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Evaluation of Retinal Layers by Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Acromegaly

Year 2025, Volume: 78 Issue: 1, 8 - 12, 31.03.2025

Abstract

Objectives: Acromegaly, a rare endocrine disorder caused primarily by growth hormone (GH) secreting pituitary adenomas, leads to elevated levels of growth GH and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), resulting in systemic complications and ocular manifestations. These include increased corneal thickness, elevated intraocular pressure, retinal changes, and visual field defects. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) enables high-resolution, non-invasive assessment of individual retinal layers. This technique provides a thickness map of the following seven different retinal layers via automatic segmentation: retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), inner nuclear layer (INL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This study employed SD-OCT to evaluate the thickness of seven distinct retinal layers in patients with acromegaly, addressing a gap in the current literature.

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study included patients with acromegaly and age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Data collected included demographics, treatment modalities, disease activity status (remission vs. non-remission), and IGF-1 levels. A single-blinded ophthalmologist performed OCT. The thickness of seven distinct retinal layers was compared between acromegaly patients and controls.

Results: The study included 23 acromegaly patients and 18 healthy controls, with 46 and 36 eyes evaluated, respectively. The acromegaly group exhibited significantly reduced median thicknesses in the RNFL, GCL, IPL, and RPE layers compared to controls (p<0.05), while INL, OPL, and ONL showed no differences. Subgroup analysis revealed that INL thickness was significantly greater in non-remission patients than in those in remission (p=0.022).

Conclusion: Retinal layer thinning, particularly in the RNFL, GCL, IPL, and RPE, was observed in acromegaly patients compared to healthy controls. Interestingly, patients with active disease had thicker retinal layers than those in remission, suggesting a role for IGF-1 in these changes. As the first comprehensive evaluation of all seven retinal layers in acromegaly, this study highlights the need for further research to clarify these findings and the impact of IGF-1 on retinal structure.

Ethical Statement

Ethics Committee Approval: The research complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ankara Yıldırım Beyazıt University Clinical Research Ethics Committee (date: 28.01.2015, decision no.: 2015-30). Informed Consent: Informed written consent was obtained from all participants before the study.

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References

  • 1. Melmed S. Medical progress: Acromegaly. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2558-73.
  • 2. Zafar A, Jordan DR. Enlarged extraocular muscles as the presenting feature of acromegaly. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20:334-336.
  • 3. Cennamo G, Auriemma RS, Cardone D, et al. Evaluation of the retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell complex thickness in pituitary macroadenomas without optic chiasmal compression. Eye (Lond). 2015;29:797-802.
  • 4. Quaranta L, Riva I, Mazziotti G, et al. Elevated intraocular pressure in patients with acromegaly. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;252:1133-1339.
  • 5. Altinkaynak H, Duru N, Ersoy R, et al. Topographic and biomechanical evaluation of cornea in patients with acromegaly. Cornea. 2015;34:65-70.
  • 6. Giustina A, Biermasz N, Casanueva FF, et al. Consensus on criteria for acromegaly diagnosis and remission. Pituitary. 2024;27:7-22.
  • 7. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:1796-1806.
  • 8. Danesh-Meyer HV, Carroll SC, Foroozan R, et al. Relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer and visual field sensitivity as measured by optical coherence tomography in chiasmal compression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:4827-4835.
  • 9. Monteiro ML, Costa-Cunha LV, Cunha LP, et al. Correlation between macular and retinal nerve fibre layer Fourier-domain OCT measurements and visual field loss in chiasmal compression. Eye (Lond). 2010;24:1382-1390.
  • 10. Moon CH, Hwang SC, Kim BT, et al. Visual prognostic value of optical coherence tomography and photopic negative response in chiasmal compression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:8527-8533.
  • 11. Akay F, Akmaz B, Isik MU, et al. Evaluation of the retinal layers and microvasculature in patients with acromegaly: a case-control OCT angiography study. Eye (Lond). 2021;35:523-527.
  • 12. Sahin M, Sahin A, Kilinc F, et al. Retina ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer and peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with acromegaly. Int Ophthalmol. 2017;37:591-598.
  • 13. Yazgan S, Arpaci D, Celik HU, et al. Evaluation of macular and peripapillary choroidal thickness, macular volume and retinal nerve fiber layer in acromegaly patients. Int Ophthalmol. 2018;38:617-625.
  • 14. Ciresi A, Amato MC, Morreale D, et al. Cornea in acromegalic patients as a possible target of growth hormone action. J Endocrinol Invest. 2011;34:e30- 35.
  • 15. Pekel G, Akin F, Erturk MS, et al. Chorio-retinal thickness measurements in patients with acromegaly. Eye (Lond). 2014;28:1350-1354.
  • 16. Polat SB, Ugurlu N, Ersoy R, et al. Evaluation of central corneal and central retinal thicknesses and intraocular pressure in acromegaly patients. Pituitary. 2014;17:327-332.
  • 17. Bramsen T, Klauber A, Bjerre P. Central corneal thickness and intraocular tension in patients with acromegaly. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh).1980;58:971-974.

