Sedanterlerde ve Antrenmanlı Bireylerde Submaksimal Egzersizin Eritrosit Süperoksit Dismutaz ve Katalaz Enzim Aktiviteleri Üzerine Etkisi*

Abstract

Physical exercise has an increasing effect on oxygen consumption and the production of free oxygen radicals. The response of cellular antioxidant defense against the free radical production which is increased by exercise may change according to the type, intensity and the period of exercise. It also depends capacity of physiological adaptation of the individual. In the present study, the effect of acute submaximal exercise on intracellular antioxidant enzyme activites and the trace elements responsible from the activity of SOD were examined in sedentary and trained individuals. The assay was done with 15 healty untrained male students 18-24 years old and 10 trained male cyclists 16-28 years old. The subjects worked on a Monarc bicycle ergometer for 15 minutes at %75 of their maximal oxygen uptake which were determined indirectly before. Erythrocyte SOD and catalase activities, erythrocyte and plasma copper, zinc levels measured in the venous blood samples were drawn before and after the exercise. A significant decrease in erythrocyte SOD and catalase enzyme activities and erythrocyte zinc level, and a significant increase in plasma zinc and copper levels were found in the sedentary individuals which studied submaximal exercise. While a significant increase in erythrocyte SOD and catalase enzyme activities were found in the trained individuals which studied submaximal exercise, there was no significant change in erythrocyte and plasma copper-zinc levels. The results suggested that acute submaximal exercise leads to oxidant stress and free radical production which can exceed antioxidant capacities. In addition, training has an amplifying effect on the antioxidant defense systems and facilitates adaptation against exercise and oxidant stress.

Keywords

• Exercise
• free radicals
• superoxide dismutase
• catalase

The Effect of the Submaximal Exercise on the Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Enzyme Activities In Sedentary and Trained Individuals

Abstract

Fiziksel egzersiz oksijen tüketimini ve serbest oksijen radikallerinin clusumunu önemli düzeyde arttırıcı bir etkiye sahiptir. Bununla beraber egzersizle artan serbest radikal üretimine karşı hücresel antioksidan savunmanın gösterdiği cevap egzersizin tipi, süresi ve şiddeti yanında bireyin fizyolojik adaptasyon kapasitelerine göre de önemli ölçüde değişebilmektedir. Sunulan çalışmada sedanterlerde ve antrenmanlı bireylerde akut submaksimal egzersizin intrasellüler antioksidan enzim aktiviteleri ve bu enzim aktivitelerinden sorumlu eser element düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma 18- 24 yaşları arasında 15 sağlıklı sedanter erkek öğrenci ile 16 - 28 yaşları arasında bisiklet sporcusu 10 antrenmanlı erkek birey üzerinde yapıldı. Denekler indirekt yöntemle önceden saptanan maksimal oksijen tüketim kapasitelerinin %75'ine uyan yükle Monark 814-E bisiklet ergometresinde 15 dakika süreyle çalıştırıldı. Egzersizden hemen önce ve hemen sonra alınan heparinize kan örneklerinde eritrosit SOD ve katalaz enzim aktiviteleri ve eritrosit ve plazma çinko-bakır düzeyleri saptandı. Submaksimal egzersiz yaptırılan sedanterlerde eritrosit SOD ve katalaz enzim aktivitelerinde önemli azalma, plazma çinko ve bakır düzeylerinde önemli artma, eritrosit çinko düzeyinde önemli azalma bulundu. Submaksimal egzersiz yaptırılan antrenmanlı bireylerde ise eritrosit SOD ve katalaz enzim aktivitelerinde önemli arima saptanırken, egzersizin eritrosit ve plazma bakır-çinko düzeylerinde önemli bir değişikliğe yol açmadığı görüldü. Sedanterierde akut submaksimal egzersizin antioksidan kapasiteleri aşabilen miktarda serbest radikal oluşumuna ve oksidan strese yol açtığı, antrenmanın ise intrasellüler antioksidan savunma sistemlerini kuvvetlendirici, egzersize ve oksidan strese karşı adaptasyonu kolaylaştırıcı etkisi literatiir ışığında tartişıldı.

