Effects of Banana Stem Powder (Musa sp.) Supplementation Following Vibrio parahaemolyticus Infection in Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of banana stem powder (BSP) supplementation in the diet of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Shrimp (3.15±0.10 g) were reared in glass aquaria (60×30×40 cm³; 45L) at density of 3 L^-1. After acclimation, shrimp were intramuscularly injected  with V. parahaemolyticus (10⁶ CFU mL^-1), while the negative control (NC) gropu received phosphate-buffered saline only. Following the challenge, shrimp were fed experimental diets supplemented with BSP for 30 days, whereas positive control (PC) and NC group received diets without BSP supplementation. BSP supplementation at a dose of 2 g kg^-1 significantly improved survival rate and immune response, including total haemocyte count, phagocytosis activity, respiratory burst, and phenoloxidase, compared to the PC group (p<0.05). in addition, BSP was associated with reduced inflammation, as indicated by lower TRAF6 gene expression, decreased V. parahaemolyticus abundance in the hepatopancreas and the intestine, and improved histological condition of these tissues. These result indicate that BSP supplementation may enhance shrimp resistance to V. parahaemolyticus infection.

Keywords

• antibacterial activity
• banana stem
• Litopenaeus vannamei
• phytotherapy
• Vibrio parahaemolyticus

References

1. Ajijolakewu, K.A., Ayoola, A.S., Agbabiaka, T.O., Zakariyah, F.R., Ahmed, N.R., Oyedele, O.J., & Sani, A. (2021). A review of the ethnomedicinal, antimicrobial, and phytochemical properties of Musa paradisiaca (plantain). Bulletin of National Research Centre, 45(86), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-021-00549-3 google scholar
2. Alvarez-Ruiz, P., Luna-González, A., Escamilla-Montes, R., Mejiá-Ruiz, C., Magallón-Barajas, F., Llera-Herrera, R., & Galván-Alvarez, D. (2015). Long-lasting effect against white spot syndrome virus in shrimp broodstock, Litopenaeus vannamei, by LvRab7 silencing. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 46(6), 571-582. https://doi.org/10.1111/jwas.12236 google scholar
3. Amatul-Samahah, M.A., Omar, W.H.H.W., Ikhsan, N.F.M., Azmai, M.N.A., Zamri-Saad, M., & Ina-Salwany, M.Y. (2020). Vaccination trials against vibriosis in shrimp: A review. Aquac Rep, 18, 100471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2020.100471 google scholar
4. Apriasari, M.L., Pramitha, S.R., Puspitasari, D., & Ernawati, D.S. (2020). Anti-inflammatory effect of Musa acuminata stem. European Journal of Dentistry, 14(2), 294-298. https://doi.org/ 10.1055/s-0040-1709944 google scholar
5. Chandrakala ,N., & Priya S. (2017). Vibriosis in Shrimp Aquaculture A Review. International Journal of Scientific Research in Science. Engineering and Technology, 3(2), 27–33. Retrieved from https://ijsrset.com/IJSRSET17321 google scholar
6. Cheng, W., Liu, C.H., Yeh, S.T., & Chen, J.C. (2004). The immune stimulatory effect of sodium alginate on the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus. Fish Shellfish Immunol, 17(1), 41-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2003.11.004 google scholar
7. Dangtip, S., Sirikharin, R., Sanguanrut, P., Thitamadee, S., Sritunyalucksana, K., Taengchaiyaphum, S., Mavichak, R., Proespraiwong, P., & Flegel, T.W. (2015). AP4 method for two-tube nested pcr detection of ahpnd isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Aquaculture reports, 2, 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aqrep.2015.10.002 google scholar
8. Fadel, A., Khafage, A., Abdelsalam, M., & Abdel-Rahim, M.M. (2025). Comparative evaluation of three herbal extract on growth performance, immune response, and resistance against Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Litopenaeus vannamei. BMC Veterinary Research, 21(166), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-025-04588-0 google scholar

