Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Strategic Nexus Between Populism and Foreign Aid

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 556 - 592, 15.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2021.19

Öz

While the literature has discussed both the causes and the policy impact of populist governments in the domestic arena, few studies examine the role populist leaders/governments play in the sphere of foreign relations of their countries. Extant studies suggest that populist leaders tend to engage in bilateral relations, deal directly with other leaders, and circumvent both national and supra-national institutions and organizations. In this paper, we investigate to what extent populist leaders use foreign aid giving as a foreign policy strategy. To this end, we empirically test the behavioural consequences of populism on foreign aid giving and receiving patterns. By utilizing Global Populism Dataset and AidData we examine the nexus between foreign aid allocation and populism. The results reveal that countries with populist leaders in charge are to offer higher amount of foreign aid; yet being a populist regime does not help receiving more aid. In fact, not only non-populist regimes but even populist donors refrain from giving high amounts of aid to populist recipients. Our findings imply a strategic use of foreign aid by the populist leaders; yet this strategy does not involve coming to fellow populist regimes’ assistance.

Kaynakça

  • Akkerman, Agnes, Cas Mudde ve Andrej Zaslove 2014 , “How Populist are the People? Measuring Populist Attitudes in Voters”, Comparative Political Studies, 47 9 : 1324-1353.
  • Alesina, Alberto ve David Dollar 2000 , “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?”, Journal of Economic Growth, 5 1 : 33-63.
  • Allison, Paul D. 2009 , Fixed Effects Regression Models California: SAGE Publications .
  • Apodaca, Clair 2017 , “Foreign Aid As Foreign Policy Tool”, Thompson, William R. Der. , Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics Oxford: Oxford University Press .
  • Boucher, Jean-Christophe ve Cameron G. Thies 2019 , “‘I am a Tariff Man’: The Power of Populist Foreign Policy Rhetoric Under President Trump”, The Journal of Politics, 81 2 : 712-722.
  • Brinks, Daniel ve Michael Coppedge 2006 , “Diffusion is No Illusion: Neighbor Emulation in the Third Wave of Democracy”, Comparative Political Studies, 39 4 : 463-489.
  • Caiani, Manuela ve Paolo Graziano 2019 , “Understanding varieties of populism in times of crises”, West European Politics, 42 6 : 1141-1158.
  • Cingranelli, David L ve Thomas E. Pasquarello 1985 , “Human Rights Practices and the Distribution of US Foreign Aid to Latin American Countries”, American Journal of Political Science, 29 3 : 539-563.
  • Chryssogelos, Angelos 2017 , “Populism in Foreign Policy”, Thompson, William R. Der. , Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics Oxford: Oxford University Press .
  • Chryssogelos, Angelos 2020 , “State Transformation and Populism: From the Internationalized to the Neo-Sovereign State?”, Politics, 40 1 : 22-37.
  • Copelovitch, Mark ve John C Pevehouse 2019 , “International Organizations in a New Era of Populist Nationalism”, The Review of International Organizations, 14 2 : 169-186.
  • Destradi, Sandra ve Johannes Plagemann 2019 , “Populism and International Relations: Un predictability, Personalisation, and the Reinforcement of Existing Trends in World Politics”, Review of International Studies, 45 5 : 711-730.
  • Drezner, Daniel W 2019 , “Present at the Destruction: The Trump Administration and the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy”, The Journal of Politics, 81 2 : 723-730.
  • Esen, Berk ve Şebnem Yardımcı-Geyikçi 2019 , “An Alternative Account of the Populist Backlash in the United States: A Perspective from Turkey”, PS: Political Science & Politics, 52 3 : 445-450.
  • Goldsmith, Benjamin E., Yusaku Horiuchi ve Terence Wood 2014 , “Doing Well by Doing Good: The Impact of Foreign Aid on Foreign Public Opinion” Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 9 1 : 87-114.
  • Gourevitch, Peter 1978 , “The Second Image Reversed: The İnternational Sources of Domestic Politics”, International Organization, 32 4 : 881-912.
  • Grover, Jacob 2009 , US Aid: Helping Others or Helping Themselves? Washington, DC: Georgetown University .
  • Hadiz, Vedi R. ve Angelos Chryssogelos 2017 , “Populism in World Politics: A Comparative Cross-Regional Perspective”, International Political Science Review, 38 4 : 399-411.
