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Comparison of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis Ultrastructural Evaluation Using Five Different Fixatives

Year 2021, Volume: 74 Issue: 2, 220 - 225, 31.08.2021

Abstract

Objectives: Ultrastructural examination of nervous tissues is essential for neuroscientific study. Nervous tissue is sensitive to ischemia and hypoxia. Thus, the fixation and process of this tissue is critical for evaluating ultrastructure of nervous tissue. It is difficult to distinguish whether the findings are due to the fixative used in the experimental research or the experimental agent. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of the different five fixatives on the brain and medulla spinalis, which are the central nervous system organs, by evaluating the ultrastructural changes.

Materials and Methods: In this study, five male Wistar Albino rats (200-250 gr) were anesthetized. The perfusion fixation was performed by 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA). The extracted brain and medulla spinalis pieces were immersed into five different fixation solutions as (I) Trump’s solution 4% PFA and 1% glutaraldehyde (GA), (II) 2% PFA and 2.5% GA with 2.5 mM CaCl, (III) 2% PFA and 2.5% GA, (IV) 2.5% GA, (V) Trump’s solution 4% PFA and 1% GA (1% OsO4 containing potassium ferrocyanate). After routine processes, all ultrathin tissue sections were investigated under the transmission electron microscopy.

Results: In Group 4, the cell nucleus, perinuclear space, mitochondrion, rough endoplasmic reticulum and myelin sheet, endothelium and basal lamina of nervous tissues of brain and medulla spinalis were evaluated as normal ultrastructure compared to the other groups.

Conclusion: In present study, we showed that 2.5% GA solution prepared with cacodylate buffer was convenient and effective for nerve tissues of electron microscopic routine process.

Ethical Statement

Hasta Onayı: Bu çalışma için hasta onamına gerek duyulmamıştır. Hakem Değerlendirmesi: Editörler kurulunun içinden ve dışından olan kişiler tarafından değerlendirilmiştir.

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Project Number

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Thanks

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References

  • 1. Tizro P, Choi C, Khanlou N. Sample Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1897:417-424.
  • 2. Farias DR, Simioni C, Poltronieri E, et al. Fine-tuning transmission electron microscopy methods to evaluate the cellular architecture of Ulvacean seaweeds (Chlorophyta). Micron. 2017;96:48-56.
  • 3. Tanaka KA, Suzuki KG, Shirai YM, et al. Membrane molecules mobile even after chemical fixation. Nat Methods. 2010;7:865-866.
  • 4. Richter KN, Revelo NH, Seitz KJ, et al. Glyoxal as an alternative fixative to formaldehyde in immunostaining and super-resolution microscopy. EMBO J. 2018;37:139-159.
  • 5. Schiff RI, Gennaro JF. The role of the buffer in the fixation of biological specimens for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning. 1979;2:135-148.
  • 6. Tucker JA. The continuing value of electron microscopy in surgical pathology. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2000;24:383-389.
  • 7. Hayat MA. Central Nervous System I, in Fixation for Electron Microscopy. Academic Press: New York.; 2012. s. 227-228.
  • 8. McFadden WC, Walsh H, Richter F, et al. Perfusion fixation in brain banking: a systematic review. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2019;7:146.
  • 9. Smith JE, Reese TS. Use of aldehyde fixatives to determine the rate of synaptic transmitter release. J Exp Biol. 1980;89:19-29.
  • 10. McDowell EM, Trump BF. Histologic fixatives suitable for diagnostic light and electron microscopy. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1976;100:405-414.
  • 11. Karnovsky MJ. A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolality for use in electron-microscopy. Journal of Cell Biology. 1965;27:1-149.
  • 12. Maser MD, Powell TE 3rd, Philpott CW. Relationships among pH, osmolality, and concentration of fixative solutions. Stain Technol. 1967;42:175-182.
  • 13. Fix AS, Garman RH. Practical aspects of neuropathology: a technical guide for working with the nervous system. Toxicol Pathol. 2000;28:122-131.
  • 14. Garman RH. Artifacts in routinely immersion fixed nervous tissue. Toxicol Pathol. 1990;18:149-153.
  • 15. Lamberts R, Goldsmith PC. Fixation, fine structure, and immunostaining for neuropeptides: perfusion versus immersion of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. J Histochem Cytochem. 1986;34:389-398.
  • 16. Palay SL, McGee-Russell SM, Gordon S Jr, et al. Fixation of neural tissues for electron microscopy by perfusion with solutions of osmium tetroxide. J Cell Biol. 1962;12:385-410.
  • 17. Kasukurthi R, Brenner MJ, Moore AM, et al. Transcardial perfusion versus immersion fixation for assessment of peripheral nerve regeneration. J Neurosci Methods. 2009;184:303-309.
  • 18. Gage GJ, Kipke DR, Shain W. Whole animal perfusion fixation for rodents. J Vis Exp. 2012;65:3564.
  • 19. Dykstra MJ. A Manual of Applied Techniques for Biological Electron Microscopy. 1993: Springer US.
  • 20. Kohll AX , Antkowiak PL , Chen WD , et al. Stabilizing synthetic DNA for long-term data storage with earth alkaline salts. Chem Commun (Camb). 2020;56:3613-3616.
  • 21. Wood RL, Luft JH. The influence of buffer systems on fixation with osmium tetroxide. J Ultrastruct Res. 1965;12:22-45.

