Anatomical perspective on the loss of smell and taste sensation in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 2, 145 - 149, 31.08.2020

David Kılroy Arun Kumar

Öz

The SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic that originated from the Wuhan region of China continues to cause major disruptions globally. Loss of smell and taste sensation is reported to be an early indicators of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We provide here an anatomical perspective highlighting the anatomical regions, epithelial cell types and receptors categories involved in facilitating SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into host organism to rationalize the early loss of smell and taste sensation observed in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus. We believe the anatomical perspective on anatomical regions, epithelial cell types and receptors categories presented here will be helpful in developing functional anatomy based effective strategies for early detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus positive patients.

Anahtar Kelimeler

anatomical-pathology, contagious, containment, coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2

Kaynakça

• Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF. The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Med 2020;26:450–2.
• Rabi FA, Al Zoubi MS, Kasasbeh GA, Salameh DM, Al-Nasser AD. SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus disease 2019: what we know so far. Pathogens 2020;9:231.
• Ferretti L, Wymant C, Kendall M, Zhao L, Nurtay A, AbelerDorner L, Parker M, Bonsall D, Fraser C. Quantifying SARSCoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing. Science 2020;368:eabb6936.
• Kumar M, Taki K, Gahlot R, Sharma A, Dhangar K. A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Part-I - epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis, transmission and treatment. Sci Total Environ 2020;734:139278.
• Tobias A. Evaluation of the lockdowns for the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Italy and Spain after one month follow up. Sci Total Environ 2020;725:138539.
• Jung F, Krieger V, Hufert FT, Kupper JH. How we should respond to the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: a German perspective. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2020;74:363–72.
• Salje H, Tran Kiem C, Lefrancq N, Courtejoie N, Bosetti P, Paireau J, Andronico A, Hoze N, Richet J, Dubost CL, Le Strat Y, Lessler J, Levy-Bruhl D, Fontanet A, Opatowski L, Boelle PY, Cauchemez S. Estimating the burden of SARS-CoV-2 in France. Science 2020;369:208–11.
• Brufsky A. Distinct viral clades of SARS-CoV-2: implications for modeling of viral spread. J Med Virol 2020;92:1386–90.
• Ceccarelli M, Berretta M, Venanzi Rullo E, Nunnari G, Cacopardo B. Differences and similarities between Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-CoronaVirus (CoV) and SARSCoV-2. Would a rose by another name smell as sweet? Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020;24:2781–3.
• Dilcher M, Werno A, Jennings LC. SARS-CoV-2: a novel deadly virus in a globalised world. N Z Med J 2020;133:6–11.
• Abdullahi IN, Emeribe AU, Mustapha JO, Fasogbon SA, Ofor IB, Opeyemi IS, Obi-George C, Sunday AO, Nwofe J. Exploring the genetics, ecology of SARS-COV-2 and climatic factors as possible control strategies against COVID-19. Infez Med 2020;28:166– 73.
• Benvenuto D, Angeletti S, Giovanetti M, Bianchi M, Pascarella S, Cauda R, Ciccozzi M, Cassone A. Evolutionary analysis of SARSCoV-2: how mutation of Non-Structural Protein 6 (NSP6) could affect viral autophagy. J Infect 2020;81:e24–e27.
• Silverthorn DU, Ober WC, Garrison CW, Silverthorn AC, Johnson BR. Human physiology: an integrated approach. 7th ed. San Francisco (CA): Pearson/Benjamin Cummings; 2010. p. 1–960.
• Fox S. Human physiology. 14th ed. Boston (MA): McGraw-Hill Education; 2015. p. 1–832.
• Widmaier EP, Raff H, Strang KT, Vander AJ. Vander's Human physiology: the mechanisms of body function. 13th ed. Boston (MA): McGraw-Hill Higher Education; 2008. p. 1–800.
• Lechien JR, Chiesa-Estomba CM, De Siati DR, Horoi M, Le Bon SD, Rodriguez A, Dequanter D, et al. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions as a clinical presentation of mild-to-moderate forms of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19): a multicenter European study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020;277: 2251–61.
