, Seidel B, Noack H, Tischmeyer W, Stanek D, Wolf G. Patterns of nitric oxide synthase at the messenger RNA and protein levels during early rat brain development. Neurosci 1996;75:1193–1201.
  • 65. Simmons ML, Murphy S. Induction of nitric oxide synthase in glial cells. J Neurochem 1992;59:897–905. 66. Wallace MN, Fredens K. Activated astrocytes of the mouse hippocampus contain high levels of NADPH-diaphorase. Neuroreport 1992;3:953-56. 67. Adamson DC, Wildemann B, Sasaki M, Glass JD, McArthur JC, Christov VI, Ted M, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Immunologic NO synthase: elevation in severe AIDS dementia and induction by HIV-1 gp41. Sci 1996;274:1917–21.
  • 68. Iadecola C, Xu X, Zhang F, el-Fakahany EE, Ross ME. Marked induction of calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity after focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995;15:52–59.
  • 69. Nathan C, Xie QW. Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1994;269:13725–28.

Lead contamination induces neurodegeneration in prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 128 - 134, 31.12.2018

Öz





Objectives: Neurodegenerative disorders have been associated with several environmental
pollutants such as heavy metals. This study aimed at investigating the
neurodegenerative impact of lead concentration obtained from the waterways in
Kwara State, Nigeria on Wistar rats.



Methods:
Twenty-first filial generation inbred adult male Wistar rats (Rattus
norvegicus) with an average weight of 150–180 g were divided into two groups of
ten animals. The highest mean concentration of lead obtained from the waterways
of the three geographical zones of Kwara Nigeria was administered with water
(0.009 mg of Pb(CH3CO2).3H2O per milliliter solution) to rats in the treatment
group ad libitum for 65 days. The harvested prefrontal cortex was processed for
paraffin embedding and the sections were stained for haematoxylin and eosin
stain and Bielschowsky’s silver impregnation stain, and glial fibrillary acidic
protein (GFAP) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) immunohistochemistry.



Results:
The histochemical stainings revealed shreds of evidence of neuronal
degeneration in the treatment group compared to the control group.
Immunohistochemical analysis revealed marked astrocytosis, the hallmark of
neuroinflammation, with induced oxidative stress in the treatment group
compared to the control group.



Conclusion: These results indicate lead obtained from the three geographical zones of
Kwara Nigeria may have a possible pathogenic role in development of
neurodegenerative disorders and emphasize the effects of exposure to this
environmental pollutant. 




 