İnce Yapı İncelemelerinde Beyin ve Medulla Spinalisin Beş Farklı Tespit Solüsyonuyla Korunmasının Karşılaştırılması

Year 2021, Volume: 74 Issue: 2, 220 - 225, 31.08.2021

Abstract

Amaç: Sinir dokularının ince yapı düzeyinde incelenmesi nörobilimsel çalışmalar için gereklidir. Sinir dokusu hipoksi ve iskemiye hassastır. Bu nedenle, bu dokunun tespit ve takip edilmesi sinir dokusunun ince yapı düzeyinde değerlendirilmesi açısından kritiktir. Bulguların deneysel araştırmada kullanılan tespit solüsyonundan mı yoksa deneysel etkenden mi kaynaklandığını ayırt etmek zordur. Bu çalışmada, beş farklı tespit solüsyonunun merkezi sinir sistemi organları olan beyin ve medulla spinalis üzerine etkilerini, hücre ve organellerin ince yapı düzeyinde gösterilmesini ve karşılaştırılmasını amaçladık.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmamızda beş erkek Wistar albino sıçana (200-250 gr) anestezi uygulandı. Perfüzyon tespiti %4 paraformaldehit (PFA) ile gerçekleştirildi. Çıkarılan beyin ve medulla spinalis parçaları; (I) Trump’ın solüsyonu %4 PFA ve %1 glutaraldehit (GA), (II) %2 PFA ve %2,5 GA (2,5 mM CaCl içinde), (III) %2 PFA ve %2,5 GA, (IV) %2,5 G, (V) Trump’ın çözeltisi %4 PFA ve %1 GA (potasyum ferrosiyanat içeren %1 OsO4) olmak üzere beş farklı tespit solüsyonuna daldırıldı. Rutin takip işlemlerinden sonra, tüm ince doku kesitleri geçirimli elektron mikroskobu altında incelendi.

Bulgular: Grup 4’te beyin ve medulla spinaliste gözlemlenen hücre çekirdeği, perinükleer boşluk, mitokondri, granüllü endoplazma retikulumu, miyelin tabakası, endotel ve bazal laminasının diğer gruplara göre normal bir yapıda olduğu elektron mikroskobu altında izlendi.

Sonuç: Bu çalışmada, beyin ve medulla spinalisin elektron mikroskobu altında incelenmesi için tespit işleminde kakodilat tamponu ile hazırlanan %2,5 GA çözeltisinin uygun ve etkili olduğunu gösterdik.

Ethical Statement

Hasta Onayı: Bu çalışma için hasta onamına gerek duyulmamıştır. Hakem Değerlendirmesi: Editörler kurulunun içinden ve dışından olan kişiler tarafından değerlendirilmiştir.

