<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>ankem derg</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>ANKEM Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1301-3114</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2667-7652</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>ANKEM Antibiyotik ve Kemoterapi Derneği</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54962/ankemderg.1822430</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Bacteriology</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Bakteriyoloji</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Rates of Gram-Negative Bacteria Isolated in Blood Cultures Sent from Intensive Care Units in Baku: A Multicenter Study</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Bakü’de Yoğun Bakım Ünitelerinden Gönderilen Kan Kültürlerinde İzole Edilen Gram Negatif Bakterilerin Sıklığı ve Antibiyotik Direnç Düzeyleri: Çok Merkezli Bir Çalışma</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1370-3691</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Heyderova</surname>
                                    <given-names>Fatima</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İnci Laboratories</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7079-8500</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Samadzade</surname>
                                    <given-names>Rugıyya</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İnci Laboratories</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6412-3366</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Abbasova</surname>
                                    <given-names>Goncha</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İnci Laboratories</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                    <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0801-578X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Bayramlı</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ramin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>AZERBAIJAN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>40</volume>
                                        <issue>1</issue>
                                        <fpage>25</fpage>
                                        <lpage>36</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251112">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>12</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260318">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>18</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1986, ANKEM Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1986</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>ANKEM Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>The increase in morbidity and mortality rates in intensive care units (ICUs) is frequently associated with hospital-acquired infections, representing one of the most serious threats to healthcare systems worldwide. This study aims to identify Gram-negative bacteria isolated from blood culture samples obtained from ICU patients and to evaluate their antibiotic susceptibility profiles.This study included bacteria detected in blood samples collected from patients hospitalized in the neonatal, pediatric, and adult intensive care units of three major hospitals located in Baku (Azerbaijan). Blood culture bottles submitted to our laboratory were initially placed into the BACT/ALERT 3D 60 (BIOMERIEUX, France) automated culture system. Bottles produced a positive signal were inoculated on appropriate media, and microorganisms were isolated from the cultures that showed growth. Bacterial identification was performed using VITEK 2 Compact system (BioMérieux, France). Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the VITEK 2 Compact system (bioMérieux, France), and the results were interpreted in accordance with the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines.A total of 1226 (54.5%) microorganisms were isolated from 2250 blood samples. Among the  1226 microbial growth, 759 (61.9%) were identified as Gram-positive bacteria, 385 (31.4%) as Gram-negative bacteria, and 82 (6.7%) as yeasts. The most frequently isolated Gram-negative bacteria were Serratia marcescens (n=76, 19.7%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=68, 17.7%) ve  Acinetobacter spp. (n=47, 12.2%)  respectively. High resistance rates were observed among the isolated strains, particularly in Acinetobacter baumannii (ciprofloxacin 80.9%), K. pneumoniae (ciprofloxacin 82.4%), Enterobacter spp. (cefotaxime 75.7%), Serratia spp. (imipenem 75.0%) and S. marcescens (cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin 64.5%). Our findings indicate markedly elevated resistance rates among Gram-negative isolates recovered from intensive hospital settings. Resistance to ciprofloxacin was documented in 82.7% of Acinetobacter spp. and 82.4% of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Notably, carbapenem resistance reached 75.0% in Serratia spp., while 75.7% of Enterobacter spp. isolates exhibited resistance to cefotaxime. These resistance levels reflect substantial antimicrobial selection pressure within critical care units. The data highlight the urgent need for strengthened antimicrobial stewardship programs and robust infection prevention strategies in Azerbaijan, particularly in Baku.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Yoğun bakım ünitelerinde morbidite ve mortalite oranlarındaki artış, büyük ölçüde hastane kaynaklı enfeksiyonlardan kaynaklanmakta olup, günümüzde sağlık sistemlerini tehdit eden en önemli küresel sorunlardan biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışma, yoğun bakım ünitelerinde yatan hastalardan alınan kan kültürü örneklerinden izole edilen Gram negatif  bakterilerin tanımlanmasını ve bu bakterilerin antibiyotiklere karşı duyarlılık düzeylerinin sistematik olarak değerlendirilmesini amaçlamaktadır.Bu çalışmaya Bakü’de (Azerbaycan) bulunan üç büyük hastanenin Yenidoğan, Çocuk ve Erişkin yoğun bakım ünitelerinde yatan hastalardan alınan kan kültürü örnekleri dahil edilmiştir. Laboratuvarımıza gönderilen hemokültür şişeleri öncelikle BACT/ALERT 3D 60 (BIOMERIEUX, Fransa) otomatik  sistemine yerleştirilmiştir. Cihazdan pozitif sinyal veren örnekler, uygun besiyerlerinde inkübe edilerek üreme olan kültürlerden mikroorganizmalar izole edilmiştir. Bakteri tanımlamaları VITEK 2 Compact sistemi (BioMérieux, Fransa) ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Antibiyotik duyarlılıkları VITEK 2 Compact (BioMérieux, Fransa) sistemiyle çalışılmış ve “European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing” (EUCAST) kriterlerine göre değerlendirilmiştir. Toplam 2250 kan kültürü örneğinden 1226 (%54.5) mikroorganizma izole edilmiştir. Mikrobiyal üremelerin 759’u (%61.9) Gram pozitif bakteri, 385’i (%31.4) Gram- negatif bakteri ve 82’si (%6.7) maya olarak tanımlanmıştır. En sık izole edilen Gram negatif  bakteriler ise sırasıyla; Serratia marcescens (n=76, %19.7), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=68, %17.7) ve  Acinetobacter spp. (n=47, %12.2) olmuştur. Yüksek direnç oranları, izole edilen türler arasında Acinetobacter baumannii’de (%80.9 siprofloksasin), K. pneumoniae’da (%82.4 siprofloksasin), Enterobacter spp.’de (%68.4 sefotaksim), Serratia spp.’de (%75.0  imipenem) ve S. marcescens’te (%64.5 sefotaksim ve siprofloksasin) belirlenmiştir. Çalışmamızda, hastanelerin kritik birimlerinden izole edilen Gram negatif suşlar arasında belirgin düzeyde yüksek antibiyotik direnç oranları saptanmış olup, siprofloksasine karşı direnç Acinetobacter spp. izolatlarında %82.7 ve Klebsiella pneumoniae izolatlarında %82.4 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca karbapenemlere karşı direnç Serratia spp. izolatlarında imipeneme %75.0 düzeyinde, sefotaksime karşı direnç ise Enterobacter spp. izolatlarında %75.7 olarak saptanmıştır. Bu sonuçlar,  Bakü’de antibiyotik direncinin hastane enfeksiyonları yönetiminde ciddi bir tehdit oluşturduğunu göstermektedir. Bu nedenle, Azerbaycanda, özellikle de Bakü’de, etkin enfeksiyon kontrol önlemlerinin uygulanması ve akılcı antibiyotik kullanımının sağlanması amacıyla sürekli direnç izlemi ve kapsamlı stratejilerin hayata geçirilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Antimikrobiyal duyarlılık</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Çoklu ilaç direnci (MDR)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Karbapenem direnci</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Gram-negatif bakteriler</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Yoğun bakım ünitesi.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Antimicrobial susceptibility</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Multidrug resistance (MDR)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Carbapenem resistance</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Gram-negative bacteria</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Intensive care unit.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                    <funding-group specific-use="FundRef">
                    <award-group>
                                                    <funding-source>
                                <named-content content-type="funder_name">None.</named-content>
                            </funding-source>
                                                                    </award-group>
                </funding-group>
                                </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abushaheen MA, Muzaheed, Fatani AJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance, mechanisms and its clinical significance. Dis Mon. 2020;66(6):100971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2020.100971</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ahmad S, Alotaibi MA, Alamri MS. Antibiotic sensitivity pattern of clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci.   2020;19(1):77-82.   https://doi.org/10.3329/dujps.v19i1.47821</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alieva IH, Aliev MH. Prevalence of hospital infections in the multidisciplinary children&#039;s hospital.  Sib J Life Sci Agric. 2024;16(1):266-75.  https://doi.org/10.12731/2658-6649-2024-16-1-1065</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Atakishizada S, Uckayabasi A, Nagiyev T. Antimicrobial resistance and inducible beta-lactamase synthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from nosocomial infections of various localizations. J Res Pharm. 2025;29(2):667-72. https://doi.org/10.12991/jrespharm.1664891</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Atakishizadeh SA, Atakishizada S, Davudov M. Characteristics of β-lactamase synthesis in E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains in nosocomial infections. Adv Microbiol. 2024;14(1):25-30. https://doi.org/10.4236/aim.2024.141003</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Borcan AM, Rotaru E, Radu G, et al. Resistance trends in Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from bloodstream infections in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 7 years.  Microorganisms. 2025;13(11):2451. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13112451 .</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023 National and State Healthcare-Associated Infections Progress Report. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2023. https://www.cdc.gov/healthcare-associated-infections/php/data/progress-report.html (erişim tarihi: 11.03.2026)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cosimato I, Santella B, Rufolo S, et al. Current epidemiological status and antibiotic resistance profile of Serratia marcescens. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024;13(4):323. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13040323</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Europe 2023-2021 data. Stockholm: ECDC; 2023. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-europe-2023-2021-data (erişim tarihi: 11.03.2026)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ibrahim S, Al-Saryi N, Al-Kadmy IMS, Aziz SN. Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii as an emerging concern in hospitals. Mol Biol Rep. 2021;48(10):6987-98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-021-06690-6</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Jean SS, Harnod D, Hsueh PR. Global threat of carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:823684. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.823684</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Karakoç E, Ayyıldız A, Yelken B. Yoğun bakım ünitemizdeki Acinetobacter suşlarının antibiyotik direnci: retrospektif bir çalışma. Acta Med Nicomedia. 2023;6(1):60-4. https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.1186190</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khan HA, Baig FK, Mehboob R. Nosocomial infections: epidemiology, prevention, control and surveillance. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2017;7(5):478-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.019</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Klinik Mikrobiyoloji Uzmanlık Derneği (KLİMUD). Kan dolaşımı örneklerinin laboratuvar incelemesi, 2. baskı, s.50, KLİMUD, Ankara (2022). https://www.klimud.org/uploads/content/KLIMUD%20Rehberleri_Kan%20Dolasimi_ver02.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Logan LK, Weinstein RA. The epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: the impact and evolution of a global menace. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(Suppl 1):S28-36. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiw282</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mutalibova N, Atakishizade S, Guliyeva M, Karimov S. Comparative characteristics of etiological structure and sensitivity to antibiotics of infection agents in two clinics of Baku. Sci Healthc. 2023;25(3):64-70. https://doi.org/10.34689/SH.2023.25.3.008</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Negm EM, Mowafy SMS, Mohammed AA, et al. Antibiograms of intensive care units at an Egyptian tertiary care hospital. Egypt J Bronchol. 2021;15(1):15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43168-021-00059-w</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Orhan Z, Kayış A, Kirişci Ö, Küçük B, Altun M, Aral M. Bacteria isolated from blood cultures in a neonatal and pediatric intensive care unit and their antibiotic resistance: 5-year results. Trends Pediatr.2025;6(2):108-15. https://doi.org/10.59213/TP.2025.218</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Radeva S, Niyazi D, Bozhkova M, Stoeva T. Antimicrobial resistance of Serratia marcescens causing bloodstream infections in a large university hospital in Bulgaria, an 8-year analysis (2016-2023). Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2024;71(3):191-6. https://doi.org/10.1556/030.2024.02330</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Uddin TM, Chakraborty AJ, Khusro A, et al. Antibiotic resistance in microbes: history, mechanisms, therapeutic strategies and future prospects. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(12):1750-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2021.10.020</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2023–2021 data, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, https://www.who.int/europe/groups/central-asian-and-european-surveillance-of-antimicrobial-resistance-(caesar) (erişim tarihi 16.03.2026).</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">World Health Organization. Antimicrobial resistance. 2023 Nov 21. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance (erişim tarihi: 11.03.2026)</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhang X, Li Y, Tao Y, Ding Y, Shao X, Li W. Epidemiology and drug resistance of neonatal bloodstream infection pathogens in East China Children’s Medical Center from 2016 to 2020. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:820577. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.820577</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhazykhbayeva D, Bayesheva D, Kosherova Z, Semenova Y. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in post-Soviet countries: a systematic review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024;13(12):1129. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics13121129</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zheng Y, Jing Y, Zhang Y, et al. Evolutionary genomics of KPC-2-producing Serratia marcescens and characterization of a novel blaKPC-2-carrying plasmid. BMC Microbiol. 2025;26:80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-025-04617-w</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