9. FAO. (2024). The State of World Fishery and Aquaculture 2024 – Blue Transformation in action. Roma google scholar
10. Febrianti, D., Yuhana, M., & Widanarni. (2016). Dietary synbiotic microcapsule influence the immune responses, growth performance and microbial population to white spot syndrome virus in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 11(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2016.28.42 google scholar
11. Kaur, R., & Shah, T.K. (2017). A review on role of plant waste products on fish growth, health and production. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Stidies, 5(3), 583-589. Retrieved from https://www.entomoljournal.com/search/?q=A+review+on+role+of+plant+waste+products+on+fish+growth%2C+health+and+production google scholar
12. Kendole, S.S., Priya, K.M.L., Murugan, R., & Eshanya, T.V. (2022). Pharmacological properties of banana stem: an updated review. Journal of Nutrititional Therapeutics, 11, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.6000/1929-5634.2022.11.01 google scholar
13. Kim, B.Y., Okuda, J., Matsumo, C., Takahashi, N., Hashimoto, S., & Nishibuchi, M. (1999). Identification of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains at the species level by pcr targeted to the toxR gene. J Clin Microbiol, 37(4), 1173-1177. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.4.1173-1177.1999 google scholar
14. Kurniawan, M.I., Sukenda, S., Wahjuningrum, D., Widanarni, W., & Ekasari, J. (2025). Potential of Eurycoma longifolia, Curcuma zedoaria, and Allium sativum extract as phytobiotics for shrimp health. Jurnal Akuakultur Indonesia, 24(1), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.19027/jai.24.1.71-81 google scholar
15. Liang, M., Li, C., Hou, T., Wen, C., Kong, S., Ma, D., Sun, C., & Li, S. (2020). Effect of chitosan-gentamicin conjugate supplement on non-spesific immunity, aquaculture water, intestinal histology and microbiota of pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Marine Drugs, 18(8), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/md18080419 google scholar
16. Liu, C.H., & Chen, J.C. (2004). Effect of ammonia on the immune response of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its suspectibility to Vibrio algynolyticus. Fish Shellfish Immunology, 16(3), 321-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1050-4648(03)00113-X google scholar
17. Livak, K.J., & Schmittgen, T.D. (2001). Analysis of relative gene expression data using real- time quantitative PCR and the 2-∆∆CT method. Methods, 25, 402–408. doi: 10.1006/meth.2001.1262. google scholar
18. Ma, Q., Zhao, G., Liu, J., Chen, I.T., Wei, Y., Liang, M., Dai, P., Nuez-Ortin, W.G., & Xu, H. (2024). Effects of a phytobiotic-based additive on the growth, hepatopancreas health, intestinal microbiota, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus resistance of pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Frontiers Immunology, 15, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1368444 google scholar
19. Mala, L., Lalauckova, K., & Skrivanova, E. (2021). Bacterial skin infections in livestock and plant-based alternatives to their antibiotic treatment. Animals, 11(8), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082473 google scholar
20. Munaeni, W., Widanarni, Yuhana, M., Setiawati, M., & Wahyudi, A.T. (2020). Effect in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei of Eleutherine bulbosa (mill.) urb. Powder on immune genes expression and against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Fish & Shellfish Immunology, 102, 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.066 google scholar
21. Najoan, M., Wolayan, F.R., & Sompie, F.N. (2020). Nutrient content and bioactive compounds characterization of goroho banana (Musa acumunafe sp) stem meal fermented with Trichoderma viride as an alternative feed for broiler chickens. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 492, 1-6. 10.1088/1755-1315/492/1/012010 google scholar
22. Naksing, T., Rattanavichai, W., Teeka, J., Kaewpa, D., Borthong, J., & Areesirisuk, A. (2022). Biological activities and potential of organic banana (Musa acuminata) peel extract in enhacing the immunity of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Aquaculture Research, 53: 2645-2656. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.15781 google scholar