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

  • 1. Tizro P, Choi C, Khanlou N. Sample Preparation for Transmission Electron Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1897:417-424.
  • 2. Farias DR, Simioni C, Poltronieri E, et al. Fine-tuning transmission electron microscopy methods to evaluate the cellular architecture of Ulvacean seaweeds (Chlorophyta). Micron. 2017;96:48-56.
  • 3. Tanaka KA, Suzuki KG, Shirai YM, et al. Membrane molecules mobile even after chemical fixation. Nat Methods. 2010;7:865-866.
  • 4. Richter KN, Revelo NH, Seitz KJ, et al. Glyoxal as an alternative fixative to formaldehyde in immunostaining and super-resolution microscopy. EMBO J. 2018;37:139-159.
  • 5. Schiff RI, Gennaro JF. The role of the buffer in the fixation of biological specimens for transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Scanning. 1979;2:135-148.
  • 6. Tucker JA. The continuing value of electron microscopy in surgical pathology. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2000;24:383-389.
  • 7. Hayat MA. Central Nervous System I, in Fixation for Electron Microscopy. Academic Press: New York.; 2012. s. 227-228.
  • 8. McFadden WC, Walsh H, Richter F, et al. Perfusion fixation in brain banking: a systematic review. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2019;7:146.
  • 9. Smith JE, Reese TS. Use of aldehyde fixatives to determine the rate of synaptic transmitter release. J Exp Biol. 1980;89:19-29.
  • 10. McDowell EM, Trump BF. Histologic fixatives suitable for diagnostic light and electron microscopy. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1976;100:405-414.
  • 11. Karnovsky MJ. A formaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative of high osmolality for use in electron-microscopy. Journal of Cell Biology. 1965;27:1-149.
  • 12. Maser MD, Powell TE 3rd, Philpott CW. Relationships among pH, osmolality, and concentration of fixative solutions. Stain Technol. 1967;42:175-182.
  • 13. Fix AS, Garman RH. Practical aspects of neuropathology: a technical guide for working with the nervous system. Toxicol Pathol. 2000;28:122-131.
  • 14. Garman RH. Artifacts in routinely immersion fixed nervous tissue. Toxicol Pathol. 1990;18:149-153.
  • 15. Lamberts R, Goldsmith PC. Fixation, fine structure, and immunostaining for neuropeptides: perfusion versus immersion of the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. J Histochem Cytochem. 1986;34:389-398.
  • 16. Palay SL, McGee-Russell SM, Gordon S Jr, et al. Fixation of neural tissues for electron microscopy by perfusion with solutions of osmium tetroxide. J Cell Biol. 1962;12:385-410.
  • 17. Kasukurthi R, Brenner MJ, Moore AM, et al. Transcardial perfusion versus immersion fixation for assessment of peripheral nerve regeneration. J Neurosci Methods. 2009;184:303-309.
  • 18. Gage GJ, Kipke DR, Shain W. Whole animal perfusion fixation for rodents. J Vis Exp. 2012;65:3564.
  • 19. Dykstra MJ. A Manual of Applied Techniques for Biological Electron Microscopy. 1993: Springer US.
  • 20. Kohll AX , Antkowiak PL , Chen WD , et al. Stabilizing synthetic DNA for long-term data storage with earth alkaline salts. Chem Commun (Camb). 2020;56:3613-3616.
  • 21. Wood RL, Luft JH. The influence of buffer systems on fixation with osmium tetroxide. J Ultrastruct Res. 1965;12:22-45.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Histology and Embryology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ferda Topal Çelikkan 0000-0002-8254-0558

Esra Erdemli 0000-0002-9737-269X

Project Number -
Publication Date August 31, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 74 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Topal Çelikkan, F., & Erdemli, E. (2021). Comparison of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis Ultrastructural Evaluation Using Five Different Fixatives. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 74(2), 220-225. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.48243
AMA Topal Çelikkan F, Erdemli E. Comparison of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis Ultrastructural Evaluation Using Five Different Fixatives. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. August 2021;74(2):220-225. doi:10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.48243
Chicago Topal Çelikkan, Ferda, and Esra Erdemli. “Comparison of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis Ultrastructural Evaluation Using Five Different Fixatives”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 74, no. 2 (August 2021): 220-25. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.48243.
EndNote Topal Çelikkan F, Erdemli E (August 1, 2021) Comparison of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis Ultrastructural Evaluation Using Five Different Fixatives. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 74 2 220–225.
IEEE F. Topal Çelikkan and E. Erdemli, “Comparison of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis Ultrastructural Evaluation Using Five Different Fixatives”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 220–225, 2021, doi: 10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.48243.
ISNAD Topal Çelikkan, Ferda - Erdemli, Esra. “Comparison of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis Ultrastructural Evaluation Using Five Different Fixatives”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 74/2 (August2021), 220-225. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.48243.
JAMA Topal Çelikkan F, Erdemli E. Comparison of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis Ultrastructural Evaluation Using Five Different Fixatives. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2021;74:220–225.
MLA Topal Çelikkan, Ferda and Esra Erdemli. “Comparison of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis Ultrastructural Evaluation Using Five Different Fixatives”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 74, no. 2, 2021, pp. 220-5, doi:10.4274/atfm.galenos.2021.48243.
Vancouver Topal Çelikkan F, Erdemli E. Comparison of the Brain and Medulla Spinalis Ultrastructural Evaluation Using Five Different Fixatives. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2021;74(2):220-5.