  • Hawkins, Kirk A., Rosario Aguilar, Erin Jenne, Bojana Kocijan, Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Bruno Castanho Silva 2019 , “Global Populism Database: Populism Dataset for Leaders 1.0”, http://populism.byu.edu.
  • Halaby, Charles 2004 , “Panel Models in Sociological Research: Theory into Practice”, Annual Review of Sociology, 30: 507-544.
  • Ikenberry, John 2018 , “The End of Liberal International Order?”, International Affairs, 94 1 : 7-23.
  • Inglehart, Ronald ve Pippa Norris 2017 , “Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties: The Silent Revolution in Reverse”, Perspectives on Politics, 15 2 : 443- 454.
  • Inglehardt, Ronald 2018 , Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society Princeton: Princeton University Press .
  • Kaltwasser, Cristobal Rovira ve Paul Taggart 2016 , “Dealing with Populists in Government: A Framework for Analysis”, Democratization, 23 2 : 201-220.
  • Kaltwasser, Cristobal Rovira, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo ve Pierre Ostiguy Der. 2017 , The Oxford Handbook of Populism Oxford: Oxford University Press .
  • Kendall-Taylor, Andrea, Erica Frantz ve Joseph Wright 2017 , “The Global Rise of Personalized Politics: It’s Not Just Dictators Anymore”, The Washington Quarterly, 40 1 : 7-19.
  • Kirdis, Esen 2015 , “The Role of Foreign Policy in Constructing the Party Identity of the Turkish Justice and Development Party AKP ”, Turkish Studies, 16 2 : 178-194.
  • Kriesi, Hanspeter, Edgar Grande, Romain Lachat, Martin Dolezal, Simon Bornschier ve Tim Frey 2008 , West European Politics in the Age of Globalization Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
  • Kuziemko, Ilyana ve Eric Werker 2006 , “How Much is a Seat on the Security Council Worth? Foreign Aid and Bribery at the United Nations”, Journal of Political Economy, 114 5 : 905–930.
  • Laclau, Ernesto 2005 , On Populist Reason London: Verso .
  • Lai, Brian ve Daniel S. Morey 2006 , “Impact of Regime Type on the Influence of US Foreign Aid”, Foreign Policy Analysis, 2 4 : 385-404.
  • Lebovic, James H 1988 , “National İnterests and US Foreign Aid: The Carter and Reagan Years”, Journal of Peace Research, 25 2 : 115-135.
  • Levitsky, Steven ve Lucan Way 2010 , Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
  • Lührmann, Anna ve Staffan I. Lindberg 2019 , “A Third Wave of Autocratization is Here: What is New About It?”, Democratization, 26 7 : 1095- 1113.
  • Magcamit, Michael 2019 , “The Duterte Method: A Neoclassical Realist Guide to Understanding a Small Power’s Foreign Policy and Strategic Behaviour in the Asia-Pacific”, Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 5 4 : 416-436.
  • Mencutek, Zeynep Sahin ve Bahar Baser 2018 , “Mobilizing Diasporas: Insights from Turkey’s Attempts to Reach Turkish Citizens Abroad”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 20 1 : 86-105.
  • Mijares, Victor M 2017 , “Soft Balancing the Titans: Venezuelan Foreign‐Policy Strategy Toward the United States, China, and Russia”, Latin American Policy, 8 2 : 201-231.
  • Milner, Helen ve Dustin Tingley 2013 , “Public Opinion and Foreign Aid: A Review Essay”, International Interactions, 39 3 : 389-401.
  • Moffitt, Benjamin ve Simon Tormey 2014 , “Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style”, Political Studies, 62 2 : 381-397.
  • Mouffe, Chantal 2018 , For a Left Populism London: Verso Books .
  • Mudde, Cas 2004 , “The Populist Zeitgeist”, Government and Opposition, 39 4 : 541-563.
  • Mudde, Cas 2010 , “The Populist Radical Right: A Pathological Normalcy”, West European Politics, 33 6 : 1167-1186.
  • Mudde, Cas ve Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser 2013 , “Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America”, Government and Opposition, 48 2 : 147-174.
  • Nielsen, Richard A. 2013 , “Rewarding Human Rights? Selective Aid Sanctions against Repressive States”, International Studies Quarterly, 57 4 : 791–803.
