<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                                                <journal-id>cbd</journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1303-5851</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">1308-9765</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Ankara Üniversitesi</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.33688/aucbd.1831432</article-id>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>City in Human Geography</subject>
                                                            <subject>Population Geography</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Beşeri Coğrafyada Kent </subject>
                                                            <subject>Nüfus Coğrafyası</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>From Rural Population Problem to Urban Population Problem in Provinces with Metropolitan Municipalities: An Evaluation Based on the Degree of Urbanisation Classification (DEGURBA)</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <article-title>Büyükşehir Belediyeli İllerde Kırsal Nüfus Sorunundan Kentsel Nüfus Sorununa: Kentleşme Derecesi Sınıflaması (DEGURBA) Üzerinden Bir Değerlendirme</article-title>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5575-0322</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Türkan</surname>
                                    <given-names>Okan</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>İZMİR BAKIRÇAY ÜNİVERSİTESİ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                                                <issue>Advanced Online Publication</issue>
                                        <fpage>185</fpage>
                                        <lpage>212</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251127">
                        <day>11</day>
                        <month>27</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260216">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>16</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 2003, Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>2003</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study critically examines the suitability of the Degree of Urbanisation (DEGURBA) method for classifying urban and rural settlements and determining population in Türkiye, focusing on the thirty provinces where metropolitan municipalities have been established. It aims to evaluate the accuracy of the data produced by TURKSTAT using this method, to identify its methodological limitations, and to propose an alternative classification and methodological approach that more accurately reflects on-the-ground settlement characteristics. The study’s originality lies in its proposal of a more precise and context-sensitive hybrid model that addresses the limitations of the DEGURBA framework for distinguishing between urban and rural areas. Employing a hybrid methodology, the study integrates TURKSTAT’s neighbourhood-level DEGURBA data with satellite imagery, administrative boundary analysis, and extensive field validation conducted with local officials and community leaders. Furthermore, it reveals that the 115 district centres in provinces with metropolitan municipalities that are defined as entirely rural by TURKSTAT are towns with characteristic administrative, socio-economic, and infrastructural features.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <abstract><p>Bu çalışma Türkiye&#039;nin kentsel ve kırsal yerleşme sınıflandırılması ve nüfus tespiti hususunda, büyükşehir belediyesi kurulan otuz ili merkeze alarak, Kentleşme Derecesi (DEGURBA) yönteminin kullanılmasının uygunluğunu eleştirel bir bakış açısıyla incelemektedir. Çalışma, TÜİK’in bu yönteme göre ürettiği verilerin doğruluğunu değerlendirmekte, yöntemin sınırlılıklarını belirleyerek saha gerçekliğini merkeze alan sınıflandırma ve yöntem önerisi geliştirmeyi hedeflemektedir. DEGURBA&#039;yı, merkeze alıp kentsel-kırsal ayrımı için daha doğru ve bağlama duyarlı bir karma sınıflandırma modeli önermesi çalışmanın özgün değerini yansıtmaktadır. Çalışma TÜİK&#039;in mahalle düzeyindeki DEGURBA verilerini uydu görüntüleri, idari sınır analizi, yerel yöneticiler ve muhtarlar aracılığıyla yapılan kapsamlı saha doğrulamaları ile birleştiren hibrit bir metot kullanmıştır. Bulgular, TÜİK’e göre kırsal olarak sınıflandırılan birçok alanın aslında işlevsel olarak kentsel olduğunu, kentsel olarak belirlenen bazı alanların ise gerçekte kırsal nitelikte olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, TÜİK&#039;in tamamıyla kırsal olarak tanımladığı büyükşehir belediyesi bulunan illerdeki 115 ilçe merkezinin karakteristik idari, sosyoekonomik ve altyapı özelliklerine sahip kasabalar olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                                                        <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Kentsel ve kırsal yerleşme sınıflandırılması</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kentsel ve kırsal nüfus tespiti</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kentleşme Derecesi (DEGURBA)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Şehir</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kasaba ve köy yerleşmeleri</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                            
                                                <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Urban and rural settlement classification</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Urban and rural population determination</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Degree of urbanisation (DEGURBA)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  City</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Town and village settlements</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                                                        </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">AKS (2024, 27 Aralık). Adres Kayıt Sistemi. Erişim adresi: https://adres.nvi.gov.tr/VatandasIslemleri/AdresSorgu
 