Kaynakça

  • 1. World Health Organization. World report on disability 2011 [Internet]. [Retrieved on August 11, 2016] Available from http://www.who.int/disabilities/world_report/2011/en/index.html.
  • 2. Maulik PK, Mascarrnhas MN, Mathers CD, Dua T, Saxena S. Prevalence of intellectual disability: a meta-analysis of population-based studies. Res Developmental Disabilities 2011;32:419-36.
  • 3. Neal AP, Guilarte TR. Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Neurotoxicity: Lead and Manganese. J Drug Metab Toxicol 2012;S5:002.
  • 4. Islam MS, Ahmed MK, Habibullah-Al-Mamun M, Hoque MF. Preliminary assessment of heavy metal contamination in surface sediments from a river in Bangladesh. Environ Earth Sci 2015;73:1837–48.
  • 5. Adeniyi TD, Achukwu PU, Abubakar AA. (2017). Frequency of electronics waste generated heavy metals in urban waterways. Int J Human Capital Urban Manage 2017;2(2):89-100.
  • 6. Onwughara NI, Umeobika UC, Obianuko PN, Iloamaeke MI. Emphasis on Effects of Storm Runoff in Mobilizing the Heavy Metals from Leachate on Waste Deposit to Contaminate Nigerian Waters: Improved Water Quality Standards. Int J Environ Sci Dev 2011;2(1):55-63.
  • 7. Grant K, Fiona C, Goldizen FC, Sly PD, Brune M, Neira M, van den Berg M, Norman RE. Health consequences of exposure to e-waste: a systematic review. Lancet Global Health 2013;1:e350–e361.
  • 8. Huang J, Nkrumah PN, Anim DO, Mensah E. E-Waste Disposal Effects on the Aquatic Environment: Accra, Ghana. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 2014;229:19-34.
  • 9. Adesina OS. The Negative Impact of Globalization on Nigeria. Int J Humanities Social Sci 2012;2(15):193-201.
  • 10. Osibanjo O, Nnorom IC. “The Challenge of Electronic Waste (e-waste) Management in Developing Countries.” Waste Manage Res 2007;25:489–501.
  • 11. Afiukwa JN, Agunwamba JC, Eneh OC. Reducing Environmental Pollution: Acid-Precipitation of Lead from Electrical and Electronic Equipment. J Chem Soc Niger 2015;40(1):143-46.
  • 12. Onwughara IN, Nnorom IC, Kanno OC. “Issues of roadside disposal habit of municipal solid waste, environmental impacts and implementation of sound management practices in developing country: Nigeria.” Int J Environ Sci Dev 2010b;1(5):409-17.
  • 13. Onwughara NI, Nnorom IC, Kanno CO, Chukwuma RC. “Disposal methods and heavy metals released from certain electrical and electronic equipment wastes in Nigeria: Adoption of environmental sound recycling system.” Int J Environ Sci Dev 2010a;1(4):290-96.
  • 14. Azuka A.I. The influx of used electronics into Africa: a perilous trend. LEAD Journal 2009;5(1):90–106.
  • 15. Robinson BH. E-waste: an assessment of global production and environmental impacts. Sci Total Environ 2009;408:183–91.
  • 16. Schmidt CW. “Unfair Trade - E-waste in Africa.” Environ Health Perspect 2006;114:A232–A235.
  • 17. Ogungbuyi O, Nnorom IC, Osibanjo O, Schluep M. E-waste country assessment Nigeria. Report of UNEP E-waste Africa project for Nigeria. Ibadan, Nigeria: Basel Convention Coordinating Centre in Nigeria (BCCC-Nigeria); 2012. 230p.
  • 18. Wuhib ZO. Environmental impact assessment of waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) management practices in developing countries through leaching test. Afri J Environ Sci Technol 2015;9(8):671-81.
  • 19. Sepúlveda A, Schluep M, Renaud FG, Streicher M, Kuehr R, Hagelüken C, Gerecke AC. A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling: Examples from China and India. Environ Impact Assess Rev 2010;30:28–41.
  • 20. Li Y, Richardson JB, Bricka RM, Niu X, Yang H, Li L, Jimenez A. Leaching of heavy metals from E-waste in stimulated landfill columns. Waste manage 2009;29:2147–50.
  • 21. Galadima A, Garba ZN, Leke L, Almustapha MN, Adam IK. Domestic Water Pollution among Local Communities in Nigeria - Causes and Consequences. Eur J Scientific Res 2011;52(4):592-603.
  • 22. Izah SC, Chakrabarty N, Srivastav AL. A Review on Heavy Metal Concentration in Potable Water Sources in Nigeria: Human Health Effects and Mitigating Measures. Expo. Health 2016;8(2):285-304.
  • 23. Mason LH, Harp JP, Yan DY. Pb Neurotoxicity: Neuropsychological Effects of Lead Toxicity. Biomed Res Int 2014;840547:1-8.
  • 24. Davis JR, Allen P, Lampman S, Zorc TB, Henry SD, Daquila JL, Ronke AW. Metals handbook: properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials. ASM International 1990. 3470 p.
  • 25. Eneh OC, Agunwamba JC. E-waste Management in Africa: Recycling of Crude Lead-Extract from E-waste Items. J Applied Sci 2011;11(17):3215-20.
  • 26. Chen A, Dietrich KN, Huo X, Ho S. Developmental neurotoxicant in E-Waste: An Emerging Health Concern. Environ Health Perspect 2011;119:431-438.
  • 27. Fishbein B. Waste in the wireless World: The challenge of cell phones; inform, Inc, New York. 2002. 106p.
  • 28. Ibrahim, U. E-Waste Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Implications for Early Child Care, Growth and Development in Nigeria. Sustainable Human Dev Rev 2017;9(2):41-54.
  • 29. Song Q, Li J. A systematic review of the human body burden of e-waste exposure in China. Environ international 2014;68:82-93.
  • 30. Fakayode SO, Olu-Owolabi BI. Heavy metal contamination of roadside topsoil in Osogbo, Nigeria: its relationship to traffic density and proximity to highways. Environ Geol 2003;44:150-57.
  • 31. Lincoln JD, Ogunseitan OA, Saphores JD, Shapiro, A. A. Leaching assessments of hazardous materials in cellular telephones. Environ Sci Technol 2007;41(7):2572-78.
  • 32. Florianne M, Marie-Gabrielle Z, Corina B, Anne C, Paul H. Involvement of Environmental Mercury and Lead in the Etiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Rev environ health 2006;21(2):105-17.
  • 33. Bellinger DC. Very low lead exposures and children’s neurodevelopment. Cur Opinion Ped 2008;20:172–77.
  • 34. Dorsey CD, Lee BK, Bolla KI, Weaver VM, Lee SS, Lee GS, Todd AC, Shi W, Schwartz BS. Comparison of patella lead with blood lead and tibia lead and their associations with neurobehavioral test scores. J Occup Environ Med 2006;48:489–96.