  • Özdamar, Özgür ve Erdem Ceydilek 2019 , “European Populist Radical Right Leaders’ Foreign Policy Beliefs: An Operational Code Analysis”, European Journal of International Relations, 26 1 : 137-162.
  • Özpek, Burak Bilgehan ve Nebahat Tanriverdi Yaşar 2018 , “Populism and Foreign Policy in Turkey under the AKP Rule”, Turkish Studies, 19 2 : 198-216. Pappas, Takis S. 2019 , “Populists in Power”, Journal of Democracy, 30 2 : 70- 84.
  • Pirro, Andrea ve Paul Taggart 2018 , “The Populist Politics of Euroscepticism in Times of Crisis: A Framework for Analysis”, Politics, 38 3 : 253-262.
  • Plagemann, Johaness ve Sandra Destradi 2019 , “Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India”, Foreign Policy Analysis, 15 2 : 283-301.
  • Ramiro, Luis ve Raul Gomez 2017 , “Radical-Left Populism During the Great Recession: Podemos and Its Competition with the Established Radical Left”, Political Studies, 65 1 : 108-126.
  • Richter, Andrew 2021 , “NATO in the Age of Trump: Alliance Defense Spending During the Trump Presidency”, Comparative Strategy, 40 3 : 285-304. Roberts, Kenneth M. 1995 , “Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case”, World Politics, 48 1 : 82-116.
  • Roberts, Kenneth M. 2006 , “Populism, Political Conflict, and Grass-Roots Organization in Latin America”, Comparative Politics, 38 2 : 127-148.
  • Rodrik, Dani 2018 , “Populism and the Economics of Globalization”, Journal of International Business Policy, 1 1-2 : 12-33.
  • Rooduijn, Matthijs 2019 , “State of the Field: How to Study Populism and Adjacent Topics? A Plea for Both More and Less Focus”, European Journal of Political Research, 58 1 : 362-372.
  • Sasse, Gwendolyn 2013 , “Linkages and the Promotion of Democracy: The EU's Eastern Neighbourhood”, Democratization, 20 4 : 553-591.
  • Stavrakakis, Yanni ve Giorgos Katsambekis 2014 , “Left-Wing Populism in the European Periphery: The Case of SYRIZA”, Journal of Political Ideologies, 19 2 : 119-142.
  • Stengel, Frank A., David Bruce MacDonald ve Dirk Nabers Der. 2019 , Populism and World Politics: Exploring Inter-and Transnational Dimensions London: Palgrave Macmillan .
  • Taggart, Paul ve Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser 2016 , “Dealing with Populists in Government: Some Comparative Conclusions”, Democratization, 23 2 : 345- 365.
  • Tansey, Oisin, Kevin Koehler ve Alexandre Schmotz 2017 , “Ties to the Rest: Autocratic Linkages and Regime Survival”, Comparative Political Studies, 50 9 : 1221-1254
  • Tarnoff, Curt 2005 , Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of US Programs and Policy US: The Library of Congress .
  • Thier, J. Alexander ve Douglas Alexander 2019 , “How to Save Foreign Aid in the Age of Populism”, https://foreignpo.licy.com/2019/08/13/how-to-save- foreign-aid-in-the-age-of-populism-usaid-dfid/ 05.08.2021
  • Tokdemir, Efe 2017 , “Winning Hearts & Minds The Dilemma of Foreign Aid in Anti-Americanism”, Journal of Peace Research, 54 6 : 819-832.
  • Tolstrup, Jakob 2015 , “Black Knights and Elections in Authoritarian Regimes: Why and How Russia Supports Authoritarian Incumbents in Post‐Soviet States”, European Journal of Political Research, 54 4 : 673-690.
  • Tsebelis, George 1995 , “Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism”, British Journal of Political Science, 25 3 : 289-325.
  • Verbeek, Bertjan ve Andrej Zaslove 2017 , “Populism and Foreign Policy”, Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo ve Pierre Ostiguy Der. , The Oxford Handbook of Populism Oxford: Oxford University Press : 384–406.
  • Weyland, Kurt 2001 , “Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics”, Comparative Politics, 34 1 : 1-22.
  • Weyland, Kurt 2020 , “Populism’s Threat to Democracy: Comparative Lessons for the United States”, Perspectives on Politics, 18 2 : 389-406.
