cbd Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi 1303-5851 1308-9765 Ankara Üniversitesi 10.33688/aucbd.1805466 Demography (Other) Demografi (Diğer) CBS Tabanlı Sayım Alanlarının Oluşturulması: Türkiye İçin Bir Deneme ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nden Seçilmiş Örnekler GIS-Based Enumeration Area Delineation: A Trial for Türkiye With Selected Examples from The United States https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3096-1565 Öztürk Cansu HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, NÜFUS ETÜTLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ, SOSYAL ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI (DİSİPLİNLERARASI) https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2783-932X Türkyılmaz Ahmet Sinan HACETTEPE ÜNİVERSİTESİ, NÜFUS ETÜTLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ, SOSYAL ARAŞTIRMA YÖNTEMLERİ ANABİLİM DALI (DİSİPLİNLERARASI) Advanced Online Publication 213 236 10 17 2025 02 17 2026 Copyright © 2003, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi 2003 Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi

Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de Sayım Alanlarının (SA) Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) tabanlı tanımlanmasına yönelik bir yaklaşım önermektedir. Çalışmada, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve Türkiye’den olmak üzere dört veri seti üzerinde uygulama yapılmış; girdi değişkenlerinin dağılım özellikleri ile mekânsal bitişiklik kısıtlarının alan oluşturma performansını nasıl etkilediği incelenmiştir. Uluslararası uygulamalar, Türkiye’nin konumunu bağlamlandırmak ve iyi uygulamaların benimsenmesine yönelik çıkarımlar üretmek amacıyla gözden geçirilmiştir. Uygulamada; farklı eşik değerler, bitişiklik kuralları ve gelişmiş parametre ayarları altında, coğrafi olarak bütüncül, sahada uygulanabilir ve istatistiksel açıdan dengeli sayım alanları oluşturulması hedeflenmiştir. Bulgular, CBS tabanlı alan tanımlamanın sınırları net, maliyet etkin ve daha yönetilebilir alanlar oluşturmayı destekleyebileceğini göstermektedir. Çalışma, SA sistemlerinin güçlendirilmesinin yalnızca teknik bir süreç olmadığını; ulusal istatistik operasyonlarının verimliliği ve kalitesi açısından stratejik bir yatırım olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır

This study proposes a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based approach to delineate Enumeration Areas (EAs) in Türkiye. Analyses were conducted on four datasets from the United States and Türkiye to examine how the distributional properties of input variables and spatial contiguity constraints influence the performance of zone creation. International practices are reviewed to contextualize Türkiye’s position and to derive lessons for best-practice adoption. The workflow tests alternative threshold values, contiguity rules, and advanced parameter settings to produce EAs that are geographically coherent, operationally workable, and statistically balanced. The findings indicate that GIS-based delineation can support the creation of clearly bounded, cost-effective, and more manageable areas. The study concludes that strengthening EA systems is not merely a technical exercise but a strategic investment in the efficiency and quality of national statistical operations

