Records of Three Immature Gelatinous Specimens for the Turkish Mediterranean Coast with an Emphasis on Alternative Pathways

Abstract

From samples for the phytoplankton collected from the sea surface water of 67 stations along the entire Turkish Mediterranean coast during June-July 2019, three juvenile gelatinous organisms were recorded. Two cnidarian-hydrozoan species (Podocorynoides minima and Gastroblasta raffaelei) and one ctenophore (Bolinopsis cf. vitrea) occurred near Mersin Bay. The specimens were determined at the juvenile or eumedusoid stages. Referring to the literature, Gastroblasta raffaelei was presumably about 4-5-day old (1.05 x 1.56 mm in elliptical diameter), and Podocorynoides minima about a stage of liberated eumedusoid (0.327 x 0.316 mm in bell diameter x height). The specimen of Bolinopsis cf. vitrea was measured to be 11 mm in lobate (total) length and 8.6 mm in body width. Interestingly, all species were found at different locations close to each other on the set of the water rim current speeding easterly up to about 0.5 m s-1. Gastroblasta raffaelei and Podocorynoides minima were first recorded on the Turkish Mediterranean coast. Early-staged specimens of these three species were described and discussed for their diagnostic structures with their occurrence in the Turkish Mediterranean Sea after the hydrozoans were reported in the Sea of Marmara, the ctenophore in the Black Sea, and other seas of the Mediterranean basin. The present study also discussed possible and presumable pathways of recent increased Turkish Mediterranean records of specimens that have been observed in the West Mediterranean Sea and the Adriatic Sea.

Keywords

• New records
• gelatinous species
• Turkish Mediterranean waters

References

1. APHA. (1999). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Association, Washington DC. google scholar
2. Bâez, J. C., Pennino, M. G., Czerwinski, I. A., Coll, M., Bellido, J. M., Sanchez-Laulhe, J. M., Garda, A., Girâldez, A., Garcıa-Soto, C. (2022). google scholar
3. Long term oscillations of Mediterranean sardine and anchovy explained by the combined effect of multiple regional and global climatic indices. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 56, 102709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2022.102709. google scholar
4. Boero, F. & Fresi, E. (1986). Zonation and evolution of a rocky bottom hydroid community. P S. Z. N. Marine Ecology, 7, 123-150. google scholar
5. Boero, F. (1980). Life cycles of hydroids and hydromedusae: Some cases of difficult interpretation. Memorie di Biologia Marina e di Oceanografia, 10, 141-147. google scholar
6. Bouillon, J., Medel, M. D., Pages, F., Gili, J. M., Boero, F., Gravili, C. (2004). Fauna of the Mediterranean Hydrozoa. Scienta Marina, 68, 1-454. google scholar
7. Bouillon, J., Gravili, C., Pages, F., Gili, J.-M., Boero, F. (2006). An introduction to Hydrozoa. Publications Scientifiques du Museum, Paris, p. 591 google scholar
8. Branka, P., Marijana, M., Dragana, D., Davor, L. (2014). Chaetognaths in Boka Kotorska Bay. Studia Marina, 27(1), 109-130. doi:UDC559.135(262.3) google scholar

9. Briand F., Lascaratos, A., Klein, B. (2000). The Eastern Mediterranean climatic transient : its origin, evolution and impact on the ecosystem. Trieste, 29 March - 1st April 2000 CIESM Workshop Series no 10, p 86 google scholar
10. Brinckmann-Voss, A. (1987). Seasonal distribution of hydromedusae (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) from the Gulf of Naples and vicinity, with observations on sexual and asexual reproduction in some species. In: Bouillon J, Boero F, Cicogna F, Cornelius PFS (eds). Modern trends in the systematics, ecology and evolution of hydroids and hydromedusae. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 133-141. google scholar
11. Chun, C. (1880). Die Ctenophoren des Golfes von Neapel. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel 1, 1-313. google scholar
12. Çinar, M. E., Yokeş, M. B., Açık, Ş., Bakır, A. K. (2014). Checklist of Cnidaria and Ctenophora from the coasts of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 677-697. doi:10.3906/zoo-1405-68 google scholar
13. Civitarese, G., Gacic, M., Lipizer, M., Borzelli, G. L. E. (2010). On the impact of the Bimodal Oscillating System (BiOS) on the biogeochemistry and biology ofthe Adriatic and Ionian Seas (Eastern Mediterranean). Biogeosciences, 7, 3987-3997. http://doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-3987-2010 google scholar
14. Civitarese, G., Gacic, M., Batistic, Mirna., Bensi, M., Cardin, V., Dulcic, J., Garic, R., Menna, M. (2023). The BiOS mechanism: History, theory, implications. Progress in Oceanography, 216, 103056. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.pocean.2023.103056 google scholar
15. Coll, M., Piroddi, C., Steenbeek, J., Kaschner, K., Ben Rais Lasram, F., Nike Bianchi, C., Corbera, J., Dailianis, T., Danovaro, R., Estrada, M., Froglia, C., Galil, B. S., Gasol, J. M., Gertwagen, R., Gil, J., Guilhaumon, F., Kesner-Reyes, K., Kitsos, M. S., Koukouras, A., Lampadariou, N., Laxamana, E., Lopez-Fe de la Cuadra, C. M., Lotze, H. K., Martin, D., Mouillot, D., Oro, D., Raicevich, S., Rius-Barile, J., Saiz- Salinas, J. I., San Vicente, C., Somot, S., Templado, J., Turon, X., Vafidis, D., Villanueva, R., Voultsiadou, E. (2010). The biodiversity of the Mediterranean sea: estimates, patterns, and threats. PLoS One, 5 (8), e11842. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. pone.0011842 google scholar
16. Cuttelod, A., Garda, N., Malak, D.A., Temple, H.J., Katariya, V. (2009). The Mediterranean: a biodiversity hotspot under threat. Wildlife in a Changing World-an analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 89, 1-2. google scholar
17. Digenis, M. & Gerovasileiou, V. (2020). First Record of Leucothea multicornis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) (Ctenophora: Leucotheidae) in Greek Waters. Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, 72(3), 499-500. google scholar
18. Douek, J., Paz, G., Rinkevich, B., Gevili, R., Galil, B. S. (2020). First record of a non-native pelagiid jellyfish (Scyphozoa: Pelagiidae: Chrysaora) in the easternmost Mediterranean Sea. BioInvasions Record, 9(3), 482-489. doi:10.3391/bir.2020.9.3.04 google scholar
19. Dragicevic, B., Anadoli, O., Angel, D., Benabdi, M., Bitar, G., Castriota, L., Crocetta, F., Deidun, A., Dulcic, J., Edelist, D., Gerovasileiou, V., Giacobbe, S., Goruppi, A., Guy-Haim, T., Konstantinidis, E., Kuplik, Z., Langeneck, J., Macali, A., Manitaras, I., Michailidis, N., Michaloudi, E., Ovalis, P., Perdikaris, C., Pillon, R., Piraino, S., Renda, W., Rizgalla, J., Spinelli, A., Tempesti, J., Tiralongo, F., Tirelli, V., Tsiamis, K., Turan, C., Uygur, N., Zava, B., Zenetos, A. (2019). New Mediterranean Biodiversity Records 2019. Mediterranean Marine Science, 20, 645656. doi:10.12681/mms.20913 google scholar
20. Duman, G. S. (2023). Türkiye Akdeniz kıyılarının Eepipelajik zonunda bulunan mesozooplanktonik Oorganizmaların dağılımı. “Distribution of Epipelagic Mesozooplankton in Mediterranean Coast of Turkey”. Akdeniz University, MSc Thesis, 98 p google scholar
21. Edelist, D., Knutsen, 0., Ellingsen, I., Majaneva, S., Aberle, N., Dror, H., Angel, D. L. (2022). Tracking jellyfish swarm origins using a combined oceanographic-genetic-citizen Science approach. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 869619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.869619 google scholar
22. Encarnaçâo, J., Morais, P., Baptista, V, Cruz, J., Teodosio, M. A. (2019). New Evidence of Marine Fauna Tropicalization off the Southwestern Iberian Peninsula (Southwest Europe). Diversity, 11, 48. doi:10.3390/d11040048 google scholar
23. Ergen, Z. (1967). İzmir Korfezi’nde tespit edilen başlıca planktonik organizmalar. Sci Rep Fac Sci Ege Univ 47, 1-47 (in Turkish). google scholar
24. Galil, B. (2007). Seeing Red: Alien species along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. Aquatic Invasions, 2(4), 281-312. doi:10.3391/ai.2007.2.4.2 google scholar
25. Galil, B. S., Rothman, S., Gevili, R., Shiganova, T. (2014). First record of Leucothea multicornis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825) (Ctenophora; Lobata; Leucothidae) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Marine Biodiversity Record, 7, e89. google scholar
26. Garuti, A. & Mutlu, E. (2021). Spatiotemporal and ecological distribution of megabenthic non-crustacean invertebrates in an ultraoligotrophic gulf, the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 224, 103644. google scholar
27. Gokoglu, M. & Galil, B. S. (2020). New records of siphonophores and ctenophores in the Levant Sea. Journal of the Black Sea/ Mediterranean Environment, 26(2), 190-202. google scholar
28. Goy, J., Lakkis S., Zeidane, R. (1991). Les Meduses (Cnidaria) des eaux Libanaises. Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, 67, 99-128. google scholar
29. Goy, J. (1972). Les Hydromeduses de la mer Ligure. Bulletin du Museum national d’histoire Naturelle, 83(62), 965-1008. google scholar
30. Gravili, C., Bouillon, J., D’Elia, A., Boero, F. (2007). The life cycle of Gastroblasta raffaelei (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Leptomedusae, Campanulariidae) and a review of the genus Gastroblasta. Italian Journal of Zoology, 74, 395-403. doi:10.1080/ 11250000701650768 google scholar
31. Guerrero, E., Gili, J.-M., Maynou, F., Sabates, A. (2018). Diversity and mesoscale spatial changes in the planktonic cnidarian community under extreme warm summer conditions. Journal of Plankton Research, 40(2), 178-196. doi:10.1093/plankt/fby001 google scholar
32. Gülşahin, N., Çelik, M., Turan, C., Ateş, C. (2016). First record of the hydrozoan Oceania armata Kölliker, 1853 from Turkey. Zoology in the Middle East, 62(2), 187-188. doi:10.1080/09397140.2016.1182782 google scholar
33. Gülşahin, N., Tarkan, A.N., Bilge, G. (2013) The hydrozoan Geryonia proboscidalis (Forskâl, 1775), new for Turkey (Hydrozoa). Zoology in the Middle East, 59(1), 93-94. doi:10.1080/09397140.2013.795077 google scholar
34. Gülşahin, N. & Türker, A. (2017). A New Ctenophora Species for Turkey -Leucothea multicornis (Quoy Gaimard, 1824) (Order: Lobata). 2. Workshop on Invasive Species, Global meeting on invasion ecology, 27-29 September 2017, Bodrum, Muğla, TURKEY. google scholar
35. Isinibilir, M., Martell, L., Topçu, E.N., Yilmaz, I.N., Piraino, S. (2015a). First inventory of the shallow-water benthic hydrozoan assemblages of Gökçeada Island (northern Aegean Sea). Italian Journal of Zoology, 82(2), 281-290. doi:10.1080/11250003.2014.977970 google scholar
36. İşinibilir, M., Ulucam, K., Yüksel, E. (2019). First record of Physophora hydrostatica Forskâl, 1775 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) for the Turkish seas. Journal of the Black Sea/Mediterranean Environment, 25(2), 160-165. google scholar
37. Isinibilir, M., Yilmaz, I.N., Demirel, N., (2015b). New records of jellyfish species in the Marmara Sea. Italian Journal of Zoology, 82(3), 425429. doi:10.1080/11250003.2015.1040858 google scholar
38. Isinibilir, M., Yuksel, E., Guresen, O. (2021). The first record of Geryonia proboscidalis (Forskâl, 1775), (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) on the coasts of Gökçeada, the Aegean Sea, Turkey. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 36(4), 215-217 google scholar
39. Isinibilir, M., Yuksel, E., Turkeri, E.E., Dogan, O., Karakulak, F.S., Uzer, U., Dalyan, C., Furfaro, G., Piraino, S. (2022). New Additions to the Jellyfish Fauna of the Sea of Marmara. Aquatic Sciences and Engineering, 37(1), 53-57. google scholar
40. Jasprica, N., Calic, M., Kovacevic, V., Bensi, M., Radic, I. D., Garic, R., Batistic, M. (2022). Phytoplankton distribution related to different winter conditions in 2016 and 2017 in the open southern Adriatic Sea (eastern Mediterranean). Journal of Marine Systems, 226, 103665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmarsys.2021.103665 google scholar
41. Karaca, D. (2023). Distribution of phytoplankton found along Turkish coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. MSc Thesis, Akdeniz University, 115 p. google scholar
42. Kherchouche, A. & Hafferssas, A. (2019). Species composition and distribution of Medusae (Cnidaria: medusozoa) in the Algerian coast between 2°Eand 7°E (SW Mediterranean Sea). Mediterranean Marine Science, 21(1), 52-61. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.20849 google scholar
