Bocavirus Detection in Acute Respiratory Tract Infections of Childhood

Abstract

Objectives: To investigate the frequency of human bocavirus (HBoV) in children under the age of 2 years, who applied to the hospital with respiratory tract infection complaints, by using molecular methods. Materials and Methods: In November 2009, nasopharyngeal aspirate samples were collected from children under the age of 2 years, who applied to the pediatric outpatient clinic and pediatric emergency outpatient clinics with the complaints of respiratory tract infections, and aspirate samples were included in the study between March and June 2010 after being stored at -80 ºC. HBoV DNA was analyzed using the “in house” polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method after primer design. At that time, since it was a newly identified virus, it could not be studied with the positive control, and the samples thought to be positive were identified by sequence analysis. As can be seen, the study is the first study conducted in Turkey with children under the age of 2 years. The study is a retrospective descriptive study. Demographic data of the patients (percentages, mean, minimummaximum values) were analyzed with the SPSS package program. Results: For the purpose of detecting HBoV, 200 patients were included in the study. The mean age of these patients was 7.4 (minimum: 30 days, maximum: 24 months) months, and 64% were boys. Two-hundred nasopharyngeal aspirate samples taken from these patients were analyzed. HBoV DNA was positive in 6 (3%) of the nasopharyngeal samples. Of the 6 positive samples, 5 belonged to male and 1 belonged to female gender and their ages were between 4 and 24 months. Conclusion: HBoV DNA was detected in 3% of children under the age of 2 years, who applied with the complaint of respiratory tract infection, by using PCR method. Although the evidence about the pathogenicity of HBoV is increasing, more studies are needed to increase the knowledge about the disease and severity of HBoV.

Keywords

• Human Bocavirus
• Respiratory Virus
• Childhood Infections

Çocukluk Çağı Akut Solunum Yolları Enfeksiyonlarında Bocavirüs Saptanması

Abstract

Amaç: Solunum yolu enfeksiyonu şikayetleri ile hastaneye başvuran 2 yaş altı çocuklarda insan bocavirüsün (HBoV) sıklığının moleküler yöntemler kullanılarak araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Mart - Kasım 2009 tarihleri arasında çocuk hastalıkları polikliniği ve çocuk acil polikliniğine solunum yolu enfeksiyonu şikayetleriyle başvuran 2 yaş altındaki çocuklardan alınan nazofarengeal aspirat örnekleri -80 ºC’de saklandıktan sonra Mart - Haziran 2010 tarihlerinde çalışmaya alındı. HBoV DNA’sı, primer dizaynı sonrasında “in house” polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PZR) yöntemi kullanılarak incelendi. Çalışma sırasında yeni tanımlanan bir virüs olduğundan pozitif kontrol ile çalışılamamış olup, pozitif olduğu düşünülen örnekler sekans analizi ile tanımlandı. Görüldüğü gibi, bu çalışma Türkiye’de 2 yaş altı çocuklarda yapılan ilk çalışmadır. Çalışmamız retrospektif, tanımlayıcı bir çalışmadır. Hastalara ait demografik veriler (yüzdelikler, ortalama, minimum-maksimum değerleri) SPSS paket programıyla analiz edildi. Bulgular: HBoV saptanması amacı ile 200 hasta çalışmaya dahil edildi. Bu hastaların yaş ortalaması 7,4 (minimum: 30 gün, maksimum: 24 ay) aydı ve %64’ü erkek çocuktu. Bu hastalardan alınan 200 nazofarengeal aspirat örneği incelendi. Nazofarengeal örneklerden 6’sında (%3) HBoV DNA’sı pozitif bulundu. Pozitif çıkan 6 örneğin 5 tanesi erkek, 1 tanesi kız hastalara aitti ve yaşları 4-24 ay aralığındaydı. Sonuç: Solunum yolu enfeksiyonu şikayetiyle başvuran 2 yaş altındaki çocuklarda PZR yöntemi ile %3 oranında HBoV DNA pozitifliği saptandı. HBoV’nin patojenitesi ile ilgili kanıtlar artmakla birlikte, HBoV’nin hastalıklarla ilişkisi ve şiddetiyle ilgili bilgilerin artması için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç vardır.

