Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Predictors of Mortality Correlated with the SOFA Score in Pediatric VA-ECMO Patients

Year 2025, Volume: 78 Issue: 4, 320 - 328, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1727526

Abstract

Background: The objective of this study was to analyze mortality predictors in pediatric VA-ECMO patients, correlating these predictors with the pediatric sequential organ failure assessment score (pSOFA).

Aim: To enhance prognostic accuracy and support individualized clinical decision-making by evaluating the correlations between mortality predictors and pediatric sequential organ failure assessment (pSOFA) scores in pediatric VA-ECMO patients.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 80 consecutive pediatric VA-ECMO cases treated at our center between April 2018 and October 2021. Data collection included patient demographics, clinical features, pSOFA scores, and estimated mortality risks. Survival impacts and morbidity factors were also assessed. The overall decannulation and hospital discharge rates were recorded, with a particular focus on patients with congenital cardiac diseases and those experiencing postcardiotomy low cardiac output, who showed the highest survival rates.

Results: Our analysis revealed that certain variables significantly influenced survival outcomes in pediatric VA-ECMO patients. These variables included age, weight, genetic disorders, inotropic support, inhaled nitric oxide (NO) usage, hemodiafiltration, duration of hospital stay, active cardiopulmonary resuscitation during cannulation, and various biochemical markers. Notably, the mean pSOFA scores were significantly lower in survivors compared to non-survivors (9.22 ± 1.43 vs. 13.06 ± 2.69, respectively).

Overall decannulation and hospital discharge rates were 60% and 48.75%, respectively, with the highest rates observed in patients with congenital cardiac diseases and postcardiotomy low cardiac output (84.6% and 76.9%, respectively).


Furthermore, several mortality predictors were identified, which correlated strongly with pSOFA scores. These predictors included the need for inotropic support, elevated levels of lactate and creatinine, a low protein/albumin ratio, and a low pH prior to cannulation. These findings underscore the critical importance of assessing the severity of organ failure and the overall clinical status when determining mortality risk in pediatric VA-ECMO patients.

Conclusion: This study offers valuable insights into the association between pSOFA scores and mortality predictors in pediatric ECMO cases. The significant correlation between higher pSOFA scores and increased mortality highlights the necessity for comprehensive risk assessment and vigilant monitoring of clinical status to optimize patient outcomes. Our findings support the integration of pSOFA scores into routine clinical practice for more effective prognostication and individualized patient management in pediatric VA-ECMO.

