The changes in Alkaline, Neutral and Acid Protease Activities of ArtemiaEnriched with Commercial Emulsion and Different Additive Combinations

Abstract

The biochemical compositions and the changes observed in alkaline, neutral and acid protease activities of Artemia enriched with commercial emulsion and different additive combinations were determined. Artemia nauplii (ArtN), GroBiotic-A (GA), Red Algamac (RA), Red Algamac:GroBiot-ic-A (50:50) (RA:GA (50:50)), Spirulina (SP), Spirulina:Red Algamac (50:50) (SP:RA (50:50)), Spiruli-na:GroBiotic-A (50:50) (SP:GA (50:50)) and Spirulina:Red Algamac:GroBiotic-A (33:33:33) (SP:RA:GA (33:33:33)) were tested in the study. The lowest and highest protein contents after the enrichment of Artemia were 40.74±1.02% (RA) and 55.03±1.26% (SP:RA:GA (33:33:33)), respectively. The lowest lipid contents of tested groups were found in 5.63±0.47% (GA) and 5.63±0.84% (RA:GA (50:50)). The highest lipid value after the enrichment were observed in 16.98±1.15 % (RA). The lowest and highest ash values observed after the enrichment were 4.51±0.27% (SP:GA (50:50)) and 6.07±0.35% (RA) (p<0.05). The lowest and highest protease activities of the pH=3, pH=4, pH=5, pH=6, pH=7 and pH=8.5 values were 18.18±0.37 U/mg protein (GA), 31.04±0.38 U/mg protein (RA), 9.1±0.32 U/mg protein (SP), 9.66±0.19 U/mg protein (SP), 16.94±0.61 U/mg protein (SP), 63.09±0.75 U/mg protein (SP) and 33.77±0.59 U/mg protein (RA:GA (50:50)), 57,54±0.34 U/mg protein (RA:GA (50:50)), 23.75±0.28 U/mg protein (GA), 40.82±0.49 U/mg protein (GA), 69.94±0.65 U/mg protein (GA), and 286.14±8.2 U/mg protein (GA) (p<0.05). In conclusion, GA and SP:RA:GA (33:33:33) en-richment combinations are recommended as an alternative to enrichment products. On the other hand, SP and RA should not be used alone due to the disadvantages such as the biochemical composition and proteolytic enzyme activities of Artemia observed in the present study.

Keywords

• Artemia
• enrichment
• GroBiotic-A
• biochemical compositions
• enzymes

References

1. Aktaş, M., Genç, M.A., Bozkurt, A., Genç, E. & Naz, M. (2019). The changes in the molecular weight profiles and biochemical compositions of potential feed ingredients for sustainable aquaculture. Journal of Aquaculture Engineering and Fisheries Research, 5(1), 1-11 google scholar
2. Anson, M. L. (1938). “The estimation of pepsin, trypsin, papain, and cathepsin with hemoglobin.” Journal of General Physiology, 22, 7989. [CrossRef] google scholar
3. AOAC. (2000). “official methods of analysis of AOAC international.” In Official Methods of Analysis., USA: Gaithersburg, Md. : AOAC International. google scholar
4. Arumugam, P., Inbakandan, D., Ramasamy, M. S. & Murugan, M. (2013). “Encapsulated Spirulina Powder Feed for the Nutritional Enrichment of Adult Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina).” Journal of Applied Aquaculture, 25(3), 265-70. [CrossRef] google scholar
5. Azimirad, M., Meshkini, S., Ahmadifard, N. & Hoseinifar, S. H. (2016). The study of enrichment capability of adult artemia franciscana with singular or combined administration of pediococcus acidilactici and fructooligosaccharide. International Journal of Aquatic Biology, 4(2), 96-101. google scholar
6. Azimirad, M. & Meshkini, S. (2017). Determination of the Optimal Enrichment Artemia Franciscana with a Synbiotic Combination of Probiotics Pediococcus acidilactici and Prebiotic Fructooligosaccharide. Veterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal, 8(1), 49-54. google scholar
7. Beyhan, T. (2012). Bazı Zenginleştirici Ürünlerin Artemia (Artemia salina Linneaus, 1758)’nın Besinsel İçeriğine ve Yağ Asidi Kompozisyonu Üzerine Etkileri. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Isparta, Türkiye. google scholar
8. Bligh, E. G. & Dyer, W. J. (1959). A Rapid Method of Total Lipid Extraction and Purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37(8), 911-17. [CrossRef] google scholar

