The Impact of Seeing Opportunities and Incentive Support with the Theory of Planned Behaviour on Entrepreneurial Intention of Young University Students

Öz

Entrepreneurship is related to the current difficulties and the ability to foresee the opportunities that situation creates. Entrepreneurial individuals not only do a business for themselves, but they also bring about creativity and innovation by creating value for society. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of incentive support provided to individuals who are studying in university. In addition to financial support, the research focuses on the effects of seeing opportunities, personal attitude towards entrepreneurial behaviour, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norm on individuals' entrepreneurial intention. The data used for the research were selected by using convenience sampling method among the second year students who have not taken the entrepreneurship course in the School of Applied Sciences. The data collected by using web-based survey were analysed using SPSS v23 statistical program and SmartPLS structural equation modelling. According to the findings obtained from the study, it was found that financial opportunities with personal attitude towards entrepreneurship behaviour and perceived behavioural control had an effect, while there was no effect with seeing opportunities and subjective norm on entrepreneurial intention. Having entrepreneurship point of views in universities for entrepreneurship that can be developed through education and training is considered to be an added value in the development of the country.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Entrepreneurial Intention,Theory of Planned Behaviour,Seeing Opportunities,Incentive Support

Genç Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Niyeti üzerinde Planlı Davranış Teorisi ile birlikte Fırsatları Görme ve Teşvik Desteğinin Etkisi

Öz

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of incentive support provided to individuals who are studying in university. In addition to financial support, the research focuses on the effects of seeing opportunities, personal attitude towards entrepreneurial behavior, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norm on individuals' entrepreneurial intention. The data were selected by using convenience sampling method among the second year students who were not taken the entrepreneurship course in the School of Applied Sciences. The data collected by using web-based survey were analyzed using SPSS v23 and SmartPLS SEM. According to the findings, financial opportunities with personal attitude towards entrepreneurship behavior and perceived behavioral control have effects, while there are no effects with seeing opportunities and subjective norm on entrepreneurial intention. Having entrepreneurship point of views in universities for entrepreneurship that can be improved through education and training is considered to be an added value in the development of the country.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Girişimcilik Niyeti,Planlı Davranış Teorisi,Fırsatları Görme,Teşvik Desteği

Kaynakça

1. Abou-Warda & Sherein H. (2015). Entrepreneurial orientation in business schools: A comparative study of higher education systems in Egypt. International Journal of Educational Management, 29 (2), 192-212.
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50 (2), 179-211.
3. Armstrong, S.J. & Hird, A. (2009). Cognitive style and entrepreneurial drive of new and mature business owner-managers. Journal of Business and Psychology, 24 (4), 419-430.
4. Bulı B.M. & Yesuf, W.M. (2015). Determinants of entrepreneurial intentions Technical-vocational education and training students in Ethiopia. Education + Training, 57 (8/9), 891-907.
5. Chaudhary, R. (2017). Demographic factors, personality and entrepreneurial inclination: A study among Indian university students. Education + Training, 59 (2), 171-187.
6. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2e). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates.
7. Cunningham, J.B. & Lischeron, J. (1991). Defining entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Business Management, 29 (1), 45-61.
8. Diaz-Garcia, M.C. & Jiménez-Moreno, J. (2010). Entrepreneurial intention: the role of gender. International Entrepreneurship Management Journal, 6 (3), 261-283.

