ARKTİK’TE SİLAHLANMA YARIŞI: RUSYA VE NATO

Özlem Ozan

Araştırma Makalesi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 24, 417 - 433, 26.09.2021

Öz

In recent years, Arctic Region has been the one of the areas most
affected by global climate change, also known as the North Pole.
The melting of the glaciers in the Arctic Region with the effect
of the climate change has made easier to reach inaccessible
areas. Thus, access to energy resources on the Arctic Ocean
floor has been facilitated and new sea routes have opened.
These opportunities, which emerged with the melting of the
glaciers, increased the geopolitical and geostrategic importance
of the Arctic. In particular, the increase in the economic and
commercial potential of the Arctic has caused the coastal states
to strengthen their sovereignty claims on the Arctic Ocean and
to increase the conflicts between them. The struggle over the
opportunities in the Arctic caused to change of the security
approach of the coastal states. Russia, which has the longest
costline in the Arctic, increased the security measures in order
to protect its national interests on both natural resources and
new sea routes was perceived as a threat by other coastal states.
This caused to the other coastal states come together under the
umbrella of NATO against Russia. This situation resulted in
NATO’s increasing effectiveness in the region as a powerful
and effective actor against Russian militarization as it was in
the Cold War years. In this context, the subject of the study is
to examine whether NATO is effective in preserving peace and
stability against Russia in the Arctic. Within this framework the
study will seek to answer the following question: “Is NATO an
effective actor against Russia with its presence in the Arctic
region in maintaining stability and preventing conflicts?”

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arctic, NATO, Russia, Armament, Militarization.

Kaynakça

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ATEŞ, A. (2017). Arktika Bölgesi’nin Enerji Kaynakları ve ABD’nin Arktika Politikası”. İçinde Harun Gümrükçü vd. (Ed.), Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı-3, (ss. 60-85). Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
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BIRD, K. J. ve diğerleri. (2008). Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle. USGS. Erişim Adresi: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf.
BOULÉGUE, M. (2019). Russia’s Military Poture in the Arctic: Managing Hard Power in a “Low Tension” Environment. Chantham House. Erişim Adresi: https://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/russia-s-military-posture-arctic-managing-hard-power-lowtension- environment.
BREITENBAUCH, H., KRISTENSEN, K. S. ve GROESMEYER, J. (28 Kasım 2019). Military and Environmental Challenges in the Arctic. Carnegie Europe. Erişim Adresi: https://carnegieeurope.eu/2019/11/28/military-and-environmental-challenges-inarctic- pub-80424.
BYERS, M. (2017). Crises and International Cooperation: An Arctic Case Study. International Relations, 31(4), 375-402.
CHIVERS, C. J. (3 Ağustos 2007). Russians Plant Flag on the Arctic Seabed. The New York Times. Erişim Adresi: https://www.nytimes. com/2007/08/03/world/europe/03arctic.html.
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ÇALIK, A. G. (2021). Arktik Bölgesi’nde Yaşanan Güncel Sorunlar ve İkili Anlaşmazlıklar. International Journal of Politics and Security, 3(1), 99-128.
DAL, A. (2020a). Jeoekonominin Yükselişi: Enerji Kaynakları Bağlamında Arktika ve Doğu Akdeniz Bölgelerinin Analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (65), 66-84.
DAL, A. (2020b). Kuzeydeki Asırlık Çatışma: Arktik Bölgesi’ndeki Çıkarlar Algılaması ve Egemenlik Tartışmaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 30(2). 287-304.
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ARKTİK’TE SİLAHLANMA YARIŞI: RUSYA VE NATO

