Araştırma Makalesi
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Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 282 - 301, 31.10.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aktaş Gökdemir, C. (2002). Gestalt temas biçimleri ölçeği yeniden düzenlenmiş formun Türk örnekleminde faktör yapısı geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Arnett, J. J. (1994). Are college students adults? Their conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 1(3), 154-168.
  • Atlam, D. H. ve Yüncü, Z. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sigara, alkol, madde kullanım bozukluğu ve ailesel madde kullanımı arasındaki ilişki. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(3), 161-170.
  • Balkaya, F. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinde temas biçimlerinin öfke ve anksiyete ile ilişkisi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Baltariu, I. C., Enea, V., Kaffenberger, J., Duiverman, L. M. ve Aan Het Rot, M. (2023). The acute effects of alcohol on social cognition: A systematic review of experimental studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 245(109830), 109830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109830
  • Bartsch, L. A., King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A. ve Merianos, A. L. (2017). Self-esteem and alcohol use among youths. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 26(5), 414-424.
  • Beck, K. H., Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E. ve Wish, E. D. (2008). Social context of drinking and alcohol problems among college students. American Journal of Health Behavior, 32(4), 420-430.
  • Blank, M. L., Connor, J., Gray, A. ve Tustin, K. (2016). Alcohol use, mental well-being, self-esteem and general self-efficacy among final-year university students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(3), 431-441.
  • Buchbinder, J. (1986). Gestalt therapy and its application to alcoholism treatment. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 3(3), 49-67.
  • Burduli, N. (2019). Contact boundaries in love relationships. Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences, 12(1), 72–94. https://doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2019.186
  • Burris, J. L., Brechting, E. H., Salsman, J. ve Carlson, C. R. (2009). Factors associated with the psychological well-being and distress of university students. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 536-544.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Akademi.
  • Clemmens, M. C. (2014). Getting beyond sobriety: Clinical approaches to long-term recovery. Gestalt Press.
  • Collison, D., Banbury, S. ve Lusher, J. (2016). Relationships between age, sex, self-esteem and attitudes towards alcohol use amongst university students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 60(2), 16-34.
  • Corbin, W. R., McNair, L. D. ve Carter, J. (1996). Self-esteem and problem drinking among male and female college students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 42(1), 1–14.
  • Coşkunol, H., Bağdiken, İ., Sorias, S. ve Saygılı, R. (1995). Michigan Alkolizm Tarama Testinin (MATT) geçerliliği. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 34(1), 15-18.
  • Çıkrıkçı, N. (2024). What psychological structures can support the satisfaction of basic psychological needs? Attachment styles, childhood maltreatment experiences, and the role of interpersonal communication competence. International Journal of Turkish Education Sciences, 12(2), 957-988. https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1464184
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe University.
  • Daş, C. (2006). Büyümek ve bütünleşmek: Gestalt terapi yaklaşımı. HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Dvorak, R. D., Sargent, E. M., Kilwein, T. M., Stevenson, B. L., Kuvaas, N. J. ve Williams, T. J. (2014). Alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences: Associations with emotion regulation difficulties. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 40(2), 125-130.
  • Eastwood, A. P., Penton-Voak, I. S., Munafò, M. R. ve Attwood, A. S. (2020). Effects of acute alcohol consumption on emotion recognition in high and low trait aggressive drinkers. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 34(11), 1226–1236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120922951
  • Eilert, D. W. ve Buchheim, A. (2023). Attachment-related differences in emotion regulation in adults: A systematic review on attachment representations. Brain Sciences, 13(6), 884. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13060884
  • Fairbairn, C. E. (2017). Drinking among strangers: A meta-analysis examining familiarity as a moderator of alcohol’s rewarding effects. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 255-263.
  • Fairbairn, C. E. ve Kang, D. (2025). Social drinking and addiction: A social-cognitive model for understanding alcohol use disorder risk. Current Directions in Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251318272
  • Fleming, C. B., White, H. R., Oesterle, S., Haggerty, K. P. ve Catalano, R. F. (2010). Romantic relationship status changes and substance use among 18- to 20-year-olds. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(6), 847–856. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2010.71.847
  • Gibbs, L. E. (1983). Validity and reliability of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: A review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 12(3), 279-285.
  • Gierski, F., De Wever, E., Benzerouk, F., Lannoy, S., Kaladjian, A., Naassila, M. ve Quaglino, V. (2020). Disentangling the relationship between self-esteem and problematic alcohol use among college students: Evidence from a cluster analytic approach. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 55(2), 196-203.
  • Gilles, D. M., Turk, C. L. ve Fresco, D. M. (2006). Social anxiety, alcohol expectancies, and self-efficacy as predictors of heavy drinking in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 388-398.
  • Graceffo, S. A. (1979). Alcoholism and self-responsibility: The Gestalt approach. Journal of Drug Education, 9(3), 227-242.
  • Greenberg, J. L., Lewis, S. E. ve Dodd, D. K. (1999). Overlapping addictions and self-esteem among college men and women. Addictive Behaviors, 24(4), 565-571.
  • Hoopingarner, R. A. (1987). Reliability study of the Gestalt Contact Styles Questionnaire-Revised (GCSQ-R). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Kaisler, R. E., Fede, M., Diltsch, U., Probst, T. ve Schaffler, Y. (2023). Common mental disorders in Gestalt therapy treatment: a multiple case study comparing patients with moderate and low integrated personality structures. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1304726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1304726
  • Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Nobel Yayınları. Kepner, J. I. (1983). Questionnaire measurement of personality styles from the Theory of Gestalt therapy. Doktora Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Kirkpatrick, M. G., Cho, J., Stone, M. D., Bae, D., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Pang, R. D. ve Leventhal, A. M. (2021). Social facilitation of alcohol subjective effects in adolescents: Associations with subsequent alcohol use. Psychopharmacology, 238(4), 887-897.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
  • Kornreich, C., Foisy, M. L., Philippot, P., Dan, B., Tecco, J., Noel, X. ve Verbanck, P. (2003). Impaired emotional facial expression recognition in alcoholics, opiate dependence subjects, methadone maintained subjects and mixed alcohol-opiate antecedents subjects compared with normal controls. Psychiatry Research, 119(3), 251-260.
  • Kudiaki, Ç. ve Sezgin, N. (2018). An examination of Gestalt contact styles, anger and anxiety levels of headache and non-headache groups (Turkish). Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 21(1), 68-78.
  • Kumar, L., Skrzynski, C. J. ve Creswell, K. G. (2022). Meta-analysis of associations between empathy and alcohol use and problems in clinical and non-clinical samples. Addiction, 117(11), 2793-2804.
  • Lau, A., Li, R., Huang, C., Du, J., Heinzel, S., Zhao, M. ve Liu, S. (2023). Self-esteem mediates the effects of loneliness on problematic alcohol use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01035-9
  • Lawrence, S. A., Abel, E. M. ve Hall, T. (2010). Protective strategies and alcohol use among college students: Ethnic and gender differences. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 9(4), 284-300.