  • Wojczewski, Thorsten 2020 , “Trump, Populism, and American Foreign Policy”, Foreign Policy Analysis, 16 3 : 292-311.
  • Zaslove, Andrej 2008 , “Exclusion, Community, and a Populist Political Economy: The Radical Right as an Anti-Globalization Movement”, Comparative European Politics, 6 2 : 169-189. Zürn
  • Zürn, Michael (2004), “Global Governance and Legitimacy Problems”, Government and Opposition, 39 2 : 260-287. 2004 , “Global Governance and Legitimacy

Popülizm ve Dış Yardım Arasındaki Stratejik Bağ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 556 - 592, 15.10.2021
https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2021.19

Öz

Popülist hükümetlerin iç siyasette yer alma nedenleri ve politik etkileri literatürde tartışılırken, popülist liderlerin/hükümetlerin devletlerinin dış ilişkilerinde oynadığı rolü inceleyen sınırlı sayıda çalışma bulunmaktadır. Mevcut çalışmalar, popülist liderlerin ikili ilişkiler kurmaya yatkın olduğunu, diğer liderlerle direkt ilişkilere açık olduğunu ve böylece hem ulusal hem de uluslar üstü kurum ve organizasyonların çalışmalarına ket vurduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu makalede popülist liderlerin dış yardım dağıtımını bir dış politika stratejisi olarak ne ölçüde kullandıklarını araştırılmaktadır. Bu amaçla, popülizmin, dış yardım alma ve verme modelleri üzerindeki davranışsal sonuçlarını ampirik olarak test edilmiştir. Global Populism Dataset ve AidData verilerini kullanarak, dış yardım tahsisi ve popülizm arasındaki bağlantıyı incelenmektedir. Sonuçlar, popülist liderlerin bulunduğu ülkelerin daha çok dış yardım sağladığını, ancak popülist rejim olmanın daha fazla yardım almayı sağlayamadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Hatta, salt popülist olmayan bağışçıların değil popülist bağışçıların bile popülist alıcılara yüksek miktarlarda yardım vermekten kaçındığı ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bulgularımız, dış yardımların popülist liderler tarafından stratejik olarak kullandığını gösterirken, bu stratejinin, popülist rejimlerin birbirlerine yardım etmesi anlamını içermediğini göstermektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Akkerman, Agnes, Cas Mudde ve Andrej Zaslove 2014 , “How Populist are the People? Measuring Populist Attitudes in Voters”, Comparative Political Studies, 47 9 : 1324-1353.
  • Alesina, Alberto ve David Dollar 2000 , “Who Gives Foreign Aid to Whom and Why?”, Journal of Economic Growth, 5 1 : 33-63.
  • Allison, Paul D. 2009 , Fixed Effects Regression Models California: SAGE Publications .
  • Apodaca, Clair 2017 , “Foreign Aid As Foreign Policy Tool”, Thompson, William R. Der. , Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics Oxford: Oxford University Press .
  • Boucher, Jean-Christophe ve Cameron G. Thies 2019 , “‘I am a Tariff Man’: The Power of Populist Foreign Policy Rhetoric Under President Trump”, The Journal of Politics, 81 2 : 712-722.
  • Brinks, Daniel ve Michael Coppedge 2006 , “Diffusion is No Illusion: Neighbor Emulation in the Third Wave of Democracy”, Comparative Political Studies, 39 4 : 463-489.
  • Caiani, Manuela ve Paolo Graziano 2019 , “Understanding varieties of populism in times of crises”, West European Politics, 42 6 : 1141-1158.
  • Cingranelli, David L ve Thomas E. Pasquarello 1985 , “Human Rights Practices and the Distribution of US Foreign Aid to Latin American Countries”, American Journal of Political Science, 29 3 : 539-563.
  • Chryssogelos, Angelos 2017 , “Populism in Foreign Policy”, Thompson, William R. Der. , Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics Oxford: Oxford University Press .
  • Chryssogelos, Angelos 2020 , “State Transformation and Populism: From the Internationalized to the Neo-Sovereign State?”, Politics, 40 1 : 22-37.
  • Copelovitch, Mark ve John C Pevehouse 2019 , “International Organizations in a New Era of Populist Nationalism”, The Review of International Organizations, 14 2 : 169-186.
  • Destradi, Sandra ve Johannes Plagemann 2019 , “Populism and International Relations: Un predictability, Personalisation, and the Reinforcement of Existing Trends in World Politics”, Review of International Studies, 45 5 : 711-730.
  • Drezner, Daniel W 2019 , “Present at the Destruction: The Trump Administration and the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy”, The Journal of Politics, 81 2 : 723-730.
  • Esen, Berk ve Şebnem Yardımcı-Geyikçi 2019 , “An Alternative Account of the Populist Backlash in the United States: A Perspective from Turkey”, PS: Political Science & Politics, 52 3 : 445-450.
  • Goldsmith, Benjamin E., Yusaku Horiuchi ve Terence Wood 2014 , “Doing Well by Doing Good: The Impact of Foreign Aid on Foreign Public Opinion” Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 9 1 : 87-114.
  • Gourevitch, Peter 1978 , “The Second Image Reversed: The İnternational Sources of Domestic Politics”, International Organization, 32 4 : 881-912.
  • Grover, Jacob 2009 , US Aid: Helping Others or Helping Themselves? Washington, DC: Georgetown University .
  • Hadiz, Vedi R. ve Angelos Chryssogelos 2017 , “Populism in World Politics: A Comparative Cross-Regional Perspective”, International Political Science Review, 38 4 : 399-411.
  • Hawkins, Kirk A., Rosario Aguilar, Erin Jenne, Bojana Kocijan, Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Bruno Castanho Silva 2019 , “Global Populism Database: Populism Dataset for Leaders 1.0”, http://populism.byu.edu.
  • Halaby, Charles 2004 , “Panel Models in Sociological Research: Theory into Practice”, Annual Review of Sociology, 30: 507-544.
  • Ikenberry, John 2018 , “The End of Liberal International Order?”, International Affairs, 94 1 : 7-23.
  • Inglehart, Ronald ve Pippa Norris 2017 , “Trump and the Populist Authoritarian Parties: The Silent Revolution in Reverse”, Perspectives on Politics, 15 2 : 443- 454.
  • Inglehardt, Ronald 2018 , Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society Princeton: Princeton University Press .
  • Kaltwasser, Cristobal Rovira ve Paul Taggart 2016 , “Dealing with Populists in Government: A Framework for Analysis”, Democratization, 23 2 : 201-220.
  • Kaltwasser, Cristobal Rovira, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo ve Pierre Ostiguy Der. 2017 , The Oxford Handbook of Populism Oxford: Oxford University Press .
  • Kendall-Taylor, Andrea, Erica Frantz ve Joseph Wright 2017 , “The Global Rise of Personalized Politics: It’s Not Just Dictators Anymore”, The Washington Quarterly, 40 1 : 7-19.
  • Kirdis, Esen 2015 , “The Role of Foreign Policy in Constructing the Party Identity of the Turkish Justice and Development Party AKP ”, Turkish Studies, 16 2 : 178-194.
  • Kriesi, Hanspeter, Edgar Grande, Romain Lachat, Martin Dolezal, Simon Bornschier ve Tim Frey 2008 , West European Politics in the Age of Globalization Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
  • Kuziemko, Ilyana ve Eric Werker 2006 , “How Much is a Seat on the Security Council Worth? Foreign Aid and Bribery at the United Nations”, Journal of Political Economy, 114 5 : 905–930.
  • Laclau, Ernesto 2005 , On Populist Reason London: Verso .
  • Lai, Brian ve Daniel S. Morey 2006 , “Impact of Regime Type on the Influence of US Foreign Aid”, Foreign Policy Analysis, 2 4 : 385-404.
  • Lebovic, James H 1988 , “National İnterests and US Foreign Aid: The Carter and Reagan Years”, Journal of Peace Research, 25 2 : 115-135.
  • Levitsky, Steven ve Lucan Way 2010 , Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .
  • Lührmann, Anna ve Staffan I. Lindberg 2019 , “A Third Wave of Autocratization is Here: What is New About It?”, Democratization, 26 7 : 1095- 1113.
  • Magcamit, Michael 2019 , “The Duterte Method: A Neoclassical Realist Guide to Understanding a Small Power’s Foreign Policy and Strategic Behaviour in the Asia-Pacific”, Asian Journal of Comparative Politics, 5 4 : 416-436.