Keywords

• Egzersiz
• serbest radikaller
• süperoksit dismutaz
• katalaz

References

1. 1. Aebi H : Catalase in vitro. Methods in Enzymology Vol. 105, Academic Press, New York, S. 121-6, 1984.
2. Astrand PO Rodahl K : Evalution of Physical Work Capacity on the Basis of Tests. Textbook of Work Physiology : Physiological basis of exercise, 3. Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Printed in the U.S.A., S. 354-87, 1986.
3. 3. Astrand PO Rodahl K : Physical Training. Textbook of Work Physiology : Physiological basis of exercise, 3. Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Printed in the US.A., S. 412-85, 1986.
4. 4. Brady PS Brady LJ Ullrey DE : Selenium, vitamin E the response to swimming stress in the rats. Journal of Nutrition 109 : 1103-9, 1979 , 5. Brady PS Shelle JE Ullrey DE : Rapid changes in equine erythrocyte glutathione reductase with exercise. Am J Vet Res 38 : 1045-47, 1978.
5. 8. Bray RC Cockle SA : Reduction and inactivation of superoxide dismutase by hydrogen peroxide. Biochem J 139 : 43, 1074,
6. 7. Brooks GA Fahey TD : Cardiovascular dynamics during exercise. Exercise Physiology : Human Bioenergetics and Its Applications, MacMillan Publishing Company, Printed in the U.S.A., S. 313-41, 1985,
7. 8. Brooks GA Fahey TD : Skeletal muscle ; Structure and function. Exercise Physi- ology : Human Bioenergetics and lts Applications. MacMillan Publishing Company, Printed in the U.S.A., S. 377-94, 1985.
8. 9. Brooks GA Fahey TD ; Aging. Exercise Physiology : Human Bioenergetics and Its Applications, MacMillan Publishing Company, Printed in the U.S.A., S. 683- 700, 1985.

9. 10, Bulkley GB : Free radical-mediated reperfusion injury : A selective review. Br J Cancer Suppl. 55 : 66-73, 1987.
10. 11, Chance B Sies H Boveris A : Hydroperoxide metabolism in mammalian organs. Physiol Rev 59 : 527-605, 1979.
11. 12. Clark TA : Tissue damage caused by free oxygen radicals. Pathology 18 : 181-6, 1986.
12. 13. Cotran RS Kumar V Robbins SL : Cellular Injury and Adaptations. Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, 4. Edition, W.B. Saunders Company. Philadelphia, S. 1-38, 1089,
13. 14. Davies KJA ve ark. : Free radicals and tissue damage by exercise. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 107 : 1198-1205, 1982.
14. 15. Del Maestro R ; An approach to free radicals in medicine and biology. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 492 : 153-68 1980.
15. 16.Dillard CJ ve ark : Effects of exercise, vitamin E, and ozone on pulmonary function and lipid peroxidation. J Appl Physiol 45 : 927-32, 1978,
16. 17.FEE JA : Studies on the reconstitution of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase : III. Evidence for a strong interdependence between Cut? and Zn+2 binding in the expression of the spectroscopic proximity of the Zn+2 and Cut? sites. Biochim Biophys Acta 295 : 107, 1973.
17. 18.Fox EL Bowers RW Foss ML : Methods of Physical Training. The Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics, 4. Edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Printed in the U.S.A. S. 286-322, 1988.
18. 19.Fox EL Bowers RW Foss ML : Physiological Effects of Physical Training. The Physiological Basis of Physical Education and Athletics, 4. Edition, W.B. Saunders Company, Printed in the U.S.A., S. 323-74, 1988.
19. 20.Freeman BA Crapo JD : Biology of disease : Free radicals and tissue injury. Lab Invest 47 (5) : 412-26, 1982
20. 21.Fridovich I : Superoxide radical and superoxide dismutase. Accounts of Chemical Research 5 : 321, 1972,
21. 22.Fridovich I : Superoxide dismut: Advance in Enzymology 41 : 35, 1974,
22. 23.Gollnick PD : Metabolic regulation in skeletal muscle : Influence of endurance training as exerted by mitochondrial protein concentration. Acta Physiol Scand Vol. 128 (Suppl 556), S. 53-66, 1986.
23. 24.Halliwell B ve ark : Oxygen radicals and human disease. Ann Intern Med 107 : 526-45, 1987.
24. 25.Haralambie G Keul J Theumert F : Changes in serum proteins, iron and copper in swimmers before and after altitude training. Eur J Appl Physiol 35 : 21, 1976.
25. 26.Higuchi M ve ark : Superoxide dismutase and catalase in skeletal muscle : Adaptive response to exercise. J Gerontol 40 : 281-86, 1985.
26. 27.Jackson MJ Edwards RHT Symons MCR : Elcctron spin resonance studies of intact mammalian skeletal muscle. Biochim Biophys Acta 847 : 185-90, 1985.
27. 28.Jacob RA : Trace elements. Textbook of clinical chemistry. Edited by Tietz N.W., W.B. Saunders Company, S. 965-996, 1986.
28. 29.Jenkins RR : Free radical chemistry. Relationship to exercise. Sports Med 5 (3) : 156-70, 1988.
29. 30.Jenkins RR Friedland R Howald H : The relationship of oxygen uptake to superoxide dismutase and catalase activity in human skeletal muscle. Int J Sports Med 95 ; 11-14, 1984.
30. 31.Jenkins RR Martin D Goldberg E : Lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscle during atrophy and acute exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 15 : 93 H, 1983.
31. 32.JI LL Stratman FW Lardy HA : Enzymatic down regulation with exercise in rat skeletal muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys 263 (1) : 137-49, 1988,
32. 33.JI LL Stratman FW Lardy HA : Antioxidant enzyme systems in rat liver and skeletal muscle : Influences of selenium deficiency, chronic traininig, and acute exercise. Arch Biochem Biophys 263 (1) ; 150-60, 1988.
33. 34.Kanten MM ve ark : Effect of exercise training on antioxidant enzymes and cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. J Appl Physiol 59 : 1208-1303, 1985.
34. 35.Hodgson EK Fridovich I : The interaction of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase with hydrogen peroxide : inactivation of the enzyme. Biochemistry 14 : 5204, 1975,
35. 36.Kokot K ve ark : Activalion of leukocytes during prolonged physical exercise Adv Exp Med Biol 240 : 57-63, 1088,
36. 37.Kono Y Fridovich T ; Superoxide radical inhibits catalase. J Biol Chem 257 : 5751, 1982,
37. 38.Lovlin R ve ark : Are indices of free radical damage related Lo exercise intensity Fur J Appl Physiol 56 : 313-16, 1967.
38. 39.Musra HP Fridovich I : The generation of superoxide radical during autoxidation of hemoglobin, J Biol Chem 247 : 6960-2, 1972.
39. 40.Ohno K ve ark : The changes of antioxidative enzyme activities in equine eryth- rocyte following exercise. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi 52 (4) : 759-65, 1990.
40. 41.Ohno H ve ark : The effect of briefl physica) exercise on free radical scavenging cnzyme systems in human red blood cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 65 : 1263-65, 1986,
41. 42.Ohno H ve ark : Physical training and fasting erythrocyte activities of free ra- dical scavenging enzyme systems in sedentary men. J Appl Physiol 57 : 173-6, 1088,
42. 43.Packer L : Oxidants and Antioxicants and the Biological Effects of Physical Exercise. Biological Effects of Physical Activity, Edited by Williams R.S., Walla- ce A.G., Human Kinctics Publishers, Printed in the US.A., S. 85-90, 1989
43. 44.Quintanilha A.T. : Effects of physical exercise and/or vitamin E on tissue oxida- tive metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 12 : 403-4, 1984.
44. 45.Rifkind JM ve ark : The role of hcmoglobin in generating oxyradicals. Oxygen Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Plenum Press, New York, S. 157-62, 1988.
45. 46.Rigo A Stevanato R Viglino P : Competitive inhibition of Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase by monovalent anions. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 79 : 776 ,1977.
46. 47.Suliminen A Vihko V : Endurance training reduces the susceptibility of mouse skeletal muscle to lipid peroxidation in vitro. Acta Physiol Scand 117 ; 109-13, 1983,
47. 48.Shepard RJ : Effects of Exercise on Biological Features of Aging. Biological Ef- fects of Physical Activity, Edited by Williams R.S., Wallace A.G., Human Ki- netics Publishers, Printed in the U.S.A., S. 55-70, 1989,
48. 49.Sinet PM Garber P ; Inactivation of the human copper-zinc superoxide dismutase during exposure to superoxide radical and hydrogen peroxide. Arch Biochem Biophys 212 : 411, 1981,
49. 50.Vani M ve ark : Glutathione-5-transferase, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxi- dase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation in liver of exerci- sed rats. Biochem Int 21 (1) : 17-26, 1990.
50. 51.Weiss SJ : Oxygen, ischemia and inflammation. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl. 548 : 9-37, 1088,
51. 52.Winterbourn CC ve ark : The estimation of red cell superoxide dismutese activity. J Lab Clin Med 85 : 337-41, 1975.