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 24, 417 - 433, 26.09.2021

Özlem Ozan

Öz

Son yıllarda küresel iklim değişikliğinden en fazla etkilenen
alanlardan biri Kuzey Kutbu olarak da bilinen Arktik Bölgesi
olmuştur. İklim değişikliğinin etkisiyle Arktik Bölgesi’ndeki
buzulların erimesi, erişilemeyen alanlara ulaşılmasını kolaylaştırmıştır.
Böylece, Arktik Okyanusu’nun tabanındaki enerji
kaynaklarına erişim kolaylaşmış ve yeni deniz yolları açılmıştır.
Buzulların erimesiyle ortaya çıkan bu fırsatlar, Arktik’in jeopolitik
ve jeostratejik önemini arttırmıştır. Özellikle Arktik’in
ekonomik ve ticari potansiyelinin artması, kıyıdaş devletlerin
Arktik üzerindeki egemenlik iddialarını güçlendirmelerine ve
bu devletler arasındaki anlaşmazlıkların artmasına neden olmuştur.
Arktik’teki fırsatlar üzerindeki bu mücadele ortamı,
kıyıdaş devletlerin güvenlik yaklaşımlarını değiştirmelerine neden
olmuştur. Arktik’te en uzun kıyı şeridine sahip devlet olan
Rusya’nın Arktik’teki hem enerji kaynaklarını hem de yeni deniz
yolları üzerindeki ulusal çıkarlarını korumak amacıyla güvenlik
önlemlerini arttırması, diğer kıyıdaş devletler tarafından
bir tehdit olarak algılanmıştır. Bu da diğer kıyıdaş devletlerin
Rusya’ya karşı NATO çatısı altında biraraya gelmelerine neden
olmuştur. Bu durum Soğuk Savaş yıllarında olduğu gibi
NATO’nun Rusya’nın silahlanması karşısında yeniden güçlü
ve etkili bir aktör olarak bölgedeki etkinliğini arttırması ile
sonuçlanmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın konusu, NATO’nun
Arktik’te Rusya karşısında barışın ve istikrarın korunmasında
etkili olup olmadığının incelenmesi olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu
kapsamda çalışmada, “NATO, Rusya’ya karşı bölgedeki varlığı
ile istikrarın korunmasında ve çatışmaların önlenmesinde etkili
bir aktör müdür?” sorusuna yanıt aranması amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arktik, NATO, Rusya, Silahlanma, Askerileşme.