References

  • Raleigh L, Ha R, Hill C. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation applications in cardiac critical care. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2015; 19(4): 342-352.
  • Loforte A, Marinelli G, Musumeci F, Folesani G,Pilato E,Suarez SM et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in refractory cardiogenic shock: treatment strategies and analysis of risk factors. Artif Organs 2014; 38(7): 129-141.
  • Thiagarjan RR, Barbaro RP, Rycus PT,Mcmullan DM,Conrad SA,Fortenberry JD et al. Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry International Report 2016. ASAIO J 2017; 63(1): 60-67.
  • ECLS Registry report, International Summary, April 2023.
  • Brown KL, Ichord R, Marino BS, Thiagarajan RR. Outcomes following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with cardiac disease. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013;14 (Suppl 1): 73-83.
  • Joffe AR, Lequier L, Robertson CM. Pediatric outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac disease and for cardiac arrest: a review. ASAIO J 2012; 58(4): 297–310.
  • Punn R, Axelrod DM, Sherman-Levine S,Roth SJ,Tacy TA. Predictors of mortality in pediatric patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014;15(9): 870–877.
  • Truby L, Mundy L, Kalesan B,Kirtane A,Colombo PC,Takeda K et al. Contemporary outcomes of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock at a large tertiary care center. ASAIO J 2015; 61(4): 403-409.
  • Gupta P, McDonald R, Chipman CW,Stroud M, Gossett JM,Imamura M et al. 20-year experience of prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill children with cardiac or pulmonary failure. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(5): 1584-1591.
  • Singh TP, Almond CS, Gauvreau K. Improved survival in pediatric heart transplant recipients: have white, black, and Hispanic children benefited equally? Am J Transplant. 2011;11(1): 120-128.
  • Alsoufi B, Al-Radi OO, Nazer RI,Gruenwald C,Foreman C,Williams WG et al. Survival outcomes after rescue extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric patients with refractory cardiac arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;134(4): 952-959.
  • Delmo Walter EM, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Huebler M,Redlin M,Boettcher W,Weng Y et al. Rescue extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with refractory cardiac arrest. Interact Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 12(6): 929-934.
  • Yang L, Fan Y, Lin R, He W. Blood Lactate as a Reliable Marker for Mortality of Pediatric Refractory Cardiogenic Shock Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40(3): 602-609.
  • Nichol A, Bailey M, Egi M,Pettila V,French C,Stachowski E et al. Dynamic lactate indices as predictors of outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2011;15(5): 242.
  • Wilder NS, Yu S, Donohue JE, Goldberg CS,Blatt NB. Fluid overload is associated with late poor outcomes in neonates following cardiac surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17: 420–427.
  • Sasser WC, Robert SM, Askenazi DJ, O’Meara LC, Borasino S,Alten JA. Peritoneal dialysis: an alternative modality of fluid removal in neonates requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac surgery. JECT 2014; 46: 157–161.
  • Baslaim G, Bashore J, Al-Malki F, Jamjoom A. Can the outcome of pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac surgery be predicted? Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006; 12: 21–27.
  • Kumar TKS, Zurakowski D, Dalton H, Talwar S, Allard-Picou A,Duebener LF et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in postcardiotomy patients: factors influencing outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140: 330–336.
  • Balasubramanian SK, Tiruvoipati R, Amin M, Aabideen KK,Peek GJ,Sosnowski AW et al. Factors influencing the outcome of pediatric cardiac surgical patients during extracorporeal circulatory support. J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 2: 4–12.
  • Alsoufi B, Shen I, Karamlou T, Giacomuzzi C, Burch G,Silberbach M,et al. Extracorporeal life support in neonates, infants, and children after repair of congenital heart disease: modern era results in a single institution. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 80: 15–21.
  • Darling EM, Kaemmer D, Lawson DS, Jaggers JJ, Ungerleider RM. Use of ECMO without the oxygenator to provide ventricular support after Norwood stage I procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71 :735–736.
  • Rousse N, Juthier F, Pinon C, Hysi I, Banfi C, Robin E, et al. ECMO as a bridge to decision: recovery, VAD, or heart transplantation? Int J Cardiol 2015; 187: 620–627.
  • Asano M, Matsumae H, Suzuki K, Nakai Y, Nakayama T, Nomura N, et al. Prognostic Risk Analyses for Postcardiotomy Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Children: A Review of Early and Intermediate Outcomes. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 40(1): 89-100.
  • Millar JE, Fanning JP, McDonald CI, Mcauley DF,Fraser JF. The inflammatory response to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a review of the pathophysiology. Crit Care 2016; 20: 387–396.
  • Baloch S, Shaikh I, Gowa M, Lohano P, Ibrahim M. Comparison of Pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment and Pediatric Risk of Mortality III Score as Mortality Prediction in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Cureus 2022; 14(1): 210-255.

Pediatrik VA-ECMO Hastalarında SOFA Skoru ile Korelasyon Gösteren Mortalite Belirleyicileri

Year 2025, Volume: 78 Issue: 4, 320 - 328, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1727526

Abstract

Arka plan: Bu çalışmanın amacı, pediatrik VA-ECMO hastalarında mortalite belirleyicilerini analiz etmek ve bunları pediatrik sıralı organ yetmezliği değerlendirme skoru (pSOFA) ile ilişkilendirmektir.

Amaç: Pediatrik VA-ECMO hastalarında mortalite belirleyicileri ile pediatrik sıralı organ yetmezliği değerlendirme (pSOFA) skorları arasındaki ilişkiyi değerlendirerek, prognostik doğruluğu artırmak ve bireyselleştirilmiş klinik karar süreçlerini desteklemek.

Yöntemler: Çalışmamızda Nisan 2018 ve Ekim 2021 tarihleri arasında merkezimizde tedavi edilen 80 ardışık pediatrik VA-ECMO vakasının retrospektif bir analizi yapılmıştır. Veriler, hasta demografisi, klinik özellikleri, pSOFA skorları ve tahmini mortalite risklerini içermektedir. Sağkalım etkileri ve morbidite faktörleri de değerlendirilmiştir. En yüksek sağkalım oranlarını gösteren konjenital kalp hastalıkları olan ve postkardiyotomi düşük kalp debisi yaşayan hastalara özellikle odaklanılarak, genel dekanülasyon ve hastaneden taburculuk oranları kaydedilmiştir.

Bulgular: Analizimiz, bazı değişkenlerin pediatrik VA-ECMO hastalarında sağkalım sonuçlarını önemli ölçüde etