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CONCENTRATIONS and WET DEPOSITION FLUXES of POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) in a SUBURBAN LOCATION of ESKİŞEHiR

Year 2017, Volume: 18 Issue: 5, 1066 - 1076, 31.12.2017

Abstract

Wet-only precipitation samples were
collected using a collection plate between June 2007 and April 2008, in
Eskişehir, Turkey. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in
precipitation samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). PAH
concentrations in the sampling location in atmospheric gas and particle phase
samples were also determined. Significant difference in atmospheric
concentrations and precipitation samples were observed. Annual PAH flux was found
comparable with other cities in Turkey and calculated around 177.2±120.4 μg m-2
day-1. Wet deposition was noticed an important mechanism on removal
of semi-volatile organic compounds from atmosphere. 

References

  • Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN. Atmospheric Chemistry Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques, Wiley, 2000.
  • Odabaşı M, Çetin E, Sofuoğlu A. Determination of octanol-air partition coefficients and supercooled liquid vapor pressures of PAHs as a function of temperature: application to gas-particle partitioning in an urban atmsphere Atmos. Environ. 40: 6615-6625, 2006.
  • Gaga EO, Arı A. Gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban traffic site in Eskişehir, Turkey Atmos. Res. 99: 207-216, 2011.
  • Lodovici M, Venturini M, Marini E, Grechi D, Dolara P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons air levels in Florence, Italy, and their correlation with other air pollutants Chemosphere. 50: 377-382. 2003.
  • Masih A, Taneja A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations and related carcinogenic potencies in soil at a semi-arid region of India Chemosphere. 65: 449-456, 2006.
  • Cincinelli A, Del Bubba M, Martellini T, Gambaro A, Lepri L. Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy) Chemosphere. 68: 472-478, 2007.
  • Keith LH. The source of U.S. EPA’s sixteen PAH priority pollutants Polycycl. Aromat. Comp. 35: 147-160, 2015.
  • Wang Q, Liu M, Li Y, Liu Y, Li S, Ge R. Dry and wet deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and comparison with typical media in urban system of Shanghai, China Atmos. Environ. 144: 175-181, 2016.
  • Skupinska K, Misiewicz I, Kasprzycka-Guttman T. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: physiochemical properties, environmental appearance and impact on living organisms. Acta. Pol. Pharm. 61: 233-240, 2004.
  • Bozlaker A, Muezzinoglu A, Odabasi M. Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey. J. Hazard. Mater. 153: 1093-1102, 2008.
  • Gigliotti CL, Totten LA, Offenberg JH, Dachs J, Reinfelder JR, Nelson ED. Thomas RIV, Eisenreich SJ. Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the Mid-Atlantic East Coast Region Environ. Sci. Technol. 39: 5550-5559, 2005.
  • Shannigrahi A, Fukushima T, Ozaki N. Comparison of different methods for measuring dry deposition fluxes of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient air Atmos. Environ. 39: 653- 662, 2005.
  • Birgül A, Tasdemir Y, Cindoruk SS. Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determined using a modified sampler Atmos. Res.101: 341-353, 2011.
  • Liu F, Xu Y, Liu J, Liu D, Li J, Zhang G, Li X, Zou S, Lai S. Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to a coastal site of Hong Kong, South China Atmos. Environ. 69: 265- 272, 2013.
  • Liu M, Wang L. Research progress in multimedia cycle processes and simulation of POPs in urban surface system China Environ. Sci. 33: 2018- 2026, 2013.
  • Pekey B, Karakas D, Ayberk S. Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Izmit Bay, Turkey Chemosphere. 67: 537-547, 2007.
  • Esen F, Cindoruk SS, Tasdemir Y. Bulk deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial site of Turkey Environ. Pollut. 152: 461-467, 2008.
  • Shelley RU, Roca-Marti M, Castrillejo M, Masque P, Landing WM, Planquette H, Sarthou G. Quantification of trace element atmospheric deposition fluxes to the Atlantic Ocean (>40°N; GEOVIDE, GEOTRACES GA01) during spring 2014 Deep-Sea Res. I. 119: 34-49, 2017.