 Population Enumeration area Sampling frame Demography Geographic Information Systems Nüfus Sayım alanı Örnekleme çerçevesi Demografi Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ABS. (2016). Census of Population and Housing: Mesh Block Counts, Australia, 2016. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au Bethlehem, J., Cobben, F., & Schouten, B. (2011). Handbook of nonresponse in household surveys. New Jersey: Wiley and Sons BPS-Statistics Indonesia. (2018, July 12). BPS Builds Wilkerstat with Geospatial Technology. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/en/news/2018/07/12/201/bps-builds-wilkerstat-with-geospatial-technology.html Chakravorty, S. (2007). Geography in India’s census: A GIS-based approach (ESA/STAT/AC.115/17). United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Contemporary Practices in Census Mapping and Use of Geographical Information Systems. Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/meetings/2007/egm-census-mapping/docs/esa_stat_ac115_17.pdf Cockings, S., & Martin, D. (2005). Zone design for environment and health studies using pre-aggregated data. Social Science & Medicine, 60(12), 2729–2742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.11.005 Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2014). Internet, phone, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: The tailored design method (4th ed.). Indianapolis: Wiley. Esri. (n.d.). How Build Balanced Zones works. Retrieved from https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/tool-reference/spatial-statistics/learnmore-buildbalancedzones.htm Esri. (2020). ArcGIS Pro: Spatial Statistics Tools. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute. Esri. (2021). ArcGIS Pro: Geostatistical Analyst. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute. Esri. (2023). Build Balanced Zones (Spatial Statistics). ArcGIS Pro 3.2 Documentation. Retrieved from https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/tool-reference/spatial-statistics/build-balanced-zones.htm Flowerdew, R., & Feng, Z. (2005). Enumeration districts, output areas and geographical information systems. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 168(1), 49–67. Goodchild, M. F., & Li, W. (2021). Replication across space and time must be weak in the social and environmental sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(35), e2105274118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015759118 Groves, R. M., Fowler, F. J., Couper, M. P., Lepkowski, J. M., Singer, E., & Tourangeau, R. (2009). Survey methodology (2nd ed.). New Jersey: Wiley. Holt, D., Steel, D. G., Tranmer, M., & Wrigley, N. (2004). Small area estimation and the geography of poverty. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 167(3), 319–341. INSEE. (2019). IRIS: Ilots Regroupés pour l’Information Statistique. Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques. Retrieved from https://www.insee.fr Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). (2022). Country report of Brazil: Twelfth session of the United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM). United Nations. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). (2024, August 22). IBGE releases coverage analysis of the Post-Enumeration Survey of the 2022 Population Census. IBGE News Agency. Kalton, G. (2020). Developments in survey sampling. Journal of Official Statistics, 36(4), 855–879. Kırlangıçoğlu, C. (2005). A new census geography for Turkey using geographic information systems: A case study on Çankaya District, Ankara (Master’s thesis). Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Türkiye. Kish, L. (1965). Survey sampling. Wiley. KNBS. (2019). Kenya Population and Housing Census 2019: Enumeration Areas and Sampling Frame. Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Krebs, C. J., & MacQueen, J. (2016). Spatial sampling. In Ecological methodology (pp. 381–403). Harper & Row. Laaribi, A., & Peters, A. (2019). GIS and the Sustainable Development Goals. United Nations Economic and Social Council Report. United Nations. Lohr, S. L. (2010). Sampling: Design and analysis (2nd ed.). New York: Chapman and Hall/CRC. Martin, D. (2011). Geography for the 2011 Census in England and Wales. Population Trends, 145(1), 7–15. Mokhele, T., Mutanga, O., & Ahmed, F. (2016). Development of census output areas with AZTool in South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 112(7/8). https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2016/20150010 Openshaw, S. (1984). The modifiable areal unit problem. Geo Books. ONS. (2020). Output Area Boundaries (2020) for England and Wales. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk Qader, S. H., Dierkes, C., & Schneider, C. (2019a). Integrating remote sensing and GIS for delineating urban areas. Journal of Geospatial Information Science, 22(2), 45–60. Qader, S. H., Dierkes, C., & Schneider, C. (2019b). Remote sensing-based assessment of land cover change in Baghdad. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 40(3), 1120–1145. PARIS21, & Statistics Sweden. (2021). Guide on geospatial data integration in official statistics. Partnership. in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century (PARIS21). Pedro, A. A., & Queiroz, A. P. (2019). Slum: Comparing municipal and census basemaps. Habitat International, 83, 30–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.11.001 Statistics Canada. (2016). Census dictionary: Census year 2016. Statistics Canada. Retrieved from https://www.statcan.gc.ca Statistics South Africa. (n.d.). Small area statistics. Retrieved from https://www.statssa.gov.za/?page_id=4086 UNECE. (2015). Conference of European Statisticians Recommendations for the 2020 Censuses of Population and Housing. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. (2008). Handbook on geographic databases and census mapping (Draft, 7 March 2008). United Nations. United Nations. (2009). Handbook on geospatial infrastructure in support of census activities. New York: United Nations Statistics Division. United Nations. (2017). Principles and recommendations for population and housing censuses (Rev. 3). New York: United Nations Statistics Division. United Nations. (2021). Handbook on the management of population and housing censuses, Revision 2 (Studies in Methods, Series F No. 83/Rev.2). New York, NY: United Nations. United States Census Bureau. (2019). Geographic Areas Reference Manual. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. United States Census Bureau. (2020). Census Enumeration Areas and Geographic Concepts. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. United States Census Bureau. (2021). Geographic Areas Reference Manual Update. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Wanyoike, H. (2023). Use of geospatial information in census-taking: 2019 Census Kenya experience. United Nations Statistics Division Expert Group Meeting on the Use of Geospatial Information in Census-taking. Retrieved from https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/meetings/2023/egm-20230523/docs/s03-03-KEN.pdf Worldometer. (2025). Indonesia population (2025). Retrieved from https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/indonesia-population/