43. Kideys, A.E. & Niermann, U. (1993). Intrusion of Mnemiopsis mccradyi (Ctenophora: Lobata) into the Mediterranean Sea. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 23(1), 43-47. google scholar
44. Killi, N., Abyzova, G., Shiganova, T. (2019). Occurence Beroe mitrata (Beroidae) associated with its prey aggressive invader ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz from Gökova Bay. In Özcan, T. (Ed.). 2019. International Biodiverstiy & Ecology Sciences Symposium Proceeding (Bioeco2019), 26-28 September 2019, İstanbul/Turkey. Palas Academic Organization and Trade Corporation, Publication number: 1, İskenderun-Hatay, Turkey, 259-259. google scholar
45. Lang, A. (1886). Gastroblasta raffaelei Eine durch eine Art unvollstandiger Theilung entstehende Medusen-Kolonie. Jenaische Zeitschrift fu" r Naturwissenschaft, 19, 735-763. google scholar
46. Lascaratos, A., Williams, R. G., Tragou, E. (1993). A Mixed-Layer Study of the Formation of Levantine Intermediate Water. Journal of Geophysical Research, 98, 739-749. google scholar
47. Lorenzen, C. J. (1967). Determination of chlorophyll and phaeopigments: spectrophotometric equations. Limnology and Oceanography, 12(2), 343-346. doi:10.4319/lo.1967.12.2.0343 google scholar
48. Lucic, D., Pestoric, B., Malej, A., Lopez-Lopez, L., Drakulovic, D., Onofri, V., Miloslavic, M., Gangai, B., Onofri, I., Benovic, A. (2012). Mass occurrence of the ctenophore Bolinopsis vitrea (L. Agassiz, 1860) in the nearshore southern Adriatic Sea (Kotor Bay, Montenegro). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 184, 4777-4785. DOI 10.1007/s10661-011-2301-6 google scholar
49. Madin, L. P. (1991). Distribution and taxonomy of zooplankton in the Alboran Sea and adjacent western Mediterranean: A literature survey and field guide. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Technical Report, WHOI-91-26, USA. google scholar
50. Mamish, S., Durgham, H., Ikhtiyar, S. (2019). First record of Leucothea multicornis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) off the Syrian coastal water (eastern Mediterranean Sea). SSRG International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science, 6(4), 1-4. google scholar
51. Mayer, A. G. (1910). Medusae of the world; volume 1: Hydromedusae. The Carnegie Institution of Washington. Washington, D. C., 230 p. google scholar
52. Mayer, A. G. (1912) Ctenophores of the Atlantic Coast of North America. The Carnegie Institution of Washington. Washington, D. C., 162, 1-58. google scholar
53. Mureşan, M., Teacâ, A., Begun, T. (2021). First record of the hydrozoan Podocorynoides minima (Trinci, 1903) in the Romanian Black Sea waters. Biologia, 77, 1819-1828, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-022-01051-5 google scholar
54. Mutlu, E. (1999). Distribution and abundance of ctenophores and their zooplankton food in the Black Sea. II. Mnemiopsis leidyi. Marine Biology, 135, 603-613. doi:10.1007/s002270050661 google scholar
55. Mutlu, E., Bingel, F., Gücü, A. C., Melnikov, V. V., Niermann, U., Ostr, N. A., Zaika, V. E. (1994). Distribution of the new invader Mnemiopsis sp. and the resident Aurelia aurita and Pleurobrachia pileus populations in the Black Sea in the years 1991-1993. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 51(4), 407-421. doi:10.1006/jmsc.1994.1042. google scholar
56. Mutlu, E., Çağatay, I. T., Olguner, M. T., Yilmaz, H. E. (2020). A new sea-nettle from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea: Chrysaora pseudoocellata sp. nov. (Scyphozoa: Pelagiidae). Zootaxa, 4790(2), 229-244. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4790.2.2 google scholar