  • Bartolome L, Cortazar E, Raposo JC, Usobiaga A, Zuloaga O, Etxebarria N, Fernández LA. Simultaneous microwave-assisted extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalate esters and nonylphenols in sediments J. Chromotogr. A. 1068: 229–236, 2005.
  • Gaga EO, Arı A, Döğeroğlu T, Çakırca EE, Machin NE. Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an industrialized city, Kocaeli, Turkey: study of seasonal variations, influence of meteorological parameters and health risk estimation J. Environ. Monit. 14: 2219- 2229, 2012.
  • Tsapakis M, Stephanou EG. Occurrence of gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: study of sources and ambient temperature effect on the pas/particle concentration and distribution Environ. Pollut. 133: 147-156, 2005.
  • Gaga EO, Döğeroğlu T, Özden Ö, Arı A, Yay OD, Altuğ H, Akyol N, Örnektekin S, Van Doorn W. Evaluation of air quality by active and passive sampling in an urban city in Turkey: current status and spatial analysis of air pollution exposure Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 19: 3579-3596, 2012.
  • Kiss G, Varga-Puchony Z, Hlavay J. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precipitation using solid-phase extraction and column liquid chromatography. J. Chromotogr. A. 725: 261-272, 1996.
  • Huang D, Peng P, Xu Y, Deng Y, Deng H. Distribution and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precipitation in Guangzhou, South China J. Environ. Sci. 21: 654-660, 2009.
  • Cavalcante RM, Sousa FW, Nascimento RF, Silveira ER, Viana RB. Influence of urban activities on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precipitation: distribution, sources and depositional flux in a developing metropolis, Fortaleza, Brazil Sci. Total Environ. 414: 287-292, 2012.
  • Gaga EO, Tuncel G, Tuncel SG. Sources and wet deposition fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban site 1000 meters high in central Anatolia (Turkey) Environ. Forensics 10: 286-298, 2009.
  • Olivella MA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rainwater and surface waters of Lake Maggiore, a subalpine lake in Northern Italy Chemosphere. 63: 116-131, 2006.
  • Guo H, Lee SC, Ho KF, Wang XM, Zou SC. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong Atmos. Environ. 37: 5307-5317, 2003.
  • Zhang W, Zhang SC, Wan C, Yue DP, Ye YB, Wang XJ. Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall Environ. Pollut. 153: 594–601, 2008.
  • Dickhut RM, Canuel EA, Gustafson KE, Liu K, Arzayus KM, Walker SE, Edgecombe G, Gaylor MO, MacDonald EH. Automotive sources of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matter in the Chesapeake Bay region Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 4635 – 4640, 2000.
  • Soclo HH, Garrigues P, Ewald M. Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal marine sediments: case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40: 387-396, 2000.
  • Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT. Sources of fine organic aerosol: 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks Environ. Sci. and Technol. 27: 636-651, 1993.
  • Sicre MA, Marty JC, Saliot A, Aparicio X, Grimalt J, Albaiges J. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in different sized aerosols over the Mediterranean sea: occurence and origin Atmos. Environ. 21: 2247-2259, 1987.
  • Schauer JJ, Kleeman MJ, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources, 3. C1–C29 organic compounds from fireplace combustion of wood Environ. Sci. Technol. 35: 1716-1728, 2001.
  • Ravindra K, Sokhi R, Van Grieken R. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation Atmos. Environ. 42: 2895-2921. 2008.
  • Skrdlikova L, Landlova L, Klánová J, Lammel G. Wet deposition and scavenging efficiency of gaseous and particulate phase polycyclic aromatic compounds at a central European suburban site Atmos. Environ. 45: 4305-4312, 2011.
  • Gaga EO, Döğeroğlu T, Özden Ö, Arı A, Yay OD, Altuğ H, Akyol N, Örnektekin S, van Doorn W. Evaluation of air quality by passive and active sampling in an urban city in Turkey: current status and spatial analysis of air pollution exposure. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19: 3579-3596, 2012.
Year 2017, Volume: 18 Issue: 5, 1066 - 1076, 31.12.2017

