Small State Theory and Dynamics of Kyrgyz Foreign Policy in Ceenbekov Period

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 945 - 951, 15.06.2020

M. Cüneyt Özşahin

Öz

By focusing on Kyrgyz’s foreign policy during the Jeenbekov period, this study argues that there has been no structural break from the past in terms of the direction of foreign policy. Within this framework, it is propounded that Kyrgyz foreign policy can only be explained in terms of some underlying establishments independent of leadership change. In this research, the Jeenbekov period in Kyrgyz’s foreign policy was examined using a small state perspective. Within this framework, it is asserted that the Russia-centric foreign policy of Kyrgyzstan continued in the Jeenbekov period as a result of the gradual withdrawal of the United States. Moreover, it is claimed that Kyrgyzstan’s relationship with global and regional powers is by no means detached from her domestic politics. In summary, in the light of these considerations, this study aims to make sense of the foreign policy of Jeenbekov period by drawing on the research of (Cooley, 2012), (Sarı, 2012) and (Toktomushev, 2015, 2016).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kyrgyzstan, Foreign Policy, Small State, Jeenbekov

Küçük Devlet Kuramı ve Ceenbekov Dönemi Kırgız Dış Politikasının Dinamikleri

Öz

Ceenbekov dönemi Kırgız dış politikasının ele alındığı bu çalışmada ilgili dönemde dış politikada belirgin bir kırılmanın yaşanmadığı iddia edilmektedir. Bu çerçevede Kırgız dış politikasının gerçekleşen lider değişiminden bağımsız olarak süreklilik arz eden müesses yapıların keşfedilmesi vasıtasıyla doğru şekilde anlamlandırılacağı savlanmaktadır. Bu değerlendirmede küçük devlet yaklaşımı yardımıyla Ceenbekov dönemi dış politikası analiz edilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu kapsamda ABD’nin tedrici geri çekilişi sonucunda Ceenbekov döneminde de Rusya merkezli siyasetin kesintisiz devam ettiği iddia edilmektedir. Ayrıca küçük devlet kavramı etrafında teorize edilen bu çalışmada Kırgızistan’ın bölgesel ve küresel güçlerle olan ilişkilerinin iç politikadan bağımsız olmadığı iddia edilecektir. Özetle, tüm bu değerlendirmeler ışığında, (Cooley, 2012), (Sarı, 2012) ve (Toktomushev, 2015, 2016)’in araştırmalarından faydalanılarak Ceenbekov dönemi dış politikası anlamlandırılmaya çalışılmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kırgızistan, Dış Politika, küçük devlet, Ceenbekov