57. Mutlu, E. & Özvarol, Y. (2022a). First record of Hormiphora plumosa (Ctenophora: Pleurobrachiidae) from the Turkish coast of the Mediterranean, 438-439. In Kousteni, V., Anastasiadis, A., Bariche, M., Battaglia, P., Bonifazi, A., Cetkovic, I., Chimienti, G., Colombo, M., Constantinou, C., Corsini-Foka, M., Dalyan, C., Dogrammatz, A., Domenichetti, F., El Zrelli, R., Fernandez-Alıas, A., Kampouris, T. E., Kesici, N. B., Küpper, F. C., Lipej, L., Mancini, E., Manunza, B., Marcos, C., Mavric, B., Mavruk, S., Mutlu, E., Özvarol, Y., Papadimitriou, E., Pesic, A., Perez-Ruzafa, A., Pey, A., Poursanidis, D., Rizgalla, J., Samaha, Z., Stipa, M. G., Trkov, D., Türeli, C., Ventura, P., Yacoubi, L., Zacchetti, L., Zava, B. (co-authors), New records of rare species in the Mediterranean Sea (May 2022). Mediterranean Marine Science, 23, 417-446. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.28372 google scholar
58. Mutlu, E., Özvarol, Y. (2022b). Recent record of Oceania armata and Near-past records of other gelatinous organisms in the Turkish waters presumably derived by basin-scale current. COMU Journal of Marine Science and Fisheries, 5(1), 48-55. https://doi.org/10.46384/jmsf.1083023 google scholar
59. Mutlu, E., Meo, I.d., Miglietta, C., Deval, M. C. (2023a). Ecological indicative stressors of native vs non-native fish in an ultra-oligotrophic region of the Mediterranean Sea. Sustainability, 15, 2726. https://doi. org/10.3390/su15032726. google scholar
60. Mutlu, E., Karaca, D., Duman, G. S., Şahin, A., Özvarol, Y., Olguner, C. (2023b). Seasonality and phenology of an epiphytic calcareous red alga, Hydrolithon boreale, on the leaves of Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile in the Turkish water. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 1719317213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23333-w google scholar
61. Oliveira, O. M. P., Mianzan, H., Migotto, A. E., Marques, A. C. (2007). Chave de identifi caçâo dos Ctenophora da costa Brasileira. Biota Neotropica, 7(3), 341-350. doi:10.1590/S1676-06032007000300034 google scholar Oliveira, O. M. P. & Migotto, A. E. (2006). Pelagic ctenophores from the Sâo Sebastiâo Channel, southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa, 1183, 1-26. google scholar
62. Ozer, T., Gertman, I., Kress, N., Silverman, J., Herut, B. (2017). Interannual thermohaline (1979-2014) and nutrient (2002-2014) dynamics in the Levantine surface and intermediate water masses, SE Mediterranean Sea. Global and Planetary Change, 151, 60-67. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.04.001 google scholar
63. Öztürk, B., Mihneva, V., Shiganova, T. (2011). First records of Bolinopsis vitrea (L. Agassiz, 1860) (Ctenophora: Lobata) in the Black Sea. Aquatic Invasions, 6(3), 355-360. doi: 10.3391/ai.2011.6.3.12 google scholar Öztürk, B. (2021). Non-indigenous species in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. Studies and Reviews No. 87 (General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean). Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ cb5949en google scholar
64. Patania, A. & Mutlu, E. (2021). Spatiotemporal and ecological distribution of megabenthic crustaceans on the shelf-shelf break of Antalya Gulf, the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean Marine Science, 22, 446-465. google scholar
65. Pestoric, B., Lucic, D., Bojanic, N., Vodopivec, M., Kogovsek, T., Violic, I., Paliaga, P., Malej, A. (2021). Scyphomedusae and Ctenophora of the eastern Adriatic: Historical overview and new data. Diversity, 13, 186. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13050186 google scholar
66. Poulain, P-M., Bussani, A., Gerin, R., Jungwirth, R., Mauri, E., Menna, M., Notarstefano, G. (2013). Mediterranean surface currents measured with drifters: From basin to subinertial scales. Oceanography, 26(1), 38-47. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2013.03. google scholar
67. Poulos, S. E., Drakopoulos, P.G., Collins, M. B. (1997). Seasonal variability in sea surface oceanographic conditions in the Aegean Sea (Eastern Mediterranean): an overview. Journal of Marine Systems, 13(1-4), 225-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-7963(96)00113-3. google scholar
68. Raitsos, D. E., Kassis, D., Sarantopoulos, A. (2011). The summer North Atlantic Oscillation influence on the Eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Climate, 24, 5584-5596. DOI: 10.1175/2011JCLI3839.1 google scholar