Abstract

References

  • Finlayson-Pitts BJ, Pitts JN. Atmospheric Chemistry Fundamentals and Experimental Techniques, Wiley, 2000.
  • Odabaşı M, Çetin E, Sofuoğlu A. Determination of octanol-air partition coefficients and supercooled liquid vapor pressures of PAHs as a function of temperature: application to gas-particle partitioning in an urban atmsphere Atmos. Environ. 40: 6615-6625, 2006.
  • Gaga EO, Arı A. Gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban traffic site in Eskişehir, Turkey Atmos. Res. 99: 207-216, 2011.
  • Lodovici M, Venturini M, Marini E, Grechi D, Dolara P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons air levels in Florence, Italy, and their correlation with other air pollutants Chemosphere. 50: 377-382. 2003.
  • Masih A, Taneja A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) concentrations and related carcinogenic potencies in soil at a semi-arid region of India Chemosphere. 65: 449-456, 2006.
  • Cincinelli A, Del Bubba M, Martellini T, Gambaro A, Lepri L. Gas-particle concentration and distribution of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of Prato (Italy) Chemosphere. 68: 472-478, 2007.
  • Keith LH. The source of U.S. EPA’s sixteen PAH priority pollutants Polycycl. Aromat. Comp. 35: 147-160, 2015.
  • Wang Q, Liu M, Li Y, Liu Y, Li S, Ge R. Dry and wet deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and comparison with typical media in urban system of Shanghai, China Atmos. Environ. 144: 175-181, 2016.
  • Skupinska K, Misiewicz I, Kasprzycka-Guttman T. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: physiochemical properties, environmental appearance and impact on living organisms. Acta. Pol. Pharm. 61: 233-240, 2004.
  • Bozlaker A, Muezzinoglu A, Odabasi M. Atmospheric concentrations, dry deposition and air-soil exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial region in Turkey. J. Hazard. Mater. 153: 1093-1102, 2008.
  • Gigliotti CL, Totten LA, Offenberg JH, Dachs J, Reinfelder JR, Nelson ED. Thomas RIV, Eisenreich SJ. Atmospheric concentrations and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to the Mid-Atlantic East Coast Region Environ. Sci. Technol. 39: 5550-5559, 2005.
  • Shannigrahi A, Fukushima T, Ozaki N. Comparison of different methods for measuring dry deposition fluxes of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the ambient air Atmos. Environ. 39: 653- 662, 2005.
  • Birgül A, Tasdemir Y, Cindoruk SS. Atmospheric wet and dry deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) determined using a modified sampler Atmos. Res.101: 341-353, 2011.
  • Liu F, Xu Y, Liu J, Liu D, Li J, Zhang G, Li X, Zou S, Lai S. Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to a coastal site of Hong Kong, South China Atmos. Environ. 69: 265- 272, 2013.
  • Liu M, Wang L. Research progress in multimedia cycle processes and simulation of POPs in urban surface system China Environ. Sci. 33: 2018- 2026, 2013.
  • Pekey B, Karakas D, Ayberk S. Atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Izmit Bay, Turkey Chemosphere. 67: 537-547, 2007.
  • Esen F, Cindoruk SS, Tasdemir Y. Bulk deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an industrial site of Turkey Environ. Pollut. 152: 461-467, 2008.
  • Shelley RU, Roca-Marti M, Castrillejo M, Masque P, Landing WM, Planquette H, Sarthou G. Quantification of trace element atmospheric deposition fluxes to the Atlantic Ocean (>40°N; GEOVIDE, GEOTRACES GA01) during spring 2014 Deep-Sea Res. I. 119: 34-49, 2017.
  • Bartolome L, Cortazar E, Raposo JC, Usobiaga A, Zuloaga O, Etxebarria N, Fernández LA. Simultaneous microwave-assisted extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalate esters and nonylphenols in sediments J. Chromotogr. A. 1068: 229–236, 2005.
  • Gaga EO, Arı A, Döğeroğlu T, Çakırca EE, Machin NE. Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in an industrialized city, Kocaeli, Turkey: study of seasonal variations, influence of meteorological parameters and health risk estimation J. Environ. Monit. 14: 2219- 2229, 2012.
  • Tsapakis M, Stephanou EG. Occurrence of gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban atmosphere: study of sources and ambient temperature effect on the pas/particle concentration and distribution Environ. Pollut. 133: 147-156, 2005.
  • Gaga EO, Döğeroğlu T, Özden Ö, Arı A, Yay OD, Altuğ H, Akyol N, Örnektekin S, Van Doorn W. Evaluation of air quality by active and passive sampling in an urban city in Turkey: current status and spatial analysis of air pollution exposure Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 19: 3579-3596, 2012.
  • Kiss G, Varga-Puchony Z, Hlavay J. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precipitation using solid-phase extraction and column liquid chromatography. J. Chromotogr. A. 725: 261-272, 1996.
  • Huang D, Peng P, Xu Y, Deng Y, Deng H. Distribution and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precipitation in Guangzhou, South China J. Environ. Sci. 21: 654-660, 2009.
  • Cavalcante RM, Sousa FW, Nascimento RF, Silveira ER, Viana RB. Influence of urban activities on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in precipitation: distribution, sources and depositional flux in a developing metropolis, Fortaleza, Brazil Sci. Total Environ. 414: 287-292, 2012.
  • Gaga EO, Tuncel G, Tuncel SG. Sources and wet deposition fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban site 1000 meters high in central Anatolia (Turkey) Environ. Forensics 10: 286-298, 2009.
  • Olivella MA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in rainwater and surface waters of Lake Maggiore, a subalpine lake in Northern Italy Chemosphere. 63: 116-131, 2006.
  • Guo H, Lee SC, Ho KF, Wang XM, Zou SC. Particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban air of Hong Kong Atmos. Environ. 37: 5307-5317, 2003.
  • Zhang W, Zhang SC, Wan C, Yue DP, Ye YB, Wang XJ. Source diagnostics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban road runoff, dust, rain and canopy throughfall Environ. Pollut. 153: 594–601, 2008.
  • Dickhut RM, Canuel EA, Gustafson KE, Liu K, Arzayus KM, Walker SE, Edgecombe G, Gaylor MO, MacDonald EH. Automotive sources of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with particulate matter in the Chesapeake Bay region Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 4635 – 4640, 2000.
  • Soclo HH, Garrigues P, Ewald M. Origin of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coastal marine sediments: case studies in Cotonou (Benin) and Aquitaine (France) areas Mar. Pollut. Bull. 40: 387-396, 2000.
  • Rogge WF, Hildemann LM, Mazurek MA, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT. Sources of fine organic aerosol: 2. Noncatalyst and catalyst-equipped automobiles and heavy-duty diesel trucks Environ. Sci. and Technol. 27: 636-651, 1993.
  • Sicre MA, Marty JC, Saliot A, Aparicio X, Grimalt J, Albaiges J. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in different sized aerosols over the Mediterranean sea: occurence and origin Atmos. Environ. 21: 2247-2259, 1987.
  • Schauer JJ, Kleeman MJ, Cass GR, Simoneit BRT. Measurement of emissions from air pollution sources, 3. C1–C29 organic compounds from fireplace combustion of wood Environ. Sci. Technol. 35: 1716-1728, 2001.
  • Ravindra K, Sokhi R, Van Grieken R. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation Atmos. Environ. 42: 2895-2921. 2008.
  • Skrdlikova L, Landlova L, Klánová J, Lammel G. Wet deposition and scavenging efficiency of gaseous and particulate phase polycyclic aromatic compounds at a central European suburban site Atmos. Environ. 45: 4305-4312, 2011.
  • Gaga EO, Döğeroğlu T, Özden Ö, Arı A, Yay OD, Altuğ H, Akyol N, Örnektekin S, van Doorn W. Evaluation of air quality by passive and active sampling in an urban city in Turkey: current status and spatial analysis of air pollution exposure. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 19: 3579-3596, 2012.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Akif Arı