Kaynakça

• Aitymbetov, S. (2006). Emigrant remittances: Impact on economic development of Kyrgyzstan. (ICEG, European Centre,Working Paper 31, Budapest)
• Akmoldoev, K., & Budaichieva, A. (2012). The impact of remittances on Kyrgyzstan economy. Reforma (Реформа), 4, 53-59.
• Alkan, H. (2012). Türk Cumhuriyetlerinde Siyasal Kurumsallasma Süreci: Geçen Yirmi Yılın Bir Bilançosu. Bilig, 61, 1-30.
• Babayan, N. (2015). The return of the empire? Russia's counteraction to transatlantic democracy promotion in its near abroad. Democratization, 22(3), 438-458.
• Bailes, A. J., Thayer, B. A., & Thorhallsson, B. (2016). Alliance theory and alliance ‘Shelter’: the complexities of small state alliance behaviour. Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal, 1(1), 9-26.
• BBC. (2018, 27 Şubat). Kyrgyzstan country profile. Erişim Adresi https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16186907
• Bishop, M. L. (2012). The political economy of small states: Enduring vulnerability? Review of International Political Economy, 19(5), 942-960.
• Brown, D. R. (2010). Institutional development in small states: Evidence from the Commonwealth Caribbean. Administrative Culture, 11(1), 44-65.
• Cha, T. (2016). The Return of Jacksonianism: the International Implications of the Trump Phenomenon. The Washington Quarterly, 39(4), 83-97.
• Chong, A. (2010). Small state soft power strategies: virtual enlargement in the cases of the Vatican City State and Singapore. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 23(3), 383-405.
• Coldoşov, A. (2017). Kırgızistan'ın iç Politikası. İçinde Cengiz Buyar (Ed.). Kırgızistan: Tarih-Toplum-Ekonomi-Siyaset. (s.245-286), Bişkek: BYR Publishing.
• Cooley, A. (2012). Great games, local rules: The new power contest in central Asia, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Cooley, A. (2019). Ordering Eurasia: The rise and decline of liberal internationalism in the post-communist space. Security Studies, 28(3), 588-613.
• Cooper, A. F., & Shaw, T. M. (2009). The Diplomacies of small states at the start of the twenty-first century: How vulnerable? How resilient? İçinde Cooper, A. F., & Shaw, T. M (Ed.), The diplomacies of small states (s.1-18) New York: Palgrave.
• Cummings, S. (2001). Happier bedfellows? Russia and central Asia under Putin. Asian Affairs, 32(2), 142-152.
• Çotaev, Z. (2017). Kırgızistan'ın Dış Politikası : Devam Eden ve Değişen Eğilimler. In Cengiz Buyar (Ed.), Kırgızistan: Tarih-Toplum-Ekonomi-Siyaset (s. 319-376). Bişkek: BYR Publishing.
• Dzyubenko, O. (2014, 3 Haziran). U.S. vacates base in Central Asia as Russia's clout rises. Reuters. Erişim Adresi https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-usa-manas/u-s-vacates-base-in-central-asia-as-russias-clout-rises-idUSKBN0EE1LH20140603
• Engvall, J. (2007). Kyrgyzstan: Anatomy of a state. Problems of Post-Communism, 54(4), 33-45.
• Euroasianet. (2019, 24 Ekim). Explainer: How did Kyrgyzstan’s ex-president fall so low? Erişim Adresi https://eurasianet.org/explainer-how-did-kyrgyzstans-ex-president-fall-so-low
• Gibert, M. V., & Grzelczyk, V. (2016). Non-Western small states: activists or survivors? Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal, 1(1), 2016.
• Gleason, G., Kerimbekova, A., & Kozhirova, S. (2008). Realism and the small state: evidence from Kyrgyzstan. International Politics, 45(1), 40-51.
• Golovnina, M., & Solovyov, D. (2010, 6 Nisan). New Kyrgyz rulers hail Russia, aim to shut U.S. base. Reuters. Erişim Adresi https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-unrest/new-kyrgyz-rulers-hail-russia-aim-to-shut-u-s-base-idUSTRE6363CR20100408.
• Gürbüz. Y. E. (2013). Kyrgyzstan: In search for stability. Insight Turkey 15(4), 191-205.
• Handel, M. I. (2016). Weak states in the international system. New York: Routledge.
• Hermann, C. F. (1990). Changing Course: When Governments Choose to Redirect Foreign Policy. International Studies Quarterly, 34(1), 3-21.
• Huskey, E. (2008). Foreign Policy in a Vulnerable State: Kyrgyzstan as Military Entrepot Between the Great Powers. China & Eurasia Forum Quarterly 6 (4), 5–18.
• İmanov, M. (2011). Avrasyacılık Mukayeseli Bir Okuma Türkiye ve Rusya Örneği, İstanbul: Doğu Batı Yayınları.