9. Bonnie, S. P., Lan, C. C. & Hung. T. Y. (1991). Changes in Composition and Proteolytic Enzyme Activities of Artemia during Early Development. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -- Part A: Physiology, 100(3), 725-730. [CrossRef] google scholar
10. Bradford, M. M. (1976). Interactive Effects of Drought Stress and Chitosan Application on Physiological Characteristics and Essential Oil Yield of Thymus Daenensis Celak. Analytical Biochemistry, 72, 248-54. [CrossRef] google scholar
11. Cahu, C. L., Zambonino Infante J. L., Le Gall M. M. & Quazuguel, P. (1995). Early weaning of seabass: are digestive enzymes limiting? In: Larvi ’95-Fish and Shellfish Larviculture Symposium (eds. Lavens P, Jaspers E & Roelants I), European Aquaculture Society, Special Publication No. 24, Gent, Belgium, pp. 268- 271. google scholar
12. Cho, S. H., Hur, S. B. & Jo, J. Y. (2001). “Effect of Enriched Live Feeds on Survival and Growth Rates in Larval Korean Rockfish, Sebastes Schlegeli Hilgendorf.” Aquaculture Research, 32(3), 199-208. [CrossRef] google scholar
13. Daniels, C. L. Merrifield, D. L., Boothroyd, D. P., Davies, S. J., Factor, J. R. & Arnold, K. E. (2010). Effect of Dietary Bacillus Spp. and Mannan Oligosaccharides (MOS) on European Lobster (Homarus gammarus L.) Larvae Growth Performance, Gut Morphology and Gut Microbiota. Aquaculture, 304, 49-57. [CrossRef] google scholar
14. Dernekbasi, S., Unal, H., Karayucel, I. & Aral, O. (2010). Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Different Rates of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) on Growth and Feed Conversion in Guppy. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(9), 1395-99. [CrossRef] google scholar
15. Diken, G., Demir, O. & Naz, M. (2016a). The Potential Effects of Commercial Feeding Protocol on Protease Activities and Cortisol Stress Responses of Meagre (Argyrosomus regius). Journal of International Scientific Publications, 4, 460-72. google scholar
16. Diken, G., Demir, O. & Naz, M. (2016b). Sörvaj Dönemi Çipura (Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758) ve Levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax Linnaeus, 1758) Balığı Larvalarının Proteaz Aktiviteleri Üzerine Besinlerin Etkileri ve Fizyolojik Durumlarının Belirlenmesi. In IV. Balık Besleme ve Yem Teknolojileri Sempozyumu, Adana, Türkiyre, 1-4. google scholar
17. Diken, G., Demir, O. & Naz, M. (2019). The Inhibitory Effects and Positive Contributions of Live Foods on Protease Activities of Meagre, Argyrosomus regius (Asso 1801) Larvae in Vitro Assay. Fishes, 4(5), 1-12. [CrossRef] google scholar
18. Eryalcin, K. M. (2018). Effects of Different Commercial Feeds and Enrichments on Biochemical Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis, Müller 1786) and Artemia franciscana. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 18, 81-90. google scholar
19. Garcia-Ortega, Verreth, A. J., Coutteau, P., Segner, H., Huisman, E. A. & Sorgeloos, P. (1998). Biochemical and Enzymatic Characterization of Decapsulated Cysts and Nauplii of the Brine Shrimp Artemia at Different Developmental Stages. Aquaculture, 161(1-4), 501-14. [CrossRef] google scholar
20. Ghaeni, M., Matinfar, A., Soltani, M., Rabbani, M. & Vosoughi, A. (2011). Comparative Effects of Pure Spirulina Powder and Other Diets on Larval Growth and Survival of Green Tiger Shrimp, Peneaus semisulcatus. Iranian Journal of Fisheries Sciences, 10(2), 208-217. google scholar
21. Haközü, G. (2014). Çipura (Sparus aurata, Linneaus 1758) Larvalarının Kortizol Seviyeleri Üzerine Ticari Besleme Prosedürünün Etkileri. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Hatay, Türkiye. google scholar
22. Hanel, R., Broekman, D., De Graaf, S. & Schnack, D. (2007). Partial Replacement of Fishmeal by Lyophylized Powder of the Microalgae. The Open Marine Biology Journal, 1, 1-5. [CrossRef] google scholar
23. Hoseinifar, S. H., Zare, P. & Miandare, H. K. (2015). The Effects of Different Routes of Inulin Administration on Gut Microbiota and Survival Rate of Indian White Shrimp Post-Larvae (Fenneropenaeus indicus). Veterinary research forum : an international quarterly journal, 6(4), 331-35. google scholar
24. Jaime-Ceballos, Villarreal, H., Garcia, T., Perez-Jar, L. 1 & Alfonso, E. (2005). Effect of Spirulina platensis Meal as Feed Additive on Growth, Survival and Development in Litopenaeus schmitti Shimp Larvae. Revista de investigaciones marinas, 26(3), 235-241. google scholar
25. Kurokawa, T., Shiraishi, M. & Suzuki, T. (1998). Quantification of Exogenous Protease Derived from Zooplankton in the Intestine of Japanese Sardine (Sardinops melanotictus) Larvae. Aquaculture, 161(1-4), 491499. [CrossRef] google scholar