  • Lyvers, M., Hanigan, C. ve Thorberg, F. A. (2018). Social interaction anxiety, alexithymia, and drinking motives in Australian university students. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 50(5), 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2018.1517228
  • Lyvers, M., McCann, K., Coundouris, S., Edwards, M. S. ve Thorberg, F. A. (2018). Alexithymia in relation to alcohol use, emotion recognition, and empathy: The role of externally oriented thinking. American Journal of Psychology, 131(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.131.1.0041
  • Mackewn, J. (1997). Developing Gestalt counseling. Sage Publications.
  • Mann, D. (2025). Retroflection. In Gestalt Therapy: 100 Points & Techniques. Routledge.
  • Marshal, M. P. (2003). For better or for worse? The effects of alcohol use on marital functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(7), 959-997.
  • Martinotti, G., Nicola, M. D., Tedeschi, D., Cundari, S. ve Janiri, L. (2009). Empathy ability is impaired in alcohol-dependent patients. American Journal on Addictions, 18(2), 157-161.
  • Maurage, P., Grynberg, D., Noël, X., Joassin, F., Philippot, P., Hanak, C. ve Campanella, S. (2011). Dissociation between affective and cognitive empathy in alcoholism: A specific deficit for the emotional dimension. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(9), 1662-1668.
  • McKay, M. T., Sumnall, H. R., Cole, J. C. ve Percy, A. (2012). Self-esteem and self-efficacy: Associations with alcohol consumption in a sample of adolescents in Northern Ireland. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 19(1), 72-80.
  • Mitrovic, M., Hadzi-Pesic, M., Stojanovic, D. ve Milicevic, N. (2014). Personality traits and global self-esteem of alcohol addicts. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 255-259.
  • Neighbors, C., Lee, C. M., Lewis, M. A., Fossos, N. ve Larimer, M. E. (2007). Are social norms the best predictor of outcomes among heavy-drinking college students? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(4), 556-565.
  • Neumann, C. A., Leffingwell, T. R., Wagner, E. F., Mignogna, J. ve Mignogna, M. (2009). Self-esteem and gender influence the response to risk information among alcohol using college students. Journal of Substance Use, 14(6), 353-363.
  • Pilatti, A., Read, J. ve Pautassi, M. (2016). ELSA 2016 cohort: Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use and their association with age of drug use onset, risk perception, and social norms in Argentinean college freshmen. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1452. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01452
  • Polster, E. ve Polster, M. (1974). Gestalt therapy integrated: Contours of theory and practice. Vintage Books.
  • Raucher-Chene, D., Cuervo-Lombard, C. V. ve Kaladjian, A. (2013). Could emotional awareness influence drinking outcomes in an alcohol-dependent population? European Psychiatry, 28(S1), 1.
  • Raykov, T. ve Marcoulides, G. A. (2008). An introduction to applied multivariate analysis. Routledge.
  • Roche, K. E. (1986). The character and process of recovery from alcoholism and the influence of psychological variables from Gestalt therapy homeostasis theory. Doktora Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health.
  • Rosenberg, S. S. ve Lynch, J. E. (2002). Fritz Perls revisited: A micro-assessment of a live clinical session. Gestalt Review, 6(3), 184-202.
  • Sayette, M. A. (1999). Does drinking reduce stress? Alcohol Research & Health, 23(4), 250–255.
  • Skinner, K. D. ve Veilleux, J. C. (2016). The interactive effects of drinking motives, age, and self-criticism in predicting hazardous drinking. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(10), 1342-1352.
  • Şimşek, Z., Koruk, İ. ve Altındağ, A. (2007). Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi ve Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin riskli sağlık davranışları. Toplum Hekimliği Bülteni, 26(3), 19-24.
  • Tagay, Ö., Voltan Acar, N. H. ve Cırcır, O. (2024). The relationships among ruminative thoughts, Gestalt contact disturbances and unfinished business. Current Psychology, 43(1), 609-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04335-4
  • Thoma, P., Friedmann, C. ve Suchan, B. (2013). Empathy and social problem solving in alcohol dependence, mood disorders and selected personality disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(3), 448-470.
  • Turhan, E., İnandı, T., Özer, C. ve Akoğlu, S. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinde madde kullanımı, şiddet ve bazı psikolojik özellikler. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 9(1), 33-44.
  • Tutal, N. (2023). Bağlanma, somatizasyon ve aleksitimi arasındaki ilişkide Geştalt temas kurma biçimleri ve Geştalt temas kurma kapasitesinin rolü. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Vatansever, M. ve Ozgur-Ilhan, I. (2021). Forgiveness, guilt, and shame in alcohol dependence: A comparative study in a Turkish sample. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 9(1), 43-49.
  • Walitzer, K. S. ve Sher, K. J. (1996). A prospective study of self-esteem and alcohol use disorders in early adulthood: Evidence for gender differences. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 20(6), 1118–1124.
  • Wisniewski, P., Jakubczyk, A., Trucco, E. M., Kobylinski, P., Suszek, H., Zaorska, J., Rydzewska, M. ve Kopera, M. (2023). Interoception, alexithymia, and anxiety among individuals with alcohol use disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1229985. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1229985
  • Woolf-King, S. E., Conroy, A. A., Fritz, K., Johnson, M. O., Hosegood, V., van Rooyen, H., Darbes, L. ve McGrath, N. (2019). Alcohol use and relationship quality among South African couples. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(4), 651-660.
  • Yontef, G. (1993). Awareness, dialogue & process: Essays on Gestalt therapy. The Gestalt Journal Press.
  • Zdankiewicz-Scigala, E. ve Scigala, D. K. (2019). Attachment style, early childhood trauma, alexithymia, and dissociation among persons addicted to alcohol: Structural equation model of dependencies. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2957. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02957

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 282 - 301, 31.10.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aktaş Gökdemir, C. (2002). Gestalt temas biçimleri ölçeği yeniden düzenlenmiş formun Türk örnekleminde faktör yapısı geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Arnett, J. J. (1994). Are college students adults? Their conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 1(3), 154-168.
  • Atlam, D. H. ve Yüncü, Z. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sigara, alkol, madde kullanım bozukluğu ve ailesel madde kullanımı arasındaki ilişki. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(3), 161-170.
  • Balkaya, F. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinde temas biçimlerinin öfke ve anksiyete ile ilişkisi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Baltariu, I. C., Enea, V., Kaffenberger, J., Duiverman, L. M. ve Aan Het Rot, M. (2023). The acute effects of alcohol on social cognition: A systematic review of experimental studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 245(109830), 109830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109830
  • Bartsch, L. A., King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A. ve Merianos, A. L. (2017). Self-esteem and alcohol use among youths. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 26(5), 414-424.
  • Beck, K. H., Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E. ve Wish, E. D. (2008). Social context of drinking and alcohol problems among college students. American Journal of Health Behavior, 32(4), 420-430.