• İsmayılov, V. (2008). Avrasyacılık Rusya’nın Kimlik Arayışı, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları
• Kabar. (2019, 25 Aralık). Kyrgyzstan's future lies in EAEU-President Jeenbekov. Erişim Adresi http://en.kabar.kg/news/future-of-kyrgyzstan-together-with-the-eaec-president-jeenbekov/
• Karsh, E. (2012). Neutrality and small states New York: Routledge. Kavalski, E., & Cho, Y. C. (2018). The European Union in Central Eurasia: still searching for strategy. Asia Europe Journal, 16(1), 51-63.
• Kerr, D., & Laura C, S. (2008). China, Xinjiang, And The Transnational Security Of Central Asia. Critical Asian Studies, 40(1), 89-112.
• Kirkham, K. (2016). The formation of the Eurasian Economic Union: How successful is the Russian regional hegemony? Journal of Eurasian Studies, 7(2), 111-128.
• Kramer, A. E. (2010, 18 Nisan). Before Kyrgyz Uprising, Dose of Russian Soft Power. The New York Times. Erişim Adresi https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/19/world/asia/19kyrgyz.html
• Kucera, J. (2017, 17 Kasım ). NATO Closes Shop in Central Asia. Euroasianet. Erişim Adresi https://eurasianet.org/nato-closes-shop-central-asia
• Lewis, D. (2012). Understanding the Authoritarian State: Neopatrimonialism in Central Asia. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 19(1), 115-126.
• Lutz, C. K., Lutz, B. J., & Lutz, J. M. (2019). Russian Foreign Policy Management and Manipulation with the Soviet Successor States. Terrorism and Political Violence, 31(1), 84-97.
• MENAFN - Trend News Agency. (2018, 20 Kasım). Sooronbay Jeenbekov's work results in foreign policy in his one year presidency. MENAFN. Erişim Adresi https://menafn.com/1097723401/Sooronbay-Jeenbekovs-work-results-in-foreign-policy-in-his-one-year-presidency
• Moon, B. E. (2009). Consensus or compliance? Foreign-policy change and external dependence. International Organization, 39(2), 297-329.
• Muzalevsky, R. (2010). The US-Kyrgyz military center and Kyrgyzstan’s multi-vector foreign policy. Central Asia—Caucasus Analyst, 5, 12-14.
• Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty. (2018, November, 27). New Kyrgyz President Vows Balanced Foreign Policy With Russia As Main 'Strategic Partner'. Radio Free Europe/ Radio Liberty. Erişim Adresi https://www.rferl.org/a/kyrgyzstan-jeenbekov-vows-balanced-foreign-policy-russia-strategic-partner/28883735.html
• Sarı, Y. (2012). Foreign Policy of Kyrgyzstan under Askar Akayev and Kurmanbek Bakiyev. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 17(3), 131-150.
• Serbest, M.B. (2017). Tarihsel Süreçte Rus Avrasyacılığı: Klasik Avrasyacılıktan Neo-Avrasyacılığa. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(3), 285-307.
• Sutton, P. (2011). The concept of small states in the international political economy. The round table, 100(413), 141-153.
• Swanström, N. (2005). China and Central Asia: a new Great Game or traditional vassal relations? Journal of Contemporary China, 14(45), 569-584.
• Thorhallsson, B., & Wivel, A. (2006). Small States in the European Union: What Do We Know and What Would We Like to Know? Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 19(4), 651-668.
• Toktomushev, K. (2015). Regime security, base politics and rent-seeking: the local and global political economies of the American air base in Kyrgyzstan, 2001–2010. Central Asian Survey, 34(1), 57-77.
• Toktomushev, K. (2016). Kyrgyzstan-Regime Security and Foreign Policy New York: Routledge.
• Tür, Ö., & Salık, N. (2017). Uluslararası İlişkilerde "Küçük Devletler" Gelişimi, Tanımı, Dış Politika ve İttifak Davranışları. Uluslararası İlişkiler/International Relations, 14(53), 3-22.
• Waltz, K. N. (1979). Theory of international politics (1st ed.). Boston, Mass.: McGraw-Hill.
• Way, L. A. (2015). The limits of autocracy promotion: The case of Russia in the ‘near abroad’. European Journal of Political Research, 54(4), 691-706.
• Worldbank. (2019). Overview. Erişim Adresi https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kyrgyzrepublic/overview
• Xu, X. (1999). The Oil and Gas Links Between Central Asia and China: a Geopolitical Perspective. OPEC Review, 23(1), 33-54.
• Yeşilyurt, N . (2015). Ürdün’ün Bölgesel Konumu: Küçük Devlet Kavramı Çerçevesinde Bir İnceleme. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi , 70 (2) , 377-401