  • 35. Lidsky TI, Schneider JS. Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates. Brain 2003;126:5–19.
  • 36. Daniel AT, Adekilekun TA, Adewale MA, Adekemi AT. Cyanide-induced hyperthyroidism in male Wistar rats. Niger Med J 2014;55:246-49.
  • 37. Adeyemi O, Oloyede OB, Oladiji AT. Physicochemical and microbial characteristics of leachate-contaminated groundwater. Asian J Biochem 2007;2(5):343–348.
  • 38. Van Zutphen LFM, Baumans V, Beynen AC. Principles of Laboratory Animal Science. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 1993. 265-276p.
  • 39. Drury RA, Wellington EA. Carleton Histological Technique. 5th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. 1980. 190p.
  • 40. Bancroft JD, Gamble H. Theory and practice of histological technique, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, New York. 2008. 240p.
  • 41. Marsland TA, Glees P, Erikson LB. Modification of Glee's silver impregnation for paraffin sections. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1954;13:587-91.
  • 42. Lyck L, Dalmau I, Chemnitz J, Finsen B, Schroder HD. Immunohistochemical Markers for Quantitative Studies of Neurons and Glia in Human Neocortex. J Histochem Cytochem 2008;56(3):201-21.
  • 43. Delcambre GH, Lui J, Herrington JM, Vallario K, Long MT. Immunohistochemistry for the detection of neural and inflammatory cells in equine brain tissue. PeerJ 2016; 4:e1601.
  • 44. Hoehn T, Felderhoff-Mueser U, Maschewski K, Stadelmann C, Sifringer M, Bittigau P, Koehne P, Hoppenz M, Obladen M, Bührer C. Hyperoxia Causes Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Mediated Cellular Damage to the Immature Rat Brain. Pediatr Res 2003;54:179-84.
  • 45. Semendeferi K, Armstrong E, Schleicher A, Zilles K, Van Hoesen GW. Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: A comparative study of area 10. Am J Phys Anthropol 2001;114:224–41.
  • 46. Sharifi AM, Baniasadi S, Jorjani M, Rahimi F, Bakhshayesh M. Investigation of acute lead poisoning on apoptosis in rat hippocampus in vivo. Neurosci Lett 2002;329:45-48.
  • 47. Osten P, Margrie TW. Mapping brain circuitry with a light microscope. Nat Methods 2013;10(6):515-23.
  • 48. Olajide OJ, Akinola OB, Ajao MS, Enaibe BU. Sodium azide-induced degenerative changes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of rats: attenuating mechanisms of kolaviron. Eur J Anat 2016;20(1):47-64.
  • 49. Stefanis L, Burke RE, Greene LA. Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Opin Neurol 1997;10(4):299-305.
  • 50. Wyllie AH, Kerr JF, Currie AR. Cell death: the significance of apoptosis. Int Rev Cytol 1980;68:251–306.
  • 51. Mccall MA, Gregg RG, Behringer RR, Brenner M, Delaney CL, Galbreath EJ, Zhang CL, Pearce RA, Chiu SY, Messing A. (1996). Targeted deletion in astrocyte intermediate filament (Gfap) alters neuronal physiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996;93:6361-66.
  • 52. Eng L, Ghirnikar R, Lee Y. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP-thirty-one years (1969-2000). Neurochem Res 2000;25:1439-51.
  • 53. Blasko I, Stampfer-Koutchev M, Robastscher P, Veerhuis R, Eikelenboom P, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. How chronic inflammation can affect the brain and support the development of Alzheimer’s disease in old age: the role of microglia and astrocyte. Aging Cell 2004;3:169-76.
  • 54. Hsiang J, Díaz E. Lead and developmental neurotoxicity of the central nervous system. Current Neurobiol 2011;2(1):35-42.
  • 55. Nakagawa T, Yokozawa T. Direct scavenging of nitric oxide and superoxide by green tea. Food Chem Toxicol 2002;40:1745–50.
  • 56. Yuste JE, Tarragon E, Campuzano CM, Ros-Bernal F. Implications of glial nitric oxide in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2015;9:322.
  • 57. Antonio-García MT, Massó-Gonzalez EL. Toxic effects of perinatal lead exposure on the brain of rats: involvement of oxidative stress and the beneficial role of antioxidants. Food Chem Toxicol 2008;46:2089 – 95.
  • 58. Khan D, Qayyum S, Saleem S, Khan F. Lead-induced oxidative stress adversely affects health of the occupational workers. Toxicol Ind Health 2008;24(9),611–18.
  • 59. Tsang F, Soong TW. Interactions between environmental and genetic factors in the Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease. IUBMB Life 2003;55:323-27.
  • 60. Knowles RG, Moncada S. Nitric oxide synthases in mammals. Biochem J 1994;298(Pt. 2):249–258.
  • 61. Huang PL, Dawson TM, Bredt DS, Snyder SH, Fishman MC. Targeted disruption of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene. Cell 1993;75:1273–85. 62. Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Nitric oxide synthase: role as a transmitter/mediator in the brain and endocrine system. Annu Rev Med 1996;47:219–227.
  • 63. Lowenstein CJ, Glatt CS, Bredt DS, Snyder SH. Cloned and expressed macrophage nitric oxide synthase contrasts with the brain enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992;89:6711–15. 64. Keilhoff G, Seidel B, Noack H, Tischmeyer W, Stanek D, Wolf G. Patterns of nitric oxide synthase at the messenger RNA and protein levels during early rat brain development. Neurosci 1996;75:1193–1201.
  • 65. Simmons ML, Murphy S. Induction of nitric oxide synthase in glial cells. J Neurochem 1992;59:897–905. 66. Wallace MN, Fredens K. Activated astrocytes of the mouse hippocampus contain high levels of NADPH-diaphorase. Neuroreport 1992;3:953-56. 67. Adamson DC, Wildemann B, Sasaki M, Glass JD, McArthur JC, Christov VI, Ted M, Dawson TM, Dawson VL. Immunologic NO synthase: elevation in severe AIDS dementia and induction by HIV-1 gp41. Sci 1996;274:1917–21.
  • 68. Iadecola C, Xu X, Zhang F, el-Fakahany EE, Ross ME. Marked induction of calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity after focal cerebral ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1995;15:52–59.
  • 69. Nathan C, Xie QW. Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1994;269:13725–28.
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Original Articles
Yazarlar