Angel, S., Parent, J., Civco, D. L., Blei, A. &amp; Potere, D. (2016). Atlas of urban expansion. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ankara Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kent Rehberi (2025, 5 Ocak). Erişim adresi: https://kentrehberi.ankara.bel.tr/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Avcı, S. (1993). Türkiye’de şehirler ve şehirli nüfusun dağılışı. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, 28, 249-269. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.36317</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Avrupa Komisyonu. (2014). A harmonised definition of cities and rural areas: The new degree of urbanisation. European Union. Erişim adresi: https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/work/2014_01_new_urban.pdf</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bahl, R. &amp; Linn, J. F. (2014). Governing and financing cities in the developing world. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Brenner, N., &amp; Schmid, C. (2015). Towards a new epistemology of the urban? City, 19(2–3), 151–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Champion, T. (2001). Urbanization, suburbanization, counterurbanization and reurbanization. In R. Paddison (Eds.), Handbook of urban studies (pp. 143–161). SAGE Publications.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çankaya Belediyesi Kent Rehberi (2025, 5 Ocak). Erişim adresi: https://kentrehberi.cankaya.bel.tr/Harita#</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Çezik, A. (1982). Kent Eşiği Araştırması (Türkiye İçin Kent Tanımı). Ankara: Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Yayın No. 1838, SPD (B) Yayın No. 350.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Darkot, B. (1967). Şehir ayrımında nüfus sayısı ve fonksiyon kriterleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16, 3-8.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dijkstra, L., Florczyk, A. J., Freire, S., Kemper, T., Melchiorri, M., Pesaresi, M. &amp; Schiavina, M. (2021). Applying the degree of urbanisation to the globe: A new harmonised definition reveals a different picture of global urbanisation. Journal of Urban Economics, 125, 103312.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Doğanay, H. (1997). Türkiye beşerî coğrafyası. İstanbul: MEB Yayınları, No: 2982, Eğitim Dizisi, No: 10.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eurostat. (2021). Applying the degree of urbanisation: A methodological manual to define cities, towns and rural areas for international comparisons. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2785/706535</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Garipağaoğlu, N. (2010). Türkiye’de kentleşmenin, kent sayısı, kentli nüfus kriterlerine göre incelenmesi ve coğrafi dağılışı. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 22, 1-42. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA95HK64GU</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hall, P. &amp; Pfeiffer, U. (2013). Urban future 21: A global agenda for twenty-first century cities. Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hall, P. (2014). Cities of tomorrow: an ıntellectual history of urban planning and design in the twentieth century. Wiley-Blackwell.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Henderson, J. V. (2003). The urbanization process and economic growth: The so-what question. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(1), 47–71. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022860800744.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Henriques, C., Domingues, A. &amp; Pereira, M. (2020). What ıs urban after all? A critical review of measuring and mapping urban typologies in Portugal. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9(11), 630. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9110630</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Şehir Haritası (2025, 7 Ocak). Erişim adresi: https://sehirharitasiapi.ibb.gov.tr/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">İzmir Büyükşehir Belediye Meclisi (2025, 6 Ocak). Erişim adresi: https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/mecliskararlari/58</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mumford, L. (1961). The city in history: Its origins, its transformations, and its prospects. Harcourt, Brace ve World.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">OECD &amp; European Commission. (2020). Cities in the world: A new perspective on urbanisation. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/d0efcbda-en.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Özçağlar, A. (2019). Coğrafyaya giriş. Karabük: Özer Matbaa.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pacione, M. (2009). Urban geography: A Global Perspective. Routledge.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pesaresi, M., Ehrlich, D., Ferri, S., Florczyk, A. J., Freire, S., Halkia, M. &amp; Syrris, V. (2016). Operating procedure for the production of the Global Human Settlement Layer from Landsat data of the epochs 1975, 1990, 2000, and 2014. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ravetz, J. &amp; Sahana M (2025). Where is the peri-urban? Mapping the areas ‘around, beyond and between’. Front. Sustain. Cities. 7:1436287. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsc.2025.1436287</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sassen, S. (2001). The global city: New York, London, Tokyo. Princeton University Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sjoberg, G. (1960). The preindustrial city: Past and present. Free Press.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Taş, B. (2016). Türkiye’nin kırsal yerleşmeleri. İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">TÜİK (2025, 11 Mayıs). Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2024-53783</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">TÜİK, CİP (2025, 11 Mayıs). Erişim adresi: https://cip.tuik.gov.tr/</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">TÜİK, MEDAS (2025, 11 Mayıs). Erişim adresi: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?locale=tr</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">United Nations. (2018). World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/en/desa/2018-revision-world-urbanization-prospects</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Van Migerode, C., Poorthuis, A. &amp; Derudder, B. (2024). Flexurba: An open-source R package to flexibly reconstruct the degree of urbanisation classification. Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 51(7), 1706-1714. https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083241262545</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldız, M. &amp; Sezgin, S. (2024). Kır ve kent sınıflandırmasında yeni bir tartışma: Orta yoğun kentsel alanlar ve aracı kentler. İdealkent, 16(46), 2069-2097. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1473297</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yüceşahin, M., M., Bayar, R. &amp; Özgür, E., M. (2004). Türkiye’de şehirleşmenin mekansal dağılışı ve değişimi. Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 2(1), 23-39. https://doi.org/10.1501/Cogbil_0000000042</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
