A Theoretical Approach to Determine the Total Resistance on Different Trawl Gears Used in Turkey

Abstract

The study aims to theoretically determine the total resistance forces acting on bottom trawls used in the commercial trawl fishery around the Turkish Peninsula. For this purpose, a total of 14 (2 for Black Sea, 2 for Sea of Marmara, 6 for Aegean Sea and 4 Mediterranean Sea) trawl gears were ex-amined during the study representing all types of the bottom trawl fishery (e.g., fish targeted, shrimp targeted and mix) in Turkey. The calculation of the hydrodynamic forces of the gears was based on the determination of each gear component; net, floaters, sweep, door, warp and the friction force caused by footrope, sweep and door. The total resistance of trawl gears was calculated according to different towing speeds and warp lengths. Average resistance values of the examined nets with a 500 m warp length indicated that the frictional force of the trawl door composed more than 41.3% of the total resistance, followed by net (39.4%), both doors (6.3%), footrope friction (6.1%), sweep frictions (3.1%) and the rest belonged to sweeps, warps and floaters (totally 3.8%). It was determined that resistance caused by friction including sweeps, footrope and doors constituted more than 50% of the total resistance. Among the examined gears, the greatest resistance values were determined for the 600 meshes tailored-traditional Mediterranean type trawl gear.

Keywords

• Bottom trawl
• total resistance
• friction
• hydrodynamic

References

1. Amoroso, R. O., Pitcher, C. R., Rijnsdorp, A. D., McConnaughey, R. A., Parma, A. M., Suuronen, P. & Jennings, S. (2018). Bottom trawl fishing footprints on the world’s continental shelves. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, E10275-E10282. [CrossRef] google scholar
2. Aydın, C. & Düzbastılar, F.O. (2011). Otter boards’ performances and design criteria. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 28(4), 127-136. google scholar
3. Aydın, C., Tokaç, A., Ulaş, A., Maktay, B. & Şensurat, T. (2011). Selectivity of 40 mm square and 50 mm diamond mesh codends for five species in the Eastern Mediterranean demersal trawl fishery. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(25), 5037-5047. google scholar
4. Aydın, C. & Tosunoğlu, Z. (2009). Selectivity of square and hexagonal mesh codends for deep water rose shrimp Parapenaeus longirostris (Lucas, 1846) (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the Aegean Sea. Crustaceana, 82, 89-98. [CrossRef] google scholar
5. Balash, C. (2012). University of Tasmania (2017, October 11). Retrived October 01, 2021, from https://eprints.utas.edu.au/14737/1/front-balash-thesis.pdf google scholar
6. Bankston, J.D. (1988). Otter Doors and fuel consumption. Lousiana Cooperative Extension Service, DB78002. google scholar
7. Bilecenoğlu, M., Kaya, M., Cihangir, B. & Çiçek, E. (2014). An updated checklist of the marine fishes of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38, 901-929. [CrossRef] google scholar
8. Cashion, T., Al-Abdulrazzakb, D., Belhabibc, D., Derricka, B., Divovicha, E., Moutopoulosd, D. K., Noela, S., Palomaresa, M.L.D., Tehe, L.C.L., Zellerg, D. & Pauly, D. (2018). Reconstructing global marine fishing gear use: catches and landed values by gear type and sector. Fisheries Research, 206, 57-64. [CrossRef] google scholar