  • Blank, M. L., Connor, J., Gray, A. ve Tustin, K. (2016). Alcohol use, mental well-being, self-esteem and general self-efficacy among final-year university students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(3), 431-441.
  • Buchbinder, J. (1986). Gestalt therapy and its application to alcoholism treatment. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 3(3), 49-67.
  • Burduli, N. (2019). Contact boundaries in love relationships. Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences, 12(1), 72–94. https://doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2019.186
  • Burris, J. L., Brechting, E. H., Salsman, J. ve Carlson, C. R. (2009). Factors associated with the psychological well-being and distress of university students. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 536-544.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Akademi.
  • Clemmens, M. C. (2014). Getting beyond sobriety: Clinical approaches to long-term recovery. Gestalt Press.
  • Collison, D., Banbury, S. ve Lusher, J. (2016). Relationships between age, sex, self-esteem and attitudes towards alcohol use amongst university students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 60(2), 16-34.
  • Corbin, W. R., McNair, L. D. ve Carter, J. (1996). Self-esteem and problem drinking among male and female college students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 42(1), 1–14.
  • Coşkunol, H., Bağdiken, İ., Sorias, S. ve Saygılı, R. (1995). Michigan Alkolizm Tarama Testinin (MATT) geçerliliği. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 34(1), 15-18.
  • Çıkrıkçı, N. (2024). What psychological structures can support the satisfaction of basic psychological needs? Attachment styles, childhood maltreatment experiences, and the role of interpersonal communication competence. International Journal of Turkish Education Sciences, 12(2), 957-988. https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1464184
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe University.
  • Daş, C. (2006). Büyümek ve bütünleşmek: Gestalt terapi yaklaşımı. HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Dvorak, R. D., Sargent, E. M., Kilwein, T. M., Stevenson, B. L., Kuvaas, N. J. ve Williams, T. J. (2014). Alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences: Associations with emotion regulation difficulties. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 40(2), 125-130.
  • Eastwood, A. P., Penton-Voak, I. S., Munafò, M. R. ve Attwood, A. S. (2020). Effects of acute alcohol consumption on emotion recognition in high and low trait aggressive drinkers. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 34(11), 1226–1236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120922951
  • Eilert, D. W. ve Buchheim, A. (2023). Attachment-related differences in emotion regulation in adults: A systematic review on attachment representations. Brain Sciences, 13(6), 884. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13060884
  • Fairbairn, C. E. (2017). Drinking among strangers: A meta-analysis examining familiarity as a moderator of alcohol’s rewarding effects. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 255-263.
  • Fairbairn, C. E. ve Kang, D. (2025). Social drinking and addiction: A social-cognitive model for understanding alcohol use disorder risk. Current Directions in Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251318272
  • Fleming, C. B., White, H. R., Oesterle, S., Haggerty, K. P. ve Catalano, R. F. (2010). Romantic relationship status changes and substance use among 18- to 20-year-olds. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(6), 847–856. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2010.71.847
  • Gibbs, L. E. (1983). Validity and reliability of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: A review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 12(3), 279-285.
  • Gierski, F., De Wever, E., Benzerouk, F., Lannoy, S., Kaladjian, A., Naassila, M. ve Quaglino, V. (2020). Disentangling the relationship between self-esteem and problematic alcohol use among college students: Evidence from a cluster analytic approach. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 55(2), 196-203.
  • Gilles, D. M., Turk, C. L. ve Fresco, D. M. (2006). Social anxiety, alcohol expectancies, and self-efficacy as predictors of heavy drinking in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 388-398.
  • Graceffo, S. A. (1979). Alcoholism and self-responsibility: The Gestalt approach. Journal of Drug Education, 9(3), 227-242.
  • Greenberg, J. L., Lewis, S. E. ve Dodd, D. K. (1999). Overlapping addictions and self-esteem among college men and women. Addictive Behaviors, 24(4), 565-571.
  • Hoopingarner, R. A. (1987). Reliability study of the Gestalt Contact Styles Questionnaire-Revised (GCSQ-R). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Kaisler, R. E., Fede, M., Diltsch, U., Probst, T. ve Schaffler, Y. (2023). Common mental disorders in Gestalt therapy treatment: a multiple case study comparing patients with moderate and low integrated personality structures. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1304726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1304726
  • Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Nobel Yayınları. Kepner, J. I. (1983). Questionnaire measurement of personality styles from the Theory of Gestalt therapy. Doktora Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Kirkpatrick, M. G., Cho, J., Stone, M. D., Bae, D., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Pang, R. D. ve Leventhal, A. M. (2021). Social facilitation of alcohol subjective effects in adolescents: Associations with subsequent alcohol use. Psychopharmacology, 238(4), 887-897.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
  • Kornreich, C., Foisy, M. L., Philippot, P., Dan, B., Tecco, J., Noel, X. ve Verbanck, P. (2003). Impaired emotional facial expression recognition in alcoholics, opiate dependence subjects, methadone maintained subjects and mixed alcohol-opiate antecedents subjects compared with normal controls. Psychiatry Research, 119(3), 251-260.
  • Kudiaki, Ç. ve Sezgin, N. (2018). An examination of Gestalt contact styles, anger and anxiety levels of headache and non-headache groups (Turkish). Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 21(1), 68-78.
  • Kumar, L., Skrzynski, C. J. ve Creswell, K. G. (2022). Meta-analysis of associations between empathy and alcohol use and problems in clinical and non-clinical samples. Addiction, 117(11), 2793-2804.
  • Lau, A., Li, R., Huang, C., Du, J., Heinzel, S., Zhao, M. ve Liu, S. (2023). Self-esteem mediates the effects of loneliness on problematic alcohol use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01035-9
  • Lawrence, S. A., Abel, E. M. ve Hall, T. (2010). Protective strategies and alcohol use among college students: Ethnic and gender differences. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 9(4), 284-300.
  • Lyvers, M., Hanigan, C. ve Thorberg, F. A. (2018). Social interaction anxiety, alexithymia, and drinking motives in Australian university students. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 50(5), 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2018.1517228
  • Lyvers, M., McCann, K., Coundouris, S., Edwards, M. S. ve Thorberg, F. A. (2018). Alexithymia in relation to alcohol use, emotion recognition, and empathy: The role of externally oriented thinking. American Journal of Psychology, 131(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.131.1.0041
  • Mackewn, J. (1997). Developing Gestalt counseling. Sage Publications.
  • Mann, D. (2025). Retroflection. In Gestalt Therapy: 100 Points & Techniques. Routledge.
  • Marshal, M. P. (2003). For better or for worse? The effects of alcohol use on marital functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(7), 959-997.
  • Martinotti, G., Nicola, M. D., Tedeschi, D., Cundari, S. ve Janiri, L. (2009). Empathy ability is impaired in alcohol-dependent patients. American Journal on Addictions, 18(2), 157-161.
  • Maurage, P., Grynberg, D., Noël, X., Joassin, F., Philippot, P., Hanak, C. ve Campanella, S. (2011). Dissociation between affective and cognitive empathy in alcoholism: A specific deficit for the emotional dimension. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(9), 1662-1668.
  • McKay, M. T., Sumnall, H. R., Cole, J. C. ve Percy, A. (2012). Self-esteem and self-efficacy: Associations with alcohol consumption in a sample of adolescents in Northern Ireland. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 19(1), 72-80.
  • Mitrovic, M., Hadzi-Pesic, M., Stojanovic, D. ve Milicevic, N. (2014). Personality traits and global self-esteem of alcohol addicts. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 255-259.
  • Neighbors, C., Lee, C. M., Lewis, M. A., Fossos, N. ve Larimer, M. E. (2007). Are social norms the best predictor of outcomes among heavy-drinking college students? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(4), 556-565.
  • Neumann, C. A., Leffingwell, T. R., Wagner, E. F., Mignogna, J. ve Mignogna, M. (2009). Self-esteem and gender influence the response to risk information among alcohol using college students. Journal of Substance Use, 14(6), 353-363.
  • Pilatti, A., Read, J. ve Pautassi, M. (2016). ELSA 2016 cohort: Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use and their association with age of drug use onset, risk perception, and social norms in Argentinean college freshmen. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1452. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01452
  • Polster, E. ve Polster, M. (1974). Gestalt therapy integrated: Contours of theory and practice. Vintage Books.
  • Raucher-Chene, D., Cuervo-Lombard, C. V. ve Kaladjian, A. (2013). Could emotional awareness influence drinking outcomes in an alcohol-dependent population? European Psychiatry, 28(S1), 1.
  • Raykov, T. ve Marcoulides, G. A. (2008). An introduction to applied multivariate analysis. Routledge.
  • Roche, K. E. (1986). The character and process of recovery from alcoholism and the influence of psychological variables from Gestalt therapy homeostasis theory. Doktora Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health.
  • Rosenberg, S. S. ve Lynch, J. E. (2002). Fritz Perls revisited: A micro-assessment of a live clinical session. Gestalt Review, 6(3), 184-202.
  • Sayette, M. A. (1999). Does drinking reduce stress? Alcohol Research & Health, 23(4), 250–255.
  • Skinner, K. D. ve Veilleux, J. C. (2016). The interactive effects of drinking motives, age, and self-criticism in predicting hazardous drinking. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(10), 1342-1352.
  • Şimşek, Z., Koruk, İ. ve Altındağ, A. (2007). Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi ve Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin riskli sağlık davranışları. Toplum Hekimliği Bülteni, 26(3), 19-24.
  • Tagay, Ö., Voltan Acar, N. H. ve Cırcır, O. (2024). The relationships among ruminative thoughts, Gestalt contact disturbances and unfinished business. Current Psychology, 43(1), 609-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04335-4
  • Thoma, P., Friedmann, C. ve Suchan, B. (2013). Empathy and social problem solving in alcohol dependence, mood disorders and selected personality disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(3), 448-470.
  • Turhan, E., İnandı, T., Özer, C. ve Akoğlu, S. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinde madde kullanımı, şiddet ve bazı psikolojik özellikler. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 9(1), 33-44.
  • Tutal, N. (2023). Bağlanma, somatizasyon ve aleksitimi arasındaki ilişkide Geştalt temas kurma biçimleri ve Geştalt temas kurma kapasitesinin rolü. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Vatansever, M. ve Ozgur-Ilhan, I. (2021). Forgiveness, guilt, and shame in alcohol dependence: A comparative study in a Turkish sample. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 9(1), 43-49.
  • Walitzer, K. S. ve Sher, K. J. (1996). A prospective study of self-esteem and alcohol use disorders in early adulthood: Evidence for gender differences. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 20(6), 1118–1124.
  • Wisniewski, P., Jakubczyk, A., Trucco, E. M., Kobylinski, P., Suszek, H., Zaorska, J., Rydzewska, M. ve Kopera, M. (2023). Interoception, alexithymia, and anxiety among individuals with alcohol use disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1229985. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1229985
  • Woolf-King, S. E., Conroy, A. A., Fritz, K., Johnson, M. O., Hosegood, V., van Rooyen, H., Darbes, L. ve McGrath, N. (2019). Alcohol use and relationship quality among South African couples. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(4), 651-660.
  • Yontef, G. (1993). Awareness, dialogue & process: Essays on Gestalt therapy. The Gestalt Journal Press.
  • Zdankiewicz-Scigala, E. ve Scigala, D. K. (2019). Attachment style, early childhood trauma, alexithymia, and dissociation among persons addicted to alcohol: Structural equation model of dependencies. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2957. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02957

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 282 - 301, 31.10.2025

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Aktaş Gökdemir, C. (2002). Gestalt temas biçimleri ölçeği yeniden düzenlenmiş formun Türk örnekleminde faktör yapısı geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Arnett, J. J. (1994). Are college students adults? Their conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 1(3), 154-168.
  • Atlam, D. H. ve Yüncü, Z. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sigara, alkol, madde kullanım bozukluğu ve ailesel madde kullanımı arasındaki ilişki. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(3), 161-170.
  • Balkaya, F. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinde temas biçimlerinin öfke ve anksiyete ile ilişkisi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Baltariu, I. C., Enea, V., Kaffenberger, J., Duiverman, L. M. ve Aan Het Rot, M. (2023). The acute effects of alcohol on social cognition: A systematic review of experimental studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 245(109830), 109830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109830
  • Bartsch, L. A., King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A. ve Merianos, A. L. (2017). Self-esteem and alcohol use among youths. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 26(5), 414-424.
  • Beck, K. H., Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E. ve Wish, E. D. (2008). Social context of drinking and alcohol problems among college students. American Journal of Health Behavior, 32(4), 420-430.
  • Blank, M. L., Connor, J., Gray, A. ve Tustin, K. (2016). Alcohol use, mental well-being, self-esteem and general self-efficacy among final-year university students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(3), 431-441.
  • Buchbinder, J. (1986). Gestalt therapy and its application to alcoholism treatment. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 3(3), 49-67.
  • Burduli, N. (2019). Contact boundaries in love relationships. Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences, 12(1), 72–94. https://doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2019.186
  • Burris, J. L., Brechting, E. H., Salsman, J. ve Carlson, C. R. (2009). Factors associated with the psychological well-being and distress of university students. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 536-544.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Akademi.
  • Clemmens, M. C. (2014). Getting beyond sobriety: Clinical approaches to long-term recovery. Gestalt Press.
  • Collison, D., Banbury, S. ve Lusher, J. (2016). Relationships between age, sex, self-esteem and attitudes towards alcohol use amongst university students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 60(2), 16-34.
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  • Raykov, T. ve Marcoulides, G. A. (2008). An introduction to applied multivariate analysis. Routledge.
  • Roche, K. E. (1986). The character and process of recovery from alcoholism and the influence of psychological variables from Gestalt therapy homeostasis theory. Doktora Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health.
  • Rosenberg, S. S. ve Lynch, J. E. (2002). Fritz Perls revisited: A micro-assessment of a live clinical session. Gestalt Review, 6(3), 184-202.
  • Sayette, M. A. (1999). Does drinking reduce stress? Alcohol Research & Health, 23(4), 250–255.
  • Skinner, K. D. ve Veilleux, J. C. (2016). The interactive effects of drinking motives, age, and self-criticism in predicting hazardous drinking. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(10), 1342-1352.
  • Şimşek, Z., Koruk, İ. ve Altındağ, A. (2007). Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi ve Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin riskli sağlık davranışları. Toplum Hekimliği Bülteni, 26(3), 19-24.
  • Tagay, Ö., Voltan Acar, N. H. ve Cırcır, O. (2024). The relationships among ruminative thoughts, Gestalt contact disturbances and unfinished business. Current Psychology, 43(1), 609-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04335-4
  • Thoma, P., Friedmann, C. ve Suchan, B. (2013). Empathy and social problem solving in alcohol dependence, mood disorders and selected personality disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(3), 448-470.
  • Turhan, E., İnandı, T., Özer, C. ve Akoğlu, S. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinde madde kullanımı, şiddet ve bazı psikolojik özellikler. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 9(1), 33-44.
  • Tutal, N. (2023). Bağlanma, somatizasyon ve aleksitimi arasındaki ilişkide Geştalt temas kurma biçimleri ve Geştalt temas kurma kapasitesinin rolü. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Vatansever, M. ve Ozgur-Ilhan, I. (2021). Forgiveness, guilt, and shame in alcohol dependence: A comparative study in a Turkish sample. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 9(1), 43-49.
  • Walitzer, K. S. ve Sher, K. J. (1996). A prospective study of self-esteem and alcohol use disorders in early adulthood: Evidence for gender differences. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 20(6), 1118–1124.
  • Wisniewski, P., Jakubczyk, A., Trucco, E. M., Kobylinski, P., Suszek, H., Zaorska, J., Rydzewska, M. ve Kopera, M. (2023). Interoception, alexithymia, and anxiety among individuals with alcohol use disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1229985. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1229985
  • Woolf-King, S. E., Conroy, A. A., Fritz, K., Johnson, M. O., Hosegood, V., van Rooyen, H., Darbes, L. ve McGrath, N. (2019). Alcohol use and relationship quality among South African couples. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(4), 651-660.
  • Yontef, G. (1993). Awareness, dialogue & process: Essays on Gestalt therapy. The Gestalt Journal Press.
  • Zdankiewicz-Scigala, E. ve Scigala, D. K. (2019). Attachment style, early childhood trauma, alexithymia, and dissociation among persons addicted to alcohol: Structural equation model of dependencies. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2957. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02957

ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN ALKOL KULLANIM DÜZEYİNİN YORDANMASINDA, GEŞTALT TEMAS BİÇİMLERİ, TEMAS KURMA KAPASİTESİ VE BENLİK SAYGISININ ROLÜ

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 282 - 301, 31.10.2025

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı alkol kullanımında benlik saygısı, temas biçimleri ve temas kurma kapasitesi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olup olmadığını incelemektedir. Araştırmaya 481 kadın, 112 erkek olmak üzere toplamda 593 öğrenci katılmıştır. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak, Rosenberg benlik saygısı ölçeği, Michigan alkolizm tarama testi, Geştalt temas kurma kapasitesi ölçeği, Geştalt temas biçimleri yeniden düzenlenmiş formu ve kişisel bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu Türkiye’nin çeşitli üniversitelerinde ve bölümlerinde okuyan ön lisans, lisans ve yüksek lisans öğrencileri oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda, yakın ilişki, diyalog, kendine döndürme, saptırma ve temas kurma kapasitesi toplam puanlarının alkol kullanım düzeylerine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı şekilde farklılaştığı belirlenmiştir. Yakın ilişki, diyalog ve temas kurma kapasitesi toplam puanlarının alkol kötüye kullanan grupta daha yüksek bulunurken, saptırma ve kendine döndürme temas biçimlerinin bağımlılık geliştiren grupta daha fazla kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Benlik saygısı ile alkol kullanım düzeyi arasında bir ilişki bulunamamıştır. Bunun yanı sıra aşırı temasın alkol kullanım düzeyini pozitif yönde yordadığı ve empatinin alkol kullanım düzeyini negatif yönde yordadığı tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında elde edilen sonuçlar, özellikle üniversite öğrencileri arasında alkol kötüye kullanma açısından riskli grupta temas kurma örüntülerini ele almanın önemli olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Böylece gençlerin ileride yaşadıkları olumsuz deneyimler karşısında baş etme yöntemi olarak alkol kullanmalarını engellemek mümkün olacaktır.Bu çalışmanın temel hedefi, alkol kullanım düzeyi üzerinde geştalt temas biçimleri, geştalt temas kurma kapasitesi ve benlik saygısının rolünün incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın örneklemi, Türkiye’deki farklı üniversitelerde ön lisans, lisans ve lisansüstü düzeyde eğitim gören 112’si erkek, 481’i kadın olan 593 üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak, kişisel bilgi formu, Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği, Michigan Alkolizm Tarama Testi, Gestalt Temas Kapasitesi Ölçeği ve Gestalt Temas Biçimleri Gözden Geçirilmiş Formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, yakın ilişki, diyalog, içe dönme (retrofleksiyon), saptırma ve temas kapasitesi puanlarının alkol kullanım düzeyine bağlı olarak istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Alkolü kötüye kullanan bireylerde yakın ilişki, diyalog ve temas kapasitesi puanları daha yüksek çıkarken, alkol bağımlılığı olan grupta saptırma ve içe dönme temas biçimlerinin daha sık kullanıldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Alkol kullanımı ile benlik saygısı arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, aşırı temasın alkol kullanımını pozitif yönde, empatinin ise negatif yönde yordadığı tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, özellikle üniversite gençliği arasında alkol bağımlılığı riski taşıyan bireylerde temas kurma biçimlerinin incelenmesinin önemine işaret etmektedir. Bu sayede gençlerin, gelecekte karşılaşacakları olumsuz durumlarla baş etmek için alkole yönelmelerinin önüne geçilebilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Aktaş Gökdemir, C. (2002). Gestalt temas biçimleri ölçeği yeniden düzenlenmiş formun Türk örnekleminde faktör yapısı geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Arnett, J. J. (1994). Are college students adults? Their conceptions of the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 1(3), 154-168.
  • Atlam, D. H. ve Yüncü, Z. (2007). Üniversite öğrencilerinde sigara, alkol, madde kullanım bozukluğu ve ailesel madde kullanımı arasındaki ilişki. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(3), 161-170.
  • Balkaya, F. (2006). Üniversite öğrencilerinde temas biçimlerinin öfke ve anksiyete ile ilişkisi. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Baltariu, I. C., Enea, V., Kaffenberger, J., Duiverman, L. M. ve Aan Het Rot, M. (2023). The acute effects of alcohol on social cognition: A systematic review of experimental studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 245(109830), 109830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109830
  • Bartsch, L. A., King, K. A., Vidourek, R. A. ve Merianos, A. L. (2017). Self-esteem and alcohol use among youths. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 26(5), 414-424.
  • Beck, K. H., Arria, A. M., Caldeira, K. M., Vincent, K. B., O’Grady, K. E. ve Wish, E. D. (2008). Social context of drinking and alcohol problems among college students. American Journal of Health Behavior, 32(4), 420-430.
  • Blank, M. L., Connor, J., Gray, A. ve Tustin, K. (2016). Alcohol use, mental well-being, self-esteem and general self-efficacy among final-year university students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 51(3), 431-441.
  • Buchbinder, J. (1986). Gestalt therapy and its application to alcoholism treatment. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 3(3), 49-67.
  • Burduli, N. (2019). Contact boundaries in love relationships. Caucasus Journal of Social Sciences, 12(1), 72–94. https://doi.org/10.62343/cjss.2019.186
  • Burris, J. L., Brechting, E. H., Salsman, J. ve Carlson, C. R. (2009). Factors associated with the psychological well-being and distress of university students. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 536-544.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2012). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Pegem Akademi.
  • Clemmens, M. C. (2014). Getting beyond sobriety: Clinical approaches to long-term recovery. Gestalt Press.
  • Collison, D., Banbury, S. ve Lusher, J. (2016). Relationships between age, sex, self-esteem and attitudes towards alcohol use amongst university students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 60(2), 16-34.
  • Corbin, W. R., McNair, L. D. ve Carter, J. (1996). Self-esteem and problem drinking among male and female college students. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 42(1), 1–14.
  • Coşkunol, H., Bağdiken, İ., Sorias, S. ve Saygılı, R. (1995). Michigan Alkolizm Tarama Testinin (MATT) geçerliliği. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 34(1), 15-18.
  • Çıkrıkçı, N. (2024). What psychological structures can support the satisfaction of basic psychological needs? Attachment styles, childhood maltreatment experiences, and the role of interpersonal communication competence. International Journal of Turkish Education Sciences, 12(2), 957-988. https://doi.org/10.46778/goputeb.1464184
  • Çuhadaroğlu, F. (1986). Adolesanlarda benlik saygısı. Uzmanlık Tezi, Hacettepe University.
  • Daş, C. (2006). Büyümek ve bütünleşmek: Gestalt terapi yaklaşımı. HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Dvorak, R. D., Sargent, E. M., Kilwein, T. M., Stevenson, B. L., Kuvaas, N. J. ve Williams, T. J. (2014). Alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences: Associations with emotion regulation difficulties. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 40(2), 125-130.
  • Eastwood, A. P., Penton-Voak, I. S., Munafò, M. R. ve Attwood, A. S. (2020). Effects of acute alcohol consumption on emotion recognition in high and low trait aggressive drinkers. Journal of Psychopharmacology (Oxford, England), 34(11), 1226–1236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269881120922951
  • Eilert, D. W. ve Buchheim, A. (2023). Attachment-related differences in emotion regulation in adults: A systematic review on attachment representations. Brain Sciences, 13(6), 884. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13060884
  • Fairbairn, C. E. (2017). Drinking among strangers: A meta-analysis examining familiarity as a moderator of alcohol’s rewarding effects. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 255-263.
  • Fairbairn, C. E. ve Kang, D. (2025). Social drinking and addiction: A social-cognitive model for understanding alcohol use disorder risk. Current Directions in Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214251318272
  • Fleming, C. B., White, H. R., Oesterle, S., Haggerty, K. P. ve Catalano, R. F. (2010). Romantic relationship status changes and substance use among 18- to 20-year-olds. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(6), 847–856. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsad.2010.71.847
  • Gibbs, L. E. (1983). Validity and reliability of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: A review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 12(3), 279-285.
  • Gierski, F., De Wever, E., Benzerouk, F., Lannoy, S., Kaladjian, A., Naassila, M. ve Quaglino, V. (2020). Disentangling the relationship between self-esteem and problematic alcohol use among college students: Evidence from a cluster analytic approach. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 55(2), 196-203.
  • Gilles, D. M., Turk, C. L. ve Fresco, D. M. (2006). Social anxiety, alcohol expectancies, and self-efficacy as predictors of heavy drinking in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 388-398.
  • Graceffo, S. A. (1979). Alcoholism and self-responsibility: The Gestalt approach. Journal of Drug Education, 9(3), 227-242.
  • Greenberg, J. L., Lewis, S. E. ve Dodd, D. K. (1999). Overlapping addictions and self-esteem among college men and women. Addictive Behaviors, 24(4), 565-571.
  • Hoopingarner, R. A. (1987). Reliability study of the Gestalt Contact Styles Questionnaire-Revised (GCSQ-R). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Kaisler, R. E., Fede, M., Diltsch, U., Probst, T. ve Schaffler, Y. (2023). Common mental disorders in Gestalt therapy treatment: a multiple case study comparing patients with moderate and low integrated personality structures. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1304726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1304726
  • Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Nobel Yayınları. Kepner, J. I. (1983). Questionnaire measurement of personality styles from the Theory of Gestalt therapy. Doktora Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Kirkpatrick, M. G., Cho, J., Stone, M. D., Bae, D., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Pang, R. D. ve Leventhal, A. M. (2021). Social facilitation of alcohol subjective effects in adolescents: Associations with subsequent alcohol use. Psychopharmacology, 238(4), 887-897.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
  • Kornreich, C., Foisy, M. L., Philippot, P., Dan, B., Tecco, J., Noel, X. ve Verbanck, P. (2003). Impaired emotional facial expression recognition in alcoholics, opiate dependence subjects, methadone maintained subjects and mixed alcohol-opiate antecedents subjects compared with normal controls. Psychiatry Research, 119(3), 251-260.
  • Kudiaki, Ç. ve Sezgin, N. (2018). An examination of Gestalt contact styles, anger and anxiety levels of headache and non-headache groups (Turkish). Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 21(1), 68-78.
  • Kumar, L., Skrzynski, C. J. ve Creswell, K. G. (2022). Meta-analysis of associations between empathy and alcohol use and problems in clinical and non-clinical samples. Addiction, 117(11), 2793-2804.
  • Lau, A., Li, R., Huang, C., Du, J., Heinzel, S., Zhao, M. ve Liu, S. (2023). Self-esteem mediates the effects of loneliness on problematic alcohol use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01035-9
  • Lawrence, S. A., Abel, E. M. ve Hall, T. (2010). Protective strategies and alcohol use among college students: Ethnic and gender differences. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 9(4), 284-300.