69. Ricci, P., Carlucci, R., Capezzuto, F., Carluccio, A., Cipriano, G., D’Onghia, G., Maiorano, P., Sion, L., Tursi, A., Libralato, S. (2022). Contribution of intermediate and high trophic level species to benthic-pelagic coupling: Insights from modelling analysis. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 887464. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.887464 google scholar
70. Schmidt, H. E. (1973). Die Hydromedusen (Hydrozoa: Coelenterata) des Roten Meeres und seiner angrenzenden Gebiete. Meteor Forschungsergebnisse Reihe D - Biologie, 15, 1-35. google scholar
71. Schuchert, P. (2007). The European athecate hydroids and their medusae (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria): Filifera Part 2. Revue suisse de Zoologie, 114(2), 195-396. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.80395 google scholar
72. Shiganova, T. A. (2020). Adaptive strategies of Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz 1865 in different environments of the Eurasian seas. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161, 111737. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111737 google scholar
73. Shiganova, T. & Malej, A. (2009). Native and non-native ctenophores in the Gulf of Trieste, Northern Adriatic Sea. Journal of Plankton Research, 31(1), 61-71. doi:10.1093/plankt/fbn102. google scholar
74. Regione Del Veneto, Shape (2013). Definition of the Adriatic ecosystem quality as basis for Maritime Spatial planning: Contribution to the initial assessment of marine Adriatic waters according to Directive 2008/56/CE Action 4.2. Action 4.2 Final Report. 21863-REL-T-003.2. Thetis S.p.A., pp. 322. 15 October 2013 google scholar
75. Touzri, C., Hamdi, H., Goy, J., Yahia, M. N. D. (2012). Diversity and distribution of gelatinous zooplankton in the Southwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Ecology, 33, 393-406 . doi:10.1111/j.1439-0485.2012.00510.x google scholar
76. Uttieri, M., Anadoli, O., Banchi, E., Battuello, M., Besiktepe, aS., Carotenuto, Y,; Marques, S. C., de Olazabal, A., Di Capua, I., Engell-S0rensen, K., Goruppi, A., Guy-Haim, T., Hure, M., Kourkoutmani, P., Lucic, D., Mazzocchi, M. G., Michaloudi, E., Morov, A. R., Terbıyık Kurt, T., Tirelli, V., Vannini, J., Velasquez, X., Vidjak, O., Wootton, M. (2023). The Distribution of Pseudodiaptomus marinus in European and Neighbouring Waters—A Rolling Review. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11, 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390 /jmse11061238 google scholar
77. Uysal, Z. & Mutlu, E. (1993). Preliminary note on the occurrence and biometry of Ctephoran Mnemiopsis leidyi finally invaded Mersin Bay. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 17(2), 229-236 google scholar
78. Vasilakopoulos, P., Raitsos, D. E., Tzanatos, E., Maravelias, C. D. (2017). Resilience and regime shifts in a marine biodiversity hotspot. Scientific Reports, 7, 13647. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13852-9 google scholar
79. Vinogradov, M. Ye., Shushkina, E. A., Musayeva, E. I., Sorokin, F. Yu. (1989). A newly acclimated species in the Black Sea The ctenophore M. leidyi (Ctenophora Lobata). Oceanology, 29, 220-224. google scholar
80. Yilmaz, I. N., Isinibilir, M., Vardar, D., Dursun, F. (2017). First record of Aequorea vitrina Gosse, 1853 (Hydrozoa) from the Sea of Marmara: a potential invader for the Mediterranean Sea. Zoology in the Middle East, 63(2), 1-3. doi:10.1080/09397140.2017.1299334 google scholar
81. Zenetos, A., Gofas, S., Morri, C., Rosso, A., Violanti, D., Garcia Raso, J., Cinar, M., Almogi-Labin, A., Ates, A., Azzurro, E., Ballesteros, E., Bianchi, C., Bilecenoglu, M., Gambi, M., Giangrande, A., Gravili, C., Hyams-Kaphzan, O., Karachle, P. K., Katsanevakis, S., Lipej, L., Mastrototaro, F., Mineur, F., Pancucci-Papadopoulou, M., Ramos Espla, A., Salas, C., San Martin, G., Sfriso, A., Streftaris, N., Verlaque, M. (2012). Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea by 2012. A contribution to the application of European Union’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Part 2. Introduction trends and pathways. Mediterranean Marine Science, 13(2), 328-352. https:// doi.org/10.12681/mms.327 google scholar