Akromegali Hastalarında Optik Koherens Tomografi ile Retinal Tabakaların Değerlendirilmesi

Year 2025, Volume: 78 Issue: 1, 8 - 12, 31.03.2025

Abstract

Amaç: Akromegali, öncelikli olarak büyüme hormonu (BH) salgılayan hipofiz adenomu kaynaklı nadir bir endokrin hastalıktır ve BH ile insülin benzeri büyüme faktörü 1 (IGF-1) seviyelerinin yükselmesine bağlı olarak sistemik komplikasyonlara ve oküler bulgulara yol açar. Bu bulgular arasında kornea kalınlığında artış, intraoküler basınç artışı, retinal değişiklikler ve görme alanı defektleri yer alır. Spektral-domain optik koherens tomografi (SD-OCT), retina tabakalarının yüksek çözünürlüklü, non-invaziv değerlendirmesine olanak tanır. Bu teknikle, otomatik segmentasyon aracılığıyla yedi farklı retina tabakasının kalınlık ölçümü yapılabilir: retinal sinir lifi tabakası (RNFL), ganglion hücre tabakası (GCL), iç pleksiform tabaka (IPL), iç nükleer tabaka (INL), dış pleksiform tabaka (OPL), dış nükleer tabaka (ONL) ve retinal pigment epiteli (RPE). Bu çalışmada, akromegali hastalarında literatürdeki bir boşluğu doldurmak amacıyla, SD-OCT kullanarak, yedi farklı retinal tabakanın kalınlığını değerlendirmek amaçlandı.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu kesitsel karşılaştırmalı çalışmaya, akromegali hastaları ile yaş ve cinsiyet açısından eşleştirilmiş sağlıklı kontrol bireyler dahil edilmiştir. Demografik özellikler, tedavi yöntemleri, hastalık aktivite durumu (remisyonda veya değil) ve IGF-1 seviyeleri kaydedildi. Tüm OCT ölçümleri, tek bir oftalmolog tarafından yapılmıştır. Akromegali hastaları ile kontrol grubu arasında yedi farklı retinal katmanın kalınlıkları karşılaştırılmıştır.

Bulgular: Çalışmaya 23 akromegali hastası ve 18 sağlıklı kontrol dahil edilmiş; sırasıyla 46 ve 36 göz değerlendirilmiştir. Akromegali grubunda RNFL, GCL, IPL ve RPE katmanlarının medyan kalınlıkları kontrol grubuna kıyasla anlamlı olarak düşük bulunmuştur (p<0,05). INL, OPL ve ONL arasında fark gözlenmemiştir. Akromegali hastaları, remisyonda veya remisyonsuz olarak 2 gruba ayrıldığında, INL kalınlığı, remisyonsuz hastalarda anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p=0,022).

Sonuç: Akromegali hastalarında RNFL, GCL, IPL ve RPE katmanlarının kontrol grubuna göre inceldiği, ancak aktif hastalık grubunda bu katmanların remisyondaki hastalara kıyasla daha kalın olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu durum, IGF-1’in retinal değişikliklerdeki rolüne işaret etmektedir. Akromegali hastalarında retinal tabakaların ayrıntılı olarak değerlendirildiği ilk çalışma olan bu araştırma ile IGF-1’in retinal yapı üzerindeki etkisini açıklığa kavuşturmak için ek geniş kapsamlı araştırmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Ethical Statement