  • Mencutek, Zeynep Sahin ve Bahar Baser 2018 , “Mobilizing Diasporas: Insights from Turkey’s Attempts to Reach Turkish Citizens Abroad”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 20 1 : 86-105.
  • Mijares, Victor M 2017 , “Soft Balancing the Titans: Venezuelan Foreign‐Policy Strategy Toward the United States, China, and Russia”, Latin American Policy, 8 2 : 201-231.
  • Milner, Helen ve Dustin Tingley 2013 , “Public Opinion and Foreign Aid: A Review Essay”, International Interactions, 39 3 : 389-401.
  • Moffitt, Benjamin ve Simon Tormey 2014 , “Rethinking Populism: Politics, Mediatisation and Political Style”, Political Studies, 62 2 : 381-397.
  • Mouffe, Chantal 2018 , For a Left Populism London: Verso Books .
  • Mudde, Cas 2004 , “The Populist Zeitgeist”, Government and Opposition, 39 4 : 541-563.
  • Mudde, Cas 2010 , “The Populist Radical Right: A Pathological Normalcy”, West European Politics, 33 6 : 1167-1186.
  • Mudde, Cas ve Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser 2013 , “Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America”, Government and Opposition, 48 2 : 147-174.
  • Nielsen, Richard A. 2013 , “Rewarding Human Rights? Selective Aid Sanctions against Repressive States”, International Studies Quarterly, 57 4 : 791–803.
  • Özdamar, Özgür ve Erdem Ceydilek 2019 , “European Populist Radical Right Leaders’ Foreign Policy Beliefs: An Operational Code Analysis”, European Journal of International Relations, 26 1 : 137-162.
  • Özpek, Burak Bilgehan ve Nebahat Tanriverdi Yaşar 2018 , “Populism and Foreign Policy in Turkey under the AKP Rule”, Turkish Studies, 19 2 : 198-216. Pappas, Takis S. 2019 , “Populists in Power”, Journal of Democracy, 30 2 : 70- 84.
  • Pirro, Andrea ve Paul Taggart 2018 , “The Populist Politics of Euroscepticism in Times of Crisis: A Framework for Analysis”, Politics, 38 3 : 253-262.
  • Plagemann, Johaness ve Sandra Destradi 2019 , “Populism and Foreign Policy: The Case of India”, Foreign Policy Analysis, 15 2 : 283-301.
  • Ramiro, Luis ve Raul Gomez 2017 , “Radical-Left Populism During the Great Recession: Podemos and Its Competition with the Established Radical Left”, Political Studies, 65 1 : 108-126.
  • Richter, Andrew 2021 , “NATO in the Age of Trump: Alliance Defense Spending During the Trump Presidency”, Comparative Strategy, 40 3 : 285-304. Roberts, Kenneth M. 1995 , “Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: The Peruvian Case”, World Politics, 48 1 : 82-116.
  • Roberts, Kenneth M. 2006 , “Populism, Political Conflict, and Grass-Roots Organization in Latin America”, Comparative Politics, 38 2 : 127-148.
  • Rodrik, Dani 2018 , “Populism and the Economics of Globalization”, Journal of International Business Policy, 1 1-2 : 12-33.
  • Rooduijn, Matthijs 2019 , “State of the Field: How to Study Populism and Adjacent Topics? A Plea for Both More and Less Focus”, European Journal of Political Research, 58 1 : 362-372.
  • Sasse, Gwendolyn 2013 , “Linkages and the Promotion of Democracy: The EU's Eastern Neighbourhood”, Democratization, 20 4 : 553-591.
  • Stavrakakis, Yanni ve Giorgos Katsambekis 2014 , “Left-Wing Populism in the European Periphery: The Case of SYRIZA”, Journal of Political Ideologies, 19 2 : 119-142.
  • Stengel, Frank A., David Bruce MacDonald ve Dirk Nabers Der. 2019 , Populism and World Politics: Exploring Inter-and Transnational Dimensions London: Palgrave Macmillan .
  • Taggart, Paul ve Cristobal Rovira Kaltwasser 2016 , “Dealing with Populists in Government: Some Comparative Conclusions”, Democratization, 23 2 : 345- 365.
  • Tansey, Oisin, Kevin Koehler ve Alexandre Schmotz 2017 , “Ties to the Rest: Autocratic Linkages and Regime Survival”, Comparative Political Studies, 50 9 : 1221-1254
  • Tarnoff, Curt 2005 , Foreign Aid: An Introductory Overview of US Programs and Policy US: The Library of Congress .
  • Thier, J. Alexander ve Douglas Alexander 2019 , “How to Save Foreign Aid in the Age of Populism”, https://foreignpo.licy.com/2019/08/13/how-to-save- foreign-aid-in-the-age-of-populism-usaid-dfid/ 05.08.2021
  • Tokdemir, Efe 2017 , “Winning Hearts & Minds The Dilemma of Foreign Aid in Anti-Americanism”, Journal of Peace Research, 54 6 : 819-832.
  • Tolstrup, Jakob 2015 , “Black Knights and Elections in Authoritarian Regimes: Why and How Russia Supports Authoritarian Incumbents in Post‐Soviet States”, European Journal of Political Research, 54 4 : 673-690.
  • Tsebelis, George 1995 , “Decision Making in Political Systems: Veto Players in Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Multicameralism and Multipartyism”, British Journal of Political Science, 25 3 : 289-325.
  • Verbeek, Bertjan ve Andrej Zaslove 2017 , “Populism and Foreign Policy”, Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo ve Pierre Ostiguy Der. , The Oxford Handbook of Populism Oxford: Oxford University Press : 384–406.
  • Weyland, Kurt 2001 , “Clarifying a Contested Concept: Populism in the Study of Latin American Politics”, Comparative Politics, 34 1 : 1-22.
  • Weyland, Kurt 2020 , “Populism’s Threat to Democracy: Comparative Lessons for the United States”, Perspectives on Politics, 18 2 : 389-406.
  • Wojczewski, Thorsten 2020 , “Trump, Populism, and American Foreign Policy”, Foreign Policy Analysis, 16 3 : 292-311.
  • Zaslove, Andrej 2008 , “Exclusion, Community, and a Populist Political Economy: The Radical Right as an Anti-Globalization Movement”, Comparative European Politics, 6 2 : 169-189. Zürn
  • Zürn, Michael (2004), “Global Governance and Legitimacy Problems”, Government and Opposition, 39 2 : 260-287. 2004 , “Global Governance and Legitimacy
Toplam 69 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Berk Esen Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-6759-8903

Efe Tokdemir Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-9579-1292

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ekim 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Esen, B., & Tokdemir, E. (2021). Popülizm ve Dış Yardım Arasındaki Stratejik Bağ. Alternatif Politika, 13(3), 556-592. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2021.19
AMA Esen B, Tokdemir E. Popülizm ve Dış Yardım Arasındaki Stratejik Bağ. Altern. Polit. Ekim 2021;13(3):556-592. doi:10.53376/ap.2021.19
Chicago Esen, Berk, ve Efe Tokdemir. “Popülizm Ve Dış Yardım Arasındaki Stratejik Bağ”. Alternatif Politika 13, sy. 3 (Ekim 2021): 556-92. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2021.19.
EndNote Esen B, Tokdemir E (01 Ekim 2021) Popülizm ve Dış Yardım Arasındaki Stratejik Bağ. Alternatif Politika 13 3 556–592.
IEEE B. Esen ve E. Tokdemir, “Popülizm ve Dış Yardım Arasındaki Stratejik Bağ”, Altern. Polit., c. 13, sy. 3, ss. 556–592, 2021, doi: 10.53376/ap.2021.19.
ISNAD Esen, Berk - Tokdemir, Efe. “Popülizm Ve Dış Yardım Arasındaki Stratejik Bağ”. Alternatif Politika 13/3 (Ekim 2021), 556-592. https://doi.org/10.53376/ap.2021.19.
JAMA Esen B, Tokdemir E. Popülizm ve Dış Yardım Arasındaki Stratejik Bağ. Altern. Polit. 2021;13:556–592.
MLA Esen, Berk ve Efe Tokdemir. “Popülizm Ve Dış Yardım Arasındaki Stratejik Bağ”. Alternatif Politika, c. 13, sy. 3, 2021, ss. 556-92, doi:10.53376/ap.2021.19.
Vancouver Esen B, Tokdemir E. Popülizm ve Dış Yardım Arasındaki Stratejik Bağ. Altern. Polit. 2021;13(3):556-92.