Keywords

• İnsan Bocavirüs
• Solunum Virüsleri
• Çocukluk Çağı Enfeksiyonları

References

1. 1. Arden KE, McErlean P, Nissen MD, et al. Frequent detection of human rhinoviruses, paramyxoviruses, coronaviruses, and bocavirus during acute respiratory tract infections. J Med Virol. 2006;78:1232-1240.
2. 2. van den Hoogen BG, de Jong JC, Groen J, et al. A newly discovered human pneumovirus isolated from young children with respiratory tract disease. Nat Med. 2001;7:719-724.
3. 3. Drosten C, Günther S, Preiser W, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1967-1976.
4. 4. Fouchier RA, Hartwig NG, Bestebroer TM, et al. A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:6212-6216.
5. 5. Allander T, Tammi MT, Eriksson M, et al. Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:12891-12896.
6. 6. Allander T, Jartti T, Gupta S, et al. Human bocavirus and acute wheezing in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:904-910.
7. 7. Arnold JC, Singh KK, Spector SA, et al. Human bocavirus: prevalence and clinical spectrum at a children’s hospital. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:283-288.
8. 8. Fry AM, Lu X, Chittaganpitch M, et al. Human bocavirus: a novel parvovirus epidemiologically associated with pneumonia requiring hospitalization in Thailand. J Infect Dis. 2007;195:1038-1045.

9. 9. Lindner J, Modrow S. Human bocavirus--a novel parvovirus to infect humans. Intervirology. 2008;51:116-122.
10. 10. Zeng M, Zhu QR, Wang XH, et al. Human bocavirus in children with respiratory tract infection in Shanghai: a retrospective study. World J Pediatr. 2010;6:65-70.
11. 11. Kapoor A, Slikas E, Simmonds P, et al. A newly identified bocavirus species in human stool. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:196-200.
12. 12. Arthur JL, Higgins GD, Davidson GP, et al. A novel bocavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Australian children. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000391.
13. 13. Guo L, Gonzalez R, Xie Z, et al. Bocavirus in children with respiratory tract infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17:1775-1777.
14. 14. Qiu J, Söderlund-Venermo M, Young NS. Human Parvoviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30:43-113.
15. 15. Jartti T, Hedman K, Jartti L, et al. Human bocavirus-the first 5 years. Rev Med Virol. 2012;22:46-64.
16. 16. Kapoor A, Simmonds P, Slikas E, et al. Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent in enteric infections. J Infect Dis. 2010;201:1633-1643.
17. 17. Garcia MLG, Calvo C, Pozo F. Detection of human bocavirus in ill and healthy Spanish children: a 2-year study. Arch Dis Child 2009;94:249.
18. 18. Kaplan NM, Dove W, Abu-Zeid AF, et al. Human bocavirus infection among children, Jordan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1418-1420.
19. 19. Kesebir D, Vazquez M, Weibel C, et al. Human bocavirus infection in young children in the United States: molecular epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of a newly emerging respiratory virus. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1276-1282.
20. 20. Maggi F, Andreoli E, Pifferi M, et al. Human bocavirus in Italian patients with respiratory diseases. J Clin Virol. 2007;38:321-325.
21. 21. von Linstow ML, Høgh M, Høgh B. Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of human bocavirus in Danish infants: results from a prospective birth cohort study. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:897-902.
22. 22. Chieochansin T, Thongmee C, Vimolket L, et al. Human bocavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis and healthy controls. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008;61:479-481.
23. 23. Song JR, Jin Y, Xie ZP, et al. Novel human bocavirus in children with acute respiratory tract infection. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010;16:324-327.
24. 24. Falahi S, Sayyadi H, Abdoli A, et al. The prevalence of human bocavirus in <2-year-old children with acute bronchiolitis. New Microbes New Infect. 2020;37:100736.
25. 25. Fredricks DN, Relman DA. Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch’s postulates. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1996;9:18-33.
26. 26. Lefrère JJ, Servant-Delmas A, Candotti D, et al. Persistent B19 infection in immunocompetent individuals: implications for transfusion safety. Blood. 2005;106:2890-2895.
27. 27. Kantola K, Hedman L, Allander T, et al. Serodiagnosis of human bocavirus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:540-546.
28. 28. Midilli K, Yılmaz G, Türkoğlu S, et al. Detection of human bocavirus DNA by polymerase chain reaction in children and adults with acute respiratory tract infections. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2010;44:405-413.
29. 29. Uyar M, Kuyucu N, Tezcan S, et al. Determination of the frequency of human bocavirus and other respiratory viruses among 0-2 years age group children diagnosed as acute bronchiolitis. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014;48:242-258.
30. 30. Yeşilbaş O, Kıhtır HS, Talip Petmezci M, et al. Very rare and life-threatening complications of bocavirus bronchiolitis: Pneumo mediastinum and bilateral pneumothorax. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2016;50:159-164.