Temidayo Adeniyi 0000-0002-8482-9136

Peter Achukwu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Adeniyi, T., & Achukwu, P. (2018). Lead contamination induces neurodegeneration in prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats. Anatomy, 12(3), 128-134.
AMA Adeniyi T, Achukwu P. Lead contamination induces neurodegeneration in prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats. Anatomy. Aralık 2018;12(3):128-134.
Chicago Adeniyi, Temidayo, ve Peter Achukwu. “Lead Contamination Induces Neurodegeneration in Prefrontal Cortex of Wistar Rats”. Anatomy 12, sy. 3 (Aralık 2018): 128-34.
EndNote Adeniyi T, Achukwu P (01 Aralık 2018) Lead contamination induces neurodegeneration in prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats. Anatomy 12 3 128–134.
IEEE T. Adeniyi ve P. Achukwu, “Lead contamination induces neurodegeneration in prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats”, Anatomy, c. 12, sy. 3, ss. 128–134, 2018.
ISNAD Adeniyi, Temidayo - Achukwu, Peter. “Lead Contamination Induces Neurodegeneration in Prefrontal Cortex of Wistar Rats”. Anatomy 12/3 (Aralık 2018), 128-134.
JAMA Adeniyi T, Achukwu P. Lead contamination induces neurodegeneration in prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats. Anatomy. 2018;12:128–134.
MLA Adeniyi, Temidayo ve Peter Achukwu. “Lead Contamination Induces Neurodegeneration in Prefrontal Cortex of Wistar Rats”. Anatomy, c. 12, sy. 3, 2018, ss. 128-34.
Vancouver Adeniyi T, Achukwu P. Lead contamination induces neurodegeneration in prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats. Anatomy. 2018;12(3):128-34.

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