• Yan CH, Faraji F, Prajapati DP, Boone CE, DeConde AS. Association of chemosensory dysfunction and COVID-19 in patients presenting with influenza-like symptoms. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020;10:806–13.
• Mayet AY. Loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia) in a patient treated with pegylated interferon alfa and ribavirin. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2007;68:271–7.
• Russell B, Moss C, Rigg A, Hopkins C, Papa S, Van Hemelrijck M. Anosmia and ageusia are emerging as symptoms in patients with COVID-19: what does the current evidence say? Ecancermedicalscience 2020;14:ed98.
• Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID-19 patients. Laryngoscope 2020;130: 1787.
• Matsuo K, Palmer JB. Anatomy and physiology of feeding and swallowing: normal and abnormal. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2008;19:691–707.
• Laitman JT, Reidenberg JS. Specializations of the human upper respiratory and upper digestive systems as seen through comparative and developmental anatomy. Dysphagia 1993;8:318–25.
• Hamilton WJ. Textbook of human anatomy. New York (NY): Springer; 1982. p. 1– 753.
• Marieb EN, Hoehn K. Human anatomy and physiology. 11th ed. San Francisco (CA): Pearson Education; 2018. p. 1–1264.
• Guyton AC. Basic neuroscience: anatomy and physiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 1991. p. 1–393.
• Mu L, Sanders I. Sensory nerve supply of the human oro- and laryngopharynx: a preliminary study. Anat Rec 2000;258:406–20.
• Lancet D, Ben-Arie N. Olfactory receptors. Curr Biol 1993;3:668– 74.
• Lancet D, Ben-Arie N, Cohen S, Gat U, Gross-Isseroff R, HornSaban S, Khen M, Lehrach H, Natochin M, North M. Olfactory receptors: transduction, diversity, human psychophysics and genome analysis. Ciba Found Symp 1993;179:131–41.
• Olender T, Jones TEM, Bruford E, Lancet D. A unified nomenclature for vertebrate olfactory receptors. BMC Evol Biol 2020;20: 42.
• Pilpel Y, Sosinsky A, Lancet D. Molecular biology of olfactory receptors. Essays Biochem 1998;33:93–104.
• Pifferi S, Menini A, Kurahashi T. Signal transduction in vertebrate olfactory cilia. In: A. Menini, editor. The neurobiology of olfaction Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press Taylor & Francis; p. 203–24.
• Nakayama A, Miura H, Shindo Y, Kusakabe Y, Tomonari H, Harada S. Expression of the basal cell markers of taste buds in the anterior tongue and soft palate of the mouse embryo. J Comp Neurol 2008;509:211–24.
• Tomonari H, Miura H, Nakayama A, Matsumura E, Ooki M, Ninomiya Y, Harada S. Galpha-gustducin is extensively coexpressed with sweet and bitter taste receptors in both the soft palate and fungiform papillae but has a different functional significance. Chem Senses 2012;37:241–51.
• Wolfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, Seilmaier M, Zange S, Muller MA, Niemeyer D, Jones TC, Vollmar P, Rothe C, Hoelscher M, Bleicker T, Brunink S, Schneider J, Ehmann R, Zwirglmaier K, Drosten C, Wendtner C. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 2020;581:465– 9.
• Hummel T, Landis BN, Huttenbrink KB. Smell and taste disorders. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;10: 4.
• van Riel D, Verdijk R, Kuiken T. The olfactory nerve: a shortcut for influenza and other viral diseases into the central nervous system. J Pathol 2015;235:277–87.
• Netland J, Meyerholz DK, Moore S, Cassell M, Perlman S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection causes neuronal death in the absence of encephalitis in mice transgenic for human ACE2. J Virol 2008;82:7264–75.
• Schmiedeberg K, Shirokova E, Weber HP, Schilling B, Meyerhof W, Krautwurst D. Structural determinants of odorant recognition by the human olfactory receptors OR1A1 and OR1A2. J Struct Biol 2007;159:400–12.
• Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, Li T, Chen Q. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 2020;12:8.
• Goothy SSK, Kumar AHS. Network proteins of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 but not angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 itself are host cell receptors for SARS-Coronavirus-2 attachment. BEMS Reports 2020;6:1–5.
• Wadman M, Couzin-Frankel J, Kaiser J, Matacic C. How does coronavirus kill? Clinicians trace a ferocious rampage through the body, from brain to toes. [Internet]. [Retrieved on May 10, 2020]. Available from: https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/howdoes-coronavirus-kill-clinicians-trace-ferocious-rampagethrough-body-brain-toes