23. Nazir, A., Malik, K., Qamar, H., Basit, M.H., Liaqat, A., Shahid, M., Khan, M.I., Fatima, A., Irsad, A., & Sadia, H. (2020). A review: use of plant extracts and their phytochemical constituents to control antibiotic resistance in S. aureus. Pure and Applied Biology, 9(1), 720-727. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90078 google scholar
24. Nuryati, S., Octavera, A., Karima, S.N., Alimuddin, Yuhana, M., & Sukenda. (2025). Dietary banana stem powder enhances immune response, disease, resistance, and growth in pacific white shrimp under ahpnd challenge. Thalassas: An International Journal of Marine Sciences, 41(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41208-025-00952-x google scholar
25. Reed, L. J., & Muench, H. (1938). A simple method of estimating fifty percent endpoints. American Journal of Epidemiology, 27(3), 493-497. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408 google scholar
26. Sarma, P.P., Gurumayum, N., Verma, A.K., & Devi, R. (2021). A pharmacological perspective of banana: implications relating to therapeutic benefit and molecular docking. Food & Function, 12, 4749-4767. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1FO00477H google scholar
27. Septarisa, G.I., Nuryati, S., Sukenda, S., & Yuhana, M. (2024). The effectiveness of extract from ambon stem Musa cavendishii var dwarf paxton for prevention of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacterial infection in vannamei shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Research Square, 1, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4166583/v1 google scholar
28. Shinn, A.P., Pratoomyot, J., Griffiths, D., Trong, T.Q., Vu, N.T., Jiravanichpaisal, P., & Briggs, M. (2018). Asian shrimp production and the economic costs of disease. Asian Fish Sci, 31, 29–58. https://doi.org/10.33997/j.afs.2018.31.S1.003 google scholar
29. Singapurwa, N.M.A.S., Nursini, N.W., Purwaningtyas, K., Candra, I.P., & Semariyani, A.A.M. (2023). Article review the potential of banana stems as a source of prebiotic. International Journal of Scientific Multidisciplinary Research, 1(7), 803-812. https://doi.org/10.55927/ijsmr.v1i7.5343 google scholar
30. Tasnim, K.T., Debnath, A., Uddin, M.T., Alam, M.A., Razzaq, M.A., Zaman, S.Z., Shaikh, M.A.A., & Mondal, A.K. (2024). Comparative evaluation of tanin from banana bunch and stem syrup for leather processing. Heliyon, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31787 google scholar
31. Thornber, K., Verner‐Jeffreys, D., Hinchliffe, S., Rahman, M.M., Bass, D., & Tyler, C.R. (2020). Evaluating antimicrobial resistance in the global shrimp industry. Reviews in Aquaculture, 12(2), 966-986. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12367 google scholar
32. Vijayaram, S., Ringø, E., Razafindralambo, H., Arunachalam, K.P., Ahmadifar, E., Arun, J., & Sun, Y.Z. (2025). Antibiotic alternative treatment methods in shrimp aquaculture. Annals of Animal Science. https://doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2025-0111 google scholar
33. Wang, P.H., Wan, D.H., Gu, Z.H., Deng, X.X., Weng, S.P., Yu, X.Q., & He, J.G. (2011). Litopenaeus vannamei tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (traf6) responds to Vibrio alginolyticus and white spot syndrome virus (wssv) infection and activates antimicrobial peptide genes. Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 35, 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dci.2010.08.013 google scholar
34. Widanarnai, Suwanto, A., Sukenda, Lay, B.W. (2003). Potency of vibrio isolates for biocontrol of vibriosis in tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) larvae. Biotropia, 20(2003), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2003.0.20.180 google scholar
35. Williams, L.S., Jensen, R.V., Kuhn, D.D., & Stevens, A.M. (2017). Analyzing the metabolic capabilities of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain that causes Early Mortality Syndrome in shrimp. Aquaculture, 476, 44-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.03.030 google scholar
36. Xian, D., Guo, M., Xu J., Yang, Y., Zhao, Y., & Zhong, J. (2021). Current evidence to support the therapeutic potential of flavonoids in axidative stress-related dermatoses. Redox Report, 26(1), 134-146. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510002.2021.1962094 google scholar