Publication Date December 31, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 18 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Arı, A. (2017). CONCENTRATIONS and WET DEPOSITION FLUXES of POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) in a SUBURBAN LOCATION of ESKİŞEHiR. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering, 18(5), 1066-1076. https://doi.org/10.18038/aubtda.318486
AMA Arı A. CONCENTRATIONS and WET DEPOSITION FLUXES of POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) in a SUBURBAN LOCATION of ESKİŞEHiR. AUJST-A. December 2017;18(5):1066-1076. doi:10.18038/aubtda.318486
Chicago Arı, Akif. “CONCENTRATIONS and WET DEPOSITION FLUXES of POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) in a SUBURBAN LOCATION of ESKİŞEHiR”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 18, no. 5 (December 2017): 1066-76. https://doi.org/10.18038/aubtda.318486.
EndNote Arı A (December 1, 2017) CONCENTRATIONS and WET DEPOSITION FLUXES of POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) in a SUBURBAN LOCATION of ESKİŞEHiR. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 18 5 1066–1076.
IEEE A. Arı, “CONCENTRATIONS and WET DEPOSITION FLUXES of POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) in a SUBURBAN LOCATION of ESKİŞEHiR”, AUJST-A, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1066–1076, 2017, doi: 10.18038/aubtda.318486.
ISNAD Arı, Akif. “CONCENTRATIONS and WET DEPOSITION FLUXES of POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) in a SUBURBAN LOCATION of ESKİŞEHiR”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 18/5 (December 2017), 1066-1076. https://doi.org/10.18038/aubtda.318486.
JAMA Arı A. CONCENTRATIONS and WET DEPOSITION FLUXES of POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) in a SUBURBAN LOCATION of ESKİŞEHiR. AUJST-A. 2017;18:1066–1076.
MLA Arı, Akif. “CONCENTRATIONS and WET DEPOSITION FLUXES of POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) in a SUBURBAN LOCATION of ESKİŞEHiR”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering, vol. 18, no. 5, 2017, pp. 1066-7, doi:10.18038/aubtda.318486.
Vancouver Arı A. CONCENTRATIONS and WET DEPOSITION FLUXES of POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHs) in a SUBURBAN LOCATION of ESKİŞEHiR. AUJST-A. 2017;18(5):1066-7.