  • Lyvers, M., Hanigan, C. ve Thorberg, F. A. (2018). Social interaction anxiety, alexithymia, and drinking motives in Australian university students. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 50(5), 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2018.1517228
  • Lyvers, M., McCann, K., Coundouris, S., Edwards, M. S. ve Thorberg, F. A. (2018). Alexithymia in relation to alcohol use, emotion recognition, and empathy: The role of externally oriented thinking. American Journal of Psychology, 131(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.131.1.0041
  • Mackewn, J. (1997). Developing Gestalt counseling. Sage Publications.
  • Mann, D. (2025). Retroflection. In Gestalt Therapy: 100 Points & Techniques. Routledge.
  • Marshal, M. P. (2003). For better or for worse? The effects of alcohol use on marital functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(7), 959-997.
  • Martinotti, G., Nicola, M. D., Tedeschi, D., Cundari, S. ve Janiri, L. (2009). Empathy ability is impaired in alcohol-dependent patients. American Journal on Addictions, 18(2), 157-161.
  • Maurage, P., Grynberg, D., Noël, X., Joassin, F., Philippot, P., Hanak, C. ve Campanella, S. (2011). Dissociation between affective and cognitive empathy in alcoholism: A specific deficit for the emotional dimension. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(9), 1662-1668.
  • McKay, M. T., Sumnall, H. R., Cole, J. C. ve Percy, A. (2012). Self-esteem and self-efficacy: Associations with alcohol consumption in a sample of adolescents in Northern Ireland. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 19(1), 72-80.
  • Mitrovic, M., Hadzi-Pesic, M., Stojanovic, D. ve Milicevic, N. (2014). Personality traits and global self-esteem of alcohol addicts. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 255-259.
  • Neighbors, C., Lee, C. M., Lewis, M. A., Fossos, N. ve Larimer, M. E. (2007). Are social norms the best predictor of outcomes among heavy-drinking college students? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(4), 556-565.
  • Neumann, C. A., Leffingwell, T. R., Wagner, E. F., Mignogna, J. ve Mignogna, M. (2009). Self-esteem and gender influence the response to risk information among alcohol using college students. Journal of Substance Use, 14(6), 353-363.
  • Pilatti, A., Read, J. ve Pautassi, M. (2016). ELSA 2016 cohort: Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use and their association with age of drug use onset, risk perception, and social norms in Argentinean college freshmen. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1452. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01452
  • Polster, E. ve Polster, M. (1974). Gestalt therapy integrated: Contours of theory and practice. Vintage Books.
  • Raucher-Chene, D., Cuervo-Lombard, C. V. ve Kaladjian, A. (2013). Could emotional awareness influence drinking outcomes in an alcohol-dependent population? European Psychiatry, 28(S1), 1.
  • Raykov, T. ve Marcoulides, G. A. (2008). An introduction to applied multivariate analysis. Routledge.
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  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health.
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  • Skinner, K. D. ve Veilleux, J. C. (2016). The interactive effects of drinking motives, age, and self-criticism in predicting hazardous drinking. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(10), 1342-1352.
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  • Thoma, P., Friedmann, C. ve Suchan, B. (2013). Empathy and social problem solving in alcohol dependence, mood disorders and selected personality disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(3), 448-470.
  • Turhan, E., İnandı, T., Özer, C. ve Akoğlu, S. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinde madde kullanımı, şiddet ve bazı psikolojik özellikler. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 9(1), 33-44.
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The Role of Gestalt Contact Styles, Gestalt Contact Capacity and Self-Esteem in Predicting the Alcohol Use Level of University Students

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 282 - 301, 31.10.2025

Öz

The aim of this study is to examine whether there is a significant relationship between alcohol use and self-esteem, contact styles, and contact capacity. A total of 593 university students participated in the study, including 481 females and 112 males. The data collection instruments used in the research were the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, the Gestalt Contact Styles Revised Form, the Gestalt Contact Capacity Scale, and a personal information form. The sample consisted of associate, undergraduate, and graduate students studying in various departments and universities across Turkey. The results revealed that total scores for intimate relationship, dialogue, retroflection, deflection, and contact capacity significantly differed according to levels of alcohol use. While intimate relationship, dialogue, and contact capacity scores were found to be higher in the alcohol misuse group, retroflection and deflection contact styles were more commonly observed in individuals who had developed dependency. No significant relationship was found between self-esteem and the level of alcohol use. However, overcontact was found to positively predict alcohol use, whereas empathy negatively predicted alcohol use. The findings of the study highlight the importance of addressing contact patterns, particularly among university students who are at risk for alcohol misuse. In doing so, it may be possible to prevent young individuals from turning to alcohol as a coping mechanism in response to adverse life experiences in the future.

Kaynakça

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  • Gibbs, L. E. (1983). Validity and reliability of the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: A review. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 12(3), 279-285.
  • Gierski, F., De Wever, E., Benzerouk, F., Lannoy, S., Kaladjian, A., Naassila, M. ve Quaglino, V. (2020). Disentangling the relationship between self-esteem and problematic alcohol use among college students: Evidence from a cluster analytic approach. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 55(2), 196-203.
  • Gilles, D. M., Turk, C. L. ve Fresco, D. M. (2006). Social anxiety, alcohol expectancies, and self-efficacy as predictors of heavy drinking in college students. Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 388-398.
  • Graceffo, S. A. (1979). Alcoholism and self-responsibility: The Gestalt approach. Journal of Drug Education, 9(3), 227-242.
  • Greenberg, J. L., Lewis, S. E. ve Dodd, D. K. (1999). Overlapping addictions and self-esteem among college men and women. Addictive Behaviors, 24(4), 565-571.
  • Hoopingarner, R. A. (1987). Reliability study of the Gestalt Contact Styles Questionnaire-Revised (GCSQ-R). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Kaisler, R. E., Fede, M., Diltsch, U., Probst, T. ve Schaffler, Y. (2023). Common mental disorders in Gestalt therapy treatment: a multiple case study comparing patients with moderate and low integrated personality structures. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1304726. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1304726
  • Karasar, N. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Nobel Yayınları. Kepner, J. I. (1983). Questionnaire measurement of personality styles from the Theory of Gestalt therapy. Doktora Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Kirkpatrick, M. G., Cho, J., Stone, M. D., Bae, D., Barrington-Trimis, J. L., Pang, R. D. ve Leventhal, A. M. (2021). Social facilitation of alcohol subjective effects in adolescents: Associations with subsequent alcohol use. Psychopharmacology, 238(4), 887-897.
  • Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
  • Kornreich, C., Foisy, M. L., Philippot, P., Dan, B., Tecco, J., Noel, X. ve Verbanck, P. (2003). Impaired emotional facial expression recognition in alcoholics, opiate dependence subjects, methadone maintained subjects and mixed alcohol-opiate antecedents subjects compared with normal controls. Psychiatry Research, 119(3), 251-260.
  • Kudiaki, Ç. ve Sezgin, N. (2018). An examination of Gestalt contact styles, anger and anxiety levels of headache and non-headache groups (Turkish). Turkish Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 21(1), 68-78.