26. Manning, T. S. & Gibson, G. R. (2004). Prebiotics. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 18(2), 287-98. [CrossRef] google scholar
27. McEvoy, L. A., Estevez, A., Bell, J. G., Shields, R. J., Gara, B. & Sargent, J. R. (1998). Influence of dietary levels of eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acid on the pigmentation success of turbot (Scophtalmus maximus) and halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus). Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada, 98, 17-20. google scholar
28. Munilla-Moran, R., Stark, J. R. & Barbour. A. (1990). The Role of Exogenous Enzymes in Digestion in Cultured Turbot Larvae (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Aquaculture, 88(3-4), 337-350. [CrossRef] google scholar
29. Nakagawa, H. & Montgomery W. L. (2007). Algae. In: Nakagawa, H., Sato, S & Gatlin III, D. M., editors. Dietary supplements for the health and quality of cultured fish. Cambridge, MA: CABI North American Office; p. 133-168. [CrossRef] google scholar
30. Naz, M. (2008). The Changes in the Biochemical Compositions and Enzymatic Activities of Rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis, Müller) and Artemia during the Enrichment and Starvation Periods. Fish Physiology and Biochemistry, 34(4), 391-404. [CrossRef] google scholar
31. Naz, M. & Yufera, M. (2012). The Potential Inhibitory Effects of The Commercial Diets on Protease Activities of Dentex dentex Larvae and Live Foods. Journal of Fisheries Science. 6(3), 224-231. [CrossRef] google scholar
32. Navarro, J. C. Henderson, R. J., McEvoy, L. A., Bel, M. V. & Amat, F. (1999). Lipid Conversions during Enrichment of Artemia. Aquaculture, 174(1-2), 155-66. [CrossRef] google scholar
33. Rocha, J. M. S., Garcia, J. E. C. & Henriques. M. H. F. (2003). Growth Aspects of the Marine Microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana. Biomolecular Engineering, 20(4-6), 237-42. [CrossRef] google scholar
34. Senthil, S. L., MaruthuPandi, T., Kumar, T. A., Devi, K. N., & Balasubramanian, T. (2012). Exigent of Micro Algae for the Enrichment of Artemia salina. Journal of Aquaculture Feed Science and Nutrition, 4(2), 34-38. [CrossRef] google scholar
35. Simpson, B. K. (2000). Digestive proteases from marine animals. In : Haard, N. F. & Simpson B. K. (eds.), Seafood enzymes (pp. 191- 213). New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc. google scholar
36. SPSS, 2006. SPSS Base 15.0 user’s guide for Windows. Chicago: SPSS; 591 p. google scholar
37. Walter, H. E. (1984). Proteinases: methods with haemoglobin, casein and azocoll as substrates. In: Methods of enzymatic analysis (ed. Bergmeyer H U), Weinheim, Verlag, p. 270-277. google scholar
38. Warner, A. H. & Shridhar V. (1985). Purification and Characterization of a Cytosol Protease from Dormant Cysts of the Brine Shrimp Artemia. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 260(11), 7008-14. [CrossRef] google scholar
39. Westelmajer, S. K. M. (2008). Ontogeny of the corticosteroid stress response and effect of differentially enriched live feed on growth, lipid composition and acute stress tolerance of larval Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. MScThesis, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada, 128P. google scholar
40. Widanarni, W., Taufik, A., Yuhana, M. & Ekasari, J. (2019). Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharides Positively Affect the Growth, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Immunity and Resistance against Vibrio harveyi of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Larvae. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 19(4), 271-278. [CrossRef] google scholar
41. Y azıcı, M., Mazlum, Y., Naz, M., Sayın, S., Ürkü Ç. & Akaylı. T. (2020). Effects of GroBiotic®-A supplementation on growth performance, body composition and liver and intestine histological changes in European Seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 37(2). [CrossRef] google scholar
42. Y enmis, A.M. & Naz, M. (2019). The changes in alkaline, neutral and acid protease activities of Artemia during the starvation, enrichment and stored at 4 °C temperature. Journal of Experimental Zoology, India, 22 (1), 201-207. google scholar
43. Y ufera, M., Fernandez-Diaz, C., Vidaurreta A., Cara, J. B. & Moyano, F. J. (2004). Gastrointestinal PH and Development of the Acid Digestion in Larvae and Early Juveniles of Sparus aurata (Pisces: Teleostei). Marine Biology, 144(5), 863-869. [CrossRef] google scholar