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            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>atad</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Akademik Tarih ve Araştırmalar Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">2687-5624</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Mehmet ÇELİK</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.56448/ataddergi.1897081</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Cultural Studies of Nation and Region</subject>
                                                            <subject>International Relations (Other)</subject>
                                                            <subject>General Turkish History (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Ulus ve Bölgenin Kültürel Çalışmaları</subject>
                                                            <subject>Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)</subject>
                                                            <subject>Genel Türk Tarihi (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                                                            <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>Mughal Envoys Sent to Europe: The Diplomatic Missions of Mirza I’tisamüddin and Ram Mohan Roy</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>AVRUPA&#039;YA GÖNDERILEN BÂBÜRLÜ ELÇİLERİ: MİRZA İ&#039;TİSAMÜDDİN VE RAM MOHAN ROY&#039;UN DİPLOMATİK MİSYONLARI</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8949-163X</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Meral</surname>
                                    <given-names>Vedat</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                        <volume>9</volume>
                                        <issue>15</issue>
                                        <fpage>37</fpage>
                                        <lpage>58</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260224">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>24</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260428">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>28</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2019, Akademik Tarih ve Araştırmalar Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2019</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Akademik Tarih ve Araştırmalar Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                                        <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This was accomplished by the envoys sent to Europe by the Baburid rulers Shah Alam II and Akbar Shah II, and the missions carried out by these envoys. Baburid envoys sent from India to Europe were not as widespread as European envoys sent to India; in this respect, historical diplomatic contacts were generally initiated not by the Baburid Empire, but by Europeans seeking a commercial share of India’s wealth during the reigns of influential emperors such as Akbar (I) and Jahangir in the 16th and 17th centuries. In this context, while the Bâbürid Empire frequently communicated with Europeans such as the British, Portuguese, Dutch, French, Spanish and French who came to their courts, Baburid ambassadors sent directly to European courts were very few in number compared to European embassies sent to India. Indeed, the Baburid missions sent to Europe only occurred twice, during the 18th and 19th centuries, when the empire was in decline. Indeed, Shah Alam, who lost the Battle of Buksar against the British in 1764 and was subsequently forced to sign the Allahabad Treaty with its harsh terms, sent Mirza Itesa Modeen in 1765 to deliver his letter and gifts to King George III of England. George III of England. In 1830, Ram Mohan Roy was sent to Europe as an ambassador, partly as a representative of Akbar Shah and partly as a diplomatic officer of the British East India Company.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu çalışmada, Bâbürlü hükümdarları II. Şah Âlem ve II. Ekber Şah tarafından Avrupa’ya gönderilen elçiler ve bu elçilerin diplomatik misyonları incelenmiştir. Hindistan’dan Avrupa’ya gönderilen Bâbürlü elçileri, Hindistan’a gönderilen Avrupalı elçileri kadar yaygın değildi; bu bakımdan, tarihi diplomatik temaslar genellikle Bâbür İmparatorluğu tarafından değil, 16. ve 17. yüzyıllarda Ekber Şah (I) ve Cihangir Şah gibi nüfuzlu imparatorların saltanatları sırasında Hindistan’ın zenginliklerinden ticari pay kapmak isteyen Avrupalılar tarafından başlatılmıştı. Bu bağlamda Bâbür İmparatorluğu, saraylarına gelen İngiliz, Portekizli, Hollandalı, İtalyan, İspanyol ve Fransızlar gibi Avrupalılarla sık sık iletişim kurarken, Avrupa saraylarına doğrudan gönderilen Bâbürlü elçileri, Hindistan’a gönderilen Avrupa elçiliklerine kıyasla çok azdı. Zira Avrupa’ya gönderilen Bâbürlü elçilikleri, toplamda iki kez olmak üzere, sadece imparatorluğun çöküş dönemlerini yaşadığı 18. ve 19. yüzyıllarda gerçekleşti. Nitekim, 1764’de gerçekleşen Buksar Muharebesi’ni İngilizlere karşı kaybeden ve akabinde ağır şartlar içeren Allahabad Antlaşmasını imzalamak zorunda kalan Şah Âlem’in, İngiltere Kralı III. George’a yazdığı mektubu ve hediyeleri teslim etmek üzere 1765’de Mirza İ’tisamüddin, kısmen Ekber Şah’ın temsilcisi, kısmen de İngiliz Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’nin diplomasi görevlisi olarak da Ram Mohan Roy 1830’da Avrupa’ya elçi olarak gönderildi.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                                                    <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>II. Şah Âlem</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  II. Ekber Şah</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Mirza İ’tisamüddin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ram Mohan Roy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Avrupa.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Shah Alam II</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Akbar II</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Mirza Itesa Modeen</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Ram Mohan Roy</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Europe.</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
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