Brain Shaped by Music Performance: Cognitive Effects and Genetic Approaches

Abstract

Music is a complex product of the brain, which contains various components such as pitch, rhythm, timbre, and due to this, it has always been an attractive subject for neuroscientists. With the increasing developments in imaging techniques, a variety of anatomical structures and functions associated with music has been found. Specifically, studies done with musicians revealed the changing brain areas with music performance as well as the affected cognitive functions due to near and far transfer. Cognitive functions such as verbal memory, motor functions, visual and spatial functions, executive functions are some of the cognitive components which are improved with music performance. Studies done with children who take musical training and musicians who started their training at an early age points to the fact that music performance results with brain plasticity and due to this fact, musician brain is appropriate to use as a plasticity model. Despite all these information, studies on molecular background of music has started quite recently and became a new research topic. Studies like twin studies, familial aggregation studies, genome wide association studies points out that musical abilities and behaviors could be based on genetics, along with suggesting several candidate genes. It is mostly known that these genes play important roles in brain, such as neural connections and conduction of neurotransmitters. All these results are fairly new and require in depth research.

Keywords

• Music
• Brain plasticity
• Cognitive functions
• Genetic

Müzik İcrasıyla Şekillenen Beyin: Bilişsel Etkiler ve Genetik Yaklaşımlar

Abstract

Müzik; temelinde tizlik, ritim, tını gibi çeşitli parçaları içeren, beynin kompleks bir ürünüdür ve bu yönüyle sinirbilimciler için ilgi çekici bir konu olmuştur. Son yıllarda görüntüleme tekniklerindeki gelişmelerin hızlanması ile birlikte müzikle ilişkili anatomik yapılar ve fonksiyonlar hakkında çok çeşitli bilgiler elde edilmiştir. Özellikle müzisyenler ile yapılan çalışmalar, müzik icrası etkisinde değişen beyin yapılarını açığa çıkartmış, kısa ve uzun transfer etkisiyle etkilenen bilişsel işlevlere işaret etmiştir. Sözel bellek, motor fonksiyonlar, görsel ve uzaysal fonksiyonlar, yürütücü işlevler gibi bilişsel fonksiyonlar, müzik etkisi ile gelişen işlevlerden bazılarıdır. Müzik eğitimi alan çocuklarla ve erken yaştan itibaren müzik eğitimi alan müzisyenlerle yapılan çeşitli araştırmalar, müzik icrasının beyinde plastisiteye neden olduğuna işaret ettiğinden, müzisyen beyni bir beyin plastisitesi modeli olarak kullanılmaya elverişlidir. Bütün bu bilgilere rağmen, müziğin moleküler arka planı son dönemde çalışılmaya başlanmış, oldukça yeni bir araştırma konusudur. Yapılan ikiz, ailesel agregasyon, genom boyu asosiyasyon gibi çalışmalar, müzikal becerilerin ve davranışların genetik temelli olabileceğine işaret ederken, bunun yanı sıra ilgili çeşitli aday genleri önermektedir. Bu aday genlerin beyinde nöral bağlantıların oluşumu ve nörotransmitterlerin iletimi gibi beyin plastisitesinde önemli rol oynayan genler olduğu bilinmektedir. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar henüz fazlasıyla yenidir ve daha derinlikli araştırılması gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• Kelimeler: Müzik
• Beyin Plastisitesi
• Bilişsel İşlevler
• Genetik

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