9. Daniel, P. & Amelie, D. P. (2015). An experimental/numerical study of the catch weight influence on trawl behavior. Ocean Engineering, 94, 94102. [CrossRef] google scholar
10. Demirci, A., Tosunoğlu, Z. & Demirci, S. (2008). A study on shrimp trawl designs and modifications in İskenderun bay (Turkey). Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 2(5), 666-671. [CrossRef] google scholar
11. Düzbastılar, F. O., Tosunoğlu, Z. & Kaykaç, M. H. (2003). Geleneksel ve Kesimli Dip Trol Ağları ile Donam Dirençlerinin Teorik Olarak Hesaplanması. Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,, 20(1-2), 15-25. google scholar
12. Düzbastılar, F. O., Aydın, C., Metin, G., Lök, A., Ulaş, A., Özgül, A. & Tokaç, A. (2010). Survival of fish after escape from a 40 mm stretched diamond mesh trawl codend in the Aegean Sea. Scientia Marina, 74(4), 755-761. [CrossRef] google scholar
13. Fiorentini, L., Sala, A., Hansen, K., Cosimi, G. & Palumbo, V. (2004). Comparison between model testing and full-scale trials of new trawl design for Italian bottom fisheries. Fisheries Science, 70, 349-359. [CrossRef] google scholar
14. Fridman, A. L. (1969). Theory and design of commercial fishing gear. Moscow: Pischevaya Promyshlennost. google scholar
15. Fridman A. L. (1973). Theory and design of commercial fishing gear, Chapter XX1, Translated from Russian, Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. google scholar
16. Ferro, R.S.T., van Marlen, B. & Hansen K.E. (1996). An empirical velocity scale relation for modelling a design of large mesh pelagic trawl. Fisheries Research, 28(2), 197-230. [CrossRef] google scholar
17. Kaykaç, M. H., Düzbastılar, F. O., Zengin, M., Süer, S. & Rüzgar, M. (2017). Measurements of fuel consumption and towing resistance in Sea Snail beam trawl fisheries: Preliminary results. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17(5), 901-909. [CrossRef] google scholar
18. Kaykaç, M. H., Zengin, M., Özcan-Akpınar, İ. & Tosunoğlu, Z. (2014). Structural characteristics of towed fishing gears used in the Samsun coast (Black Sea). Ege Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 31(2), 87-96. [CrossRef] google scholar
19. Lee, C.-W., Lee J.-H., Cha B.-J., Kim H.-Y. & Lee, J.-H. (2005). Physical modeling for underwater flexible systems dynamic simulation. Ocean Engineering, 32(3-4), 331-347. [CrossRef] google scholar
20. Nomura, M. & Yamazaki, T. (1975). Fishing techniques; compilation of transcript of lectures presented at the Training Department, SEAFDEC (Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center). google scholar
21. O’Neill, F.G., Knudsen, L.H., Wileman, D.A. & McKay, S.J. (2005). Codend drag as a function of catch size and towing speed. Fisheries Research, 72, 163-171. [CrossRef] google scholar
22. Özbilgin, H., Gökçe, G., Özbilgin, Y., Yalçın, E., Alp, M.T.,& Sağlamtimur, B. (2018). To determine the fish behavior in demersal trawl mouth and to increase species selectivity by modification of ground gear (Report No. 115O647). TUBİTAK. google scholar
23. Özbilgin, H., Tokaç, A., & Kaykaç, H. (2012). Selectivity of commercial compared to larger mesh and square mesh trawl codends for four fish species in the Aegean Sea. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 28(1), 51-59. [CrossRef] google scholar
24. Özdemir, S., Erdem, Y., Erdem,E., & Birinci, Z.Ö. (2014). Effects of square mesh panels position of bottom trawls on by-catch bluefish Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1776) selectivity in the Southern Coast of the Black Sea, Turkey. Cahiers de Biologie Marine, 55, 315321. google scholar
25. Park, H.H. (2007). A method for estimating the gear shape of a mid-water trawl. Ocean Engineering, 34, 470-478. [CrossRef] google scholar
26. Pereira, J. F. (2012). Dynamic modeling of trawl fishing gear components. Ciencia y tecnolog^a de buques, 6(11), 57-65. [CrossRef] google scholar