Kaynakça

ARCTIC PORTAL. (2008). The Ilulissat Declaration. Erişim Adresi: https://arcticportal.org/images/stories/pdf/Ilulissat-declaration. pdf.
ARCTIC PORTAL. (2010). Russian Federation’s Policy for the Arctic to 2020. Erişim Adresi: https://icr.arcticportal.org/index. php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1791%3.
ATEŞ, A. (2017). Arktika Bölgesi’nin Enerji Kaynakları ve ABD’nin Arktika Politikası”. İçinde Harun Gümrükçü vd. (Ed.), Küresel Bakışla Kutup Çağı-3, (ss. 60-85). Ankara: Efil Yayınevi.
BENDER, J. (14 Ocak 2015). Russia Is Reinforcing 3 Crucial Geopolitical Frontlines. Business Insider. Erişim Adresi: https:// www.businessinsider.com.au/russia-reinforcing-geopolitical-frontlines-2015-1#:~:text=Russian%20President%20 Vladimir%20Putin%20signed,for%20the%20country%20on%20Dec.&text=The%20new%20doctrine%2C%20beyond%20 explicitly,part%20of%20its%20existential%20security.
BIRD, K. J. ve diğerleri. (2008). Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle. USGS. Erişim Adresi: https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf.
BOULÉGUE, M. (2019). Russia’s Military Poture in the Arctic: Managing Hard Power in a “Low Tension” Environment. Chantham House. Erişim Adresi: https://www.chathamhouse.org/publication/russia-s-military-posture-arctic-managing-hard-power-lowtension- environment.
BREITENBAUCH, H., KRISTENSEN, K. S. ve GROESMEYER, J. (28 Kasım 2019). Military and Environmental Challenges in the Arctic. Carnegie Europe. Erişim Adresi: https://carnegieeurope.eu/2019/11/28/military-and-environmental-challenges-inarctic- pub-80424.
BYERS, M. (2017). Crises and International Cooperation: An Arctic Case Study. International Relations, 31(4), 375-402.
CHIVERS, C. J. (3 Ağustos 2007). Russians Plant Flag on the Arctic Seabed. The New York Times. Erişim Adresi: https://www.nytimes. com/2007/08/03/world/europe/03arctic.html.
CROWLEY, K. (1 Mart 2018). Exxon to Quit Russian Oil Ventures Frozen by U.S. Sanctions. Bloomberg. Erişim Adresi: https://www. bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-28/exxon-quitting-russian-oil-ventures-frozen-by-u-s-eu-sanctions.
ÇALIK, A. G. (2021). Arktik Bölgesi’nde Yaşanan Güncel Sorunlar ve İkili Anlaşmazlıklar. International Journal of Politics and Security, 3(1), 99-128.
DAL, A. (2020a). Jeoekonominin Yükselişi: Enerji Kaynakları Bağlamında Arktika ve Doğu Akdeniz Bölgelerinin Analizi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (65), 66-84.
DAL, A. (2020b). Kuzeydeki Asırlık Çatışma: Arktik Bölgesi’ndeki Çıkarlar Algılaması ve Egemenlik Tartışmaları Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 30(2). 287-304.
DALAKLIS, D., DREWNIAK, M.L. ve SCHRÖDER-HINRICHS, J. (2018). Shipping Operations Support in the “High North”: Examining Availability of Icebreakers Along the Northern Sea Route. WMU J Marit Affairs, 17, 129–147. https://doi. org/10.1007/s13437-018-0142-7.
DANILOV, P. B. (10 Mart 2020). Cold Response 2020 Exercise is On. High North News. Erişim Adresi: https://www.highnorthnews. com/en/cold-response-2020-exercise.
DAVIS, C. M. (2016). The Ukraine Conflict, Economic-Military Power Balances and Economic Sanctions. Post-Communist Economies, 28(2). 167-198.
DE BUITROGO, S. R. (2019). Risk Representation and Confrontational Actors in the Arctic. Journal of Strategic Security, 12 (3), 13- 36. https://doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.12.3.1739.
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MATZ-LÜCK, N. (2009). Planting the Flag in Arctic Waters: Russia’s Claim to the North Pole. Göttingen Journal of International Law, 1(2), 235-255.
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YILMAZ, N. ve ÇİFTÇİ, A. (2013). Arktika Bölgesi’nin Siyasal Önemi ve Siyasal ve Hukuksal Statüsünün Karşılaştırmalı Değerlendirmesi. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (31), 1-16

Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Özlem Ozan 0000-0003-1828-3654
Yayımlanma Tarihi	26 Eylül 2021
Kabul Tarihi	11 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

APA	Ozan, Ö. (2021). ARKTİK’TE SİLAHLANMA YARIŞI: RUSYA VE NATO. Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(24), 417-433.
AMA	Ozan Ö. ARKTİK’TE SİLAHLANMA YARIŞI: RUSYA VE NATO. ASBİDER. Eylül 2021;8(24):417-433.
Chicago	Ozan, Özlem. “ARKTİK’TE SİLAHLANMA YARIŞI: RUSYA VE NATO”. Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 8, sy. 24 (Eylül 2021): 417-33.
EndNote	Ozan Ö (01 Eylül 2021) ARKTİK’TE SİLAHLANMA YARIŞI: RUSYA VE NATO. Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 8 24 417–433.
IEEE	Ö. Ozan, “ARKTİK’TE SİLAHLANMA YARIŞI: RUSYA VE NATO”, ASBİDER, c. 8, sy. 24, ss. 417–433, 2021.
ISNAD	Ozan, Özlem. “ARKTİK’TE SİLAHLANMA YARIŞI: RUSYA VE NATO”. Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 8/24 (Eylül 2021), 417-433.
JAMA	Ozan Ö. ARKTİK’TE SİLAHLANMA YARIŞI: RUSYA VE NATO. ASBİDER. 2021;8:417–433.
MLA	Ozan, Özlem. “ARKTİK’TE SİLAHLANMA YARIŞI: RUSYA VE NATO”. Akademi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, c. 8, sy. 24, 2021, ss. 417-33.
Vancouver	Ozan Ö. ARKTİK’TE SİLAHLANMA YARIŞI: RUSYA VE NATO. ASBİDER. 2021;8(24):417-33.

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