9. Ekici, E. & Turan, M. (2017). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Eğilimi: Planlanmış Davranışlar Teorisi Ve Girişimcilik Eğitiminin Rolü. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26 (1), 201-215.
10. Elenurm, T. (2012). Entrepreneurial orientations of business students and entrepreneurs. Baltic Journal of Management, 7 (2), 217-231.
11. Fayolle, A., Liñán F. & Moriano, J.A. (2014). Beyond entrepreneurial intentions: values and motivations in entrepreneurship. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 10 (4), 679-689.
12. Fornell, C. & Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural models with unobservables variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50.
13. Gaddam, S. (2007). A conceptual analysis of factors influencing entrepreneurship behavior and actions. ICFAI Journal of Management Research, 6 (11), 46-63.
14. Gras, D. & Mendoza-Abarca, K. I. (2014). Risky business? The survival implications of exploiting commercial opportunities by nonprofits. Journal of Business Venturing, 29, 392-404.
15. Hair, J.F., Hult, G.T.M., Ringle, C.M. & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), SAGE Publications.
16. Hemingway, C. A. (2005). Personal values as a catalyst for corporate social entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 60 (3), 233-249.
17. Henley, A., Contreras, F., Espinosa, J.C. & Barbosa, D. (2017). Entrepreneurial intentions of Colombian business students: Planned behaviour, leadership skills and social capital. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 23 (6), 1017-1032.
18. Hulland, J. (1999). Use of partial least squares (PLS) in strategic management research: A review of four recent studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20 (2), 195-204.
19. Kalkan, A. . (2011). Kişisel Tutum, Öznel Norm Ve Algılanan Davranış Kontrolünün Girişimcilik Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisi: Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Uygulama. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14, 189-206.
20. Kerse, G. Babadağ, M. ve Kerse, Y. (2017). Girişimcilik Eğitiminin Girişimcilik Niyetine Etkisi: Girişimsel Öz-Yetkinliğin Aracı Rolü. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29, 633-656.
21. Kirzner, I. (1978). Competition and Entrepreneurship. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. (Aktaran: Elenurm, 2012).
22. Knight, F.H. (1921). Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit. Riverside Press, Cambridge. (Aktaran: Elenurm, 2012)
23. KOSGEB (2019) https://www.kosgeb.gov.tr/site/tr/genel/destekler/6312/girisimcilik-destekleri (Erişim 19.05.2019)
24. Krueger, N.F. & Carsrud, A.L. (1993). Entrepreneurial intentions: applying the theory of planned behavior. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 5 (1), 315-330.
25. Krueger, N.F. JR, Reilly, M.D. & Carsrud, A.L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15 (5/6), 411-432.
26. Kyndt, E. & Baert, H. (2015). Entrepreneurial competencies: Assessment and predictive value for entrepreneurship. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 90, 13-25.
27. Lee, S.M. & Peterson, S. (2000). Culture, entrepreneurial orientation, and global competitiveness. Journal of World Business, 35 (4), 401-416.
28. Lee, S.M., Chang, D. & Baelim, S. (2005). Impact of entrepreneurship education: a comparative study of the US and Korea. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 1 (1), 27-43.
29. Linan, F. & Chen, Y. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 33 (3), 593-617.
30. Lumpkin, G.T. & Lichtenstein, B.B. (2005). The role of organizational learning in the opportunity-recognition process. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 29 (4), 451-471.
31. Maes, J., Leroy, H. & Sels, L. (2014). Gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions: A TPB multi-group analysis at factor and indicator level. European Management Journal, 32 (5), 784-794.
32. Marques, C.S., Ferreira, J.J., Gomes, D.N. & Rodrigues, R.G. (2012). Entrepreneurship education: how psychological, demographic and behavioural factors predict the entrepreneurial intention. Education+Training, 54 (8/9), 657-672.
33. Mowery, D.C. & Shane, S. (2002). Introduction to the special issue on university entrepreneurship and technology transfer. Management Science, 48 (1), V-IX.
34. National Committee of Inquiry into Higher Education (1997). Higher Education in the Learning Society: Report of the National Committee. HMSO, London. (Aktaran: Abou-Warda, 2015).
35. Özdemir, Ş. & Akın, H.B. (2018). Who Should Provide Education for Entrepreneurship? An Evaluation of Government-Led Entrepreneurship Education Programs in Turkey. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi / Journal of Business Research-Turk, 10 (2), 89-105.
36. Schumpeter, J. (1928). The instability of capitalism. Economic Journal, 38, 361-386.
37. Solesvik, M. (2013). Entrepreneurial motivations and intentions: investigating the role of education major. Education+Training, 55 (3), 253-271.
38. Solesvik, M., Westhead, P. & Matlay, H. (2014). Cultural factors and entrepreneurial intention. Education+Training, 56 (8/9), 680-696.
39. Stamboulis, Y. & Barlas, A. (2014). Entrepreneurship education impact on student attitudes. The International Journal of Management Education, 12 (3), 365-373.
40. Toklu, İ.T. & Ustaahmetoğlu, E. (2016). Tüketicilerin Organik Çaya Yönelik Tutumlarını ve Satın Alma Niyetlerini Etkileyen Faktörler: Bir Alan Araştırması. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 12 (29), 41-61.
41. Toklu, İ.T. (2018). Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Girişimcilik Niyetini Ne Etkiler? Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesinde Bir Araştırma. BMIJ, 6 (4), 1081-1100.
42. Toklu, İ.T. (2019). Pazar Yönelimi Girişimcilik Niyetinde Etkili Midir? Üniversiteliler Üzerine Bir Alan Çalışması. C.Ü. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 20 (1), 335-347Ubak 2019, 4. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Kongresi, 14-17 Şubat, Yalova.
43. Tumasjan, A. & Braun, R. (2012). In the eye of the beholder: How regulatory focus and self-efficacy interact in influencing opportunity recognition. Journal of Business Venturing, 27 (6), 622-636.
44. Universities UK (2000). A Forward Look – Highlights of our Corporate Plan, 2001-2004. Universities UK, London. (Aktaran: Abou-Warda, 2015).
45. Van Auken, H. E. (1999). Obstacles to business launch. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 4, 175-187.
46. Volery, T., Mueller, S., & Von Siemens, B. (2015). Entrepreneur ambidexterity: A study of entrepreneur behaviors and competencies in growth oriented small and medium-sized enterprises. International Small Business Journal, 33, 109-129.
47. Wagener, S., Gorgievski, M., & Rijsdijk, S. (2010). Businessman or host? Individual differences between entrepreneurs and small business owners in the hospitality industry. The Service Industries Journal, 30, 1513-1527.
48. Wennekers, S., Uhlaner, L.M. & Thurik, R. (2002). Entrepreneurship and its conditions: a macro perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, 1 (1), 25-68.
49. Yeşilay, R.B. & Yavaş, V. (2017). Öğrencilerin Girişimcilik Niyetinin Planlanmış Davranış Teorisi Çerçevesinde İncelenmesi: Sivil Havacılık Alanında Öğrenim Gören Önlisans Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Girişimcilik ve İnovasyon Yönetimi Dergisi, 6 (1), 145-172.