27. Priour, D. (2013). A Finite element method for netting: Application to fish cages and fishing gear. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-94-007-6843-7. google scholar
28. Priour, D. & Herrmann, B. (2005). Catch shape in cod-end. In Proceedings of the 7th International Workshop on Methods for the development and evaluation of maritime technologies, Busan, South Korea (pp. 23-26). google scholar
29. Priour, D. (2009). Numerical optimization of trawls design to improve their energy efficiency. Fisheries Research, 98(1-3), 40-50. [CrossRef] google scholar
30. Sala. (2013). Final project report Technical specifications of Mediterranean trawl gears (myGears). (Report No. 5). EC Commission google scholar
31. Sala, A., De Carlo, F., Buglioni, G. & Lucchetti, A. (2011). Energy performance evaluation of fishing vessels by fuel mass flow measuring system. Ocean Engineering, 38 (5-6), 804-809. [CrossRef] google scholar
32. SEAFISH, IFRAMER, & DIFTA. (1995). Otter board performance and behavior. Commission of the European Communities. (Report No. TE 1 214). EEC research program in the fisheries sector (FAR). google scholar
33. Soykan, O., Akgül, Ş. A. & Kınacıgil, H. T. (2016). Catch composition and some other aspects of bottom trawl fishery in Sığacık Bay, central Aegean Sea, eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 32(3), 542-547. [CrossRef] google scholar
34. Soykan, O., Bakır, K. & Kınacıgil, H. T. (2019). Demersal trawl discards with spatial and bathymetric emphasis in the Turkish coast of the Aegean Sea. Marine Biology Research, 15(1), 113-123. [CrossRef] google scholar
35. Stewart, P. (2002). A Review of Studies of Fishing Gear Selectivity in the Mediterranean. (Report No. 9). FAO COPEMED. google scholar
36. Tang, M.F., Dong, G.H., Xu, T.J., Zhao, Y.P. & Bi, C.W. (2017). Numerical simulation of the drag force on the trawl net. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 17 (6), 1219-1230. [CrossRef] google scholar
37. Tokaç, A., Herrmann, B., Aydın, C., Kaykac, H., Ünlüler, A. & Gökce, G. (2014). Predictive models and comparison of the selectivity of standard (T0) and turned mesh (T90) codends for three species in the Eastern Mediterranean. Fisheries Research, 150, 76-88. [CrossRef] google scholar
38. Tokaç, A., Ünal, V., Tosunoğlu, Z., Akyol, O., Özbilgin, H. & Gökçe, G. (2010). Ege Denizi Balıkçılığı. IMEAK Deniz Ticaret Odası İzmir Şubesi Yayınları. google scholar
39. Tosunoğlu, Z. & Aydın, C. (2007). Technical characteristics of demersal trawl nets recently used in the Turkish coast of the Aegean Sea. Journal of FisheriesSciences.com, 1(4), 184-187. [CrossRef] google scholar
40. Tsukrov, I., Eroshkin, O. Fredriksson, D. Swift M.R. & Çelikkol B. (2003). Finite element modeling of net panels using a consistent net element. Ocean Engineering, 30(2), 251-270. [CrossRef] google scholar
41. Verhulst, N., & Jochems, J. (1993). Final Confidential Report for the Project TE 1.102 HP NET’92 Research Project Financed by the Commission of the European Communities Within the Frame of the EEC Research Programme in the Fisheries Sector (“FAR”). google scholar
42. Ward, J.N. & Ferro, R.S.T. (1993). A comparison of one-tenth and full-scale measurements of the drag and geometry of a pelagic trawl. Fisheries Research, 17(3-4), 311-331. [CrossRef] google scholar
43. Winger, P. D., DeLouche, H. & Legge, G. (2006). Designing and testing new fishing gears: the value of a flume tank. Marine Technology Society Journal, 40(3), 44-49. [CrossRef] google scholar
44. Zengin, M., Polat, H., Kutlu, S., Dinçer, A.C., Güngör, H., Aksoy, M., Özgündüz, C., Karaslan, E. & Fifan, Ş. (2004). Studies on the Fishery Development of the Deep water pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris, Lucas 1846) in the Marmara Sea. (Report No. TAGEM/ HAYSUD/2001/09/02/004). T.C. Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Tarımsal Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü. google scholar