-

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

  • 1. Melmed S. Medical progress: Acromegaly. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2558-73.
  • 2. Zafar A, Jordan DR. Enlarged extraocular muscles as the presenting feature of acromegaly. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;20:334-336.
  • 3. Cennamo G, Auriemma RS, Cardone D, et al. Evaluation of the retinal nerve fibre layer and ganglion cell complex thickness in pituitary macroadenomas without optic chiasmal compression. Eye (Lond). 2015;29:797-802.
  • 4. Quaranta L, Riva I, Mazziotti G, et al. Elevated intraocular pressure in patients with acromegaly. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2014;252:1133-1339.
  • 5. Altinkaynak H, Duru N, Ersoy R, et al. Topographic and biomechanical evaluation of cornea in patients with acromegaly. Cornea. 2015;34:65-70.
  • 6. Giustina A, Biermasz N, Casanueva FF, et al. Consensus on criteria for acromegaly diagnosis and remission. Pituitary. 2024;27:7-22.
  • 7. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report number 1. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study research group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:1796-1806.
  • 8. Danesh-Meyer HV, Carroll SC, Foroozan R, et al. Relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer and visual field sensitivity as measured by optical coherence tomography in chiasmal compression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:4827-4835.
  • 9. Monteiro ML, Costa-Cunha LV, Cunha LP, et al. Correlation between macular and retinal nerve fibre layer Fourier-domain OCT measurements and visual field loss in chiasmal compression. Eye (Lond). 2010;24:1382-1390.
  • 10. Moon CH, Hwang SC, Kim BT, et al. Visual prognostic value of optical coherence tomography and photopic negative response in chiasmal compression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:8527-8533.
  • 11. Akay F, Akmaz B, Isik MU, et al. Evaluation of the retinal layers and microvasculature in patients with acromegaly: a case-control OCT angiography study. Eye (Lond). 2021;35:523-527.
  • 12. Sahin M, Sahin A, Kilinc F, et al. Retina ganglion cell/inner plexiform layer and peripapillary nerve fiber layer thickness in patients with acromegaly. Int Ophthalmol. 2017;37:591-598.
  • 13. Yazgan S, Arpaci D, Celik HU, et al. Evaluation of macular and peripapillary choroidal thickness, macular volume and retinal nerve fiber layer in acromegaly patients. Int Ophthalmol. 2018;38:617-625.
  • 14. Ciresi A, Amato MC, Morreale D, et al. Cornea in acromegalic patients as a possible target of growth hormone action. J Endocrinol Invest. 2011;34:e30- 35.
  • 15. Pekel G, Akin F, Erturk MS, et al. Chorio-retinal thickness measurements in patients with acromegaly. Eye (Lond). 2014;28:1350-1354.
  • 16. Polat SB, Ugurlu N, Ersoy R, et al. Evaluation of central corneal and central retinal thicknesses and intraocular pressure in acromegaly patients. Pituitary. 2014;17:327-332.
  • 17. Bramsen T, Klauber A, Bjerre P. Central corneal thickness and intraocular tension in patients with acromegaly. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh).1980;58:971-974.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Ophthalmology, Endocrinology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Berna Evranos Öğmen 0000-0002-1848-888X

İnci Elif Erbahçeci Timur 0000-0001-6514-3748

Çağlar Keskin 0000-0001-5503-4468

Nagihan Uğurlu This is me 0000-0002-1072-6126

Reyhan Ersoy 0000-0002-7437-1176

Bekir Çakır 0000-0001-7526-8827

Project Number -
Submission Date December 9, 2024
Acceptance Date January 7, 2025
Publication Date March 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 78 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Evranos Öğmen, B., Erbahçeci Timur, İ. E., Keskin, Ç., … Uğurlu, N. (2025). Evaluation of Retinal Layers by Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Acromegaly. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 78(1), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2025.68235
AMA Evranos Öğmen B, Erbahçeci Timur İE, Keskin Ç, Uğurlu N, Ersoy R, Çakır B. Evaluation of Retinal Layers by Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Acromegaly. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. March 2025;78(1):8-12. doi:10.4274/atfm.galenos.2025.68235
Chicago Evranos Öğmen, Berna, İnci Elif Erbahçeci Timur, Çağlar Keskin, Nagihan Uğurlu, Reyhan Ersoy, and Bekir Çakır. “Evaluation of Retinal Layers by Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients With Acromegaly”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 78, no. 1 (March 2025): 8-12. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2025.68235.
EndNote Evranos Öğmen B, Erbahçeci Timur İE, Keskin Ç, Uğurlu N, Ersoy R, Çakır B (March 1, 2025) Evaluation of Retinal Layers by Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Acromegaly. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 78 1 8–12.
IEEE B. Evranos Öğmen, İ. E. Erbahçeci Timur, Ç. Keskin, N. Uğurlu, R. Ersoy, and B. Çakır, “Evaluation of Retinal Layers by Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Acromegaly”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 78, no. 1, pp. 8–12, 2025, doi: 10.4274/atfm.galenos.2025.68235.
ISNAD Evranos Öğmen, Berna et al. “Evaluation of Retinal Layers by Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients With Acromegaly”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 78/1 (March2025), 8-12. https://doi.org/10.4274/atfm.galenos.2025.68235.
JAMA Evranos Öğmen B, Erbahçeci Timur İE, Keskin Ç, Uğurlu N, Ersoy R, Çakır B. Evaluation of Retinal Layers by Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Acromegaly. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2025;78:8–12.
MLA Evranos Öğmen, Berna et al. “Evaluation of Retinal Layers by Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients With Acromegaly”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 78, no. 1, 2025, pp. 8-12, doi:10.4274/atfm.galenos.2025.68235.
Vancouver Evranos Öğmen B, Erbahçeci Timur İE, Keskin Ç, Uğurlu N, Ersoy R, Çakır B. Evaluation of Retinal Layers by Optical Coherence Tomography in Patients with Acromegaly. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2025;78(1):8-12.