  • Kumar, L., Skrzynski, C. J. ve Creswell, K. G. (2022). Meta-analysis of associations between empathy and alcohol use and problems in clinical and non-clinical samples. Addiction, 117(11), 2793-2804.
  • Lau, A., Li, R., Huang, C., Du, J., Heinzel, S., Zhao, M. ve Liu, S. (2023). Self-esteem mediates the effects of loneliness on problematic alcohol use. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-023-01035-9
  • Lawrence, S. A., Abel, E. M. ve Hall, T. (2010). Protective strategies and alcohol use among college students: Ethnic and gender differences. Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse, 9(4), 284-300.
  • Lyvers, M., Hanigan, C. ve Thorberg, F. A. (2018). Social interaction anxiety, alexithymia, and drinking motives in Australian university students. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 50(5), 402–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2018.1517228
  • Lyvers, M., McCann, K., Coundouris, S., Edwards, M. S. ve Thorberg, F. A. (2018). Alexithymia in relation to alcohol use, emotion recognition, and empathy: The role of externally oriented thinking. American Journal of Psychology, 131(1), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.5406/amerjpsyc.131.1.0041
  • Mackewn, J. (1997). Developing Gestalt counseling. Sage Publications.
  • Mann, D. (2025). Retroflection. In Gestalt Therapy: 100 Points & Techniques. Routledge.
  • Marshal, M. P. (2003). For better or for worse? The effects of alcohol use on marital functioning. Clinical Psychology Review, 23(7), 959-997.
  • Martinotti, G., Nicola, M. D., Tedeschi, D., Cundari, S. ve Janiri, L. (2009). Empathy ability is impaired in alcohol-dependent patients. American Journal on Addictions, 18(2), 157-161.
  • Maurage, P., Grynberg, D., Noël, X., Joassin, F., Philippot, P., Hanak, C. ve Campanella, S. (2011). Dissociation between affective and cognitive empathy in alcoholism: A specific deficit for the emotional dimension. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35(9), 1662-1668.
  • McKay, M. T., Sumnall, H. R., Cole, J. C. ve Percy, A. (2012). Self-esteem and self-efficacy: Associations with alcohol consumption in a sample of adolescents in Northern Ireland. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 19(1), 72-80.
  • Mitrovic, M., Hadzi-Pesic, M., Stojanovic, D. ve Milicevic, N. (2014). Personality traits and global self-esteem of alcohol addicts. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 255-259.
  • Neighbors, C., Lee, C. M., Lewis, M. A., Fossos, N. ve Larimer, M. E. (2007). Are social norms the best predictor of outcomes among heavy-drinking college students? Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68(4), 556-565.
  • Neumann, C. A., Leffingwell, T. R., Wagner, E. F., Mignogna, J. ve Mignogna, M. (2009). Self-esteem and gender influence the response to risk information among alcohol using college students. Journal of Substance Use, 14(6), 353-363.
  • Pilatti, A., Read, J. ve Pautassi, M. (2016). ELSA 2016 cohort: Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use and their association with age of drug use onset, risk perception, and social norms in Argentinean college freshmen. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1452. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01452
  • Polster, E. ve Polster, M. (1974). Gestalt therapy integrated: Contours of theory and practice. Vintage Books.
  • Raucher-Chene, D., Cuervo-Lombard, C. V. ve Kaladjian, A. (2013). Could emotional awareness influence drinking outcomes in an alcohol-dependent population? European Psychiatry, 28(S1), 1.
  • Raykov, T. ve Marcoulides, G. A. (2008). An introduction to applied multivariate analysis. Routledge.
  • Roche, K. E. (1986). The character and process of recovery from alcoholism and the influence of psychological variables from Gestalt therapy homeostasis theory. Doktora Tezi, Kent State University.
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale. Journal of Religion and Health.
  • Rosenberg, S. S. ve Lynch, J. E. (2002). Fritz Perls revisited: A micro-assessment of a live clinical session. Gestalt Review, 6(3), 184-202.
  • Sayette, M. A. (1999). Does drinking reduce stress? Alcohol Research & Health, 23(4), 250–255.
  • Skinner, K. D. ve Veilleux, J. C. (2016). The interactive effects of drinking motives, age, and self-criticism in predicting hazardous drinking. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(10), 1342-1352.
  • Şimşek, Z., Koruk, İ. ve Altındağ, A. (2007). Harran Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi ve Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin riskli sağlık davranışları. Toplum Hekimliği Bülteni, 26(3), 19-24.
  • Tagay, Ö., Voltan Acar, N. H. ve Cırcır, O. (2024). The relationships among ruminative thoughts, Gestalt contact disturbances and unfinished business. Current Psychology, 43(1), 609-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04335-4
  • Thoma, P., Friedmann, C. ve Suchan, B. (2013). Empathy and social problem solving in alcohol dependence, mood disorders and selected personality disorders. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 37(3), 448-470.
  • Turhan, E., İnandı, T., Özer, C. ve Akoğlu, S. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinde madde kullanımı, şiddet ve bazı psikolojik özellikler. Turkish Journal of Public Health, 9(1), 33-44.
  • Tutal, N. (2023). Bağlanma, somatizasyon ve aleksitimi arasındaki ilişkide Geştalt temas kurma biçimleri ve Geştalt temas kurma kapasitesinin rolü. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Vatansever, M. ve Ozgur-Ilhan, I. (2021). Forgiveness, guilt, and shame in alcohol dependence: A comparative study in a Turkish sample. International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research, 9(1), 43-49.
  • Walitzer, K. S. ve Sher, K. J. (1996). A prospective study of self-esteem and alcohol use disorders in early adulthood: Evidence for gender differences. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 20(6), 1118–1124.
  • Wisniewski, P., Jakubczyk, A., Trucco, E. M., Kobylinski, P., Suszek, H., Zaorska, J., Rydzewska, M. ve Kopera, M. (2023). Interoception, alexithymia, and anxiety among individuals with alcohol use disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14, 1229985. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1229985
  • Woolf-King, S. E., Conroy, A. A., Fritz, K., Johnson, M. O., Hosegood, V., van Rooyen, H., Darbes, L. ve McGrath, N. (2019). Alcohol use and relationship quality among South African couples. Substance Use & Misuse, 54(4), 651-660.
  • Yontef, G. (1993). Awareness, dialogue & process: Essays on Gestalt therapy. The Gestalt Journal Press.
  • Zdankiewicz-Scigala, E. ve Scigala, D. K. (2019). Attachment style, early childhood trauma, alexithymia, and dissociation among persons addicted to alcohol: Structural equation model of dependencies. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2957. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02957
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Gelişim Psikolojisi (Diğer), Sosyal ve Kişilik Psikolojisi (Diğer)
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Belma Zirekoğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ekim 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 17 Ekim 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Zirekoğlu, B. (2025). ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN ALKOL KULLANIM DÜZEYİNİN YORDANMASINDA, GEŞTALT TEMAS BİÇİMLERİ, TEMAS KURMA KAPASİTESİ VE BENLİK SAYGISININ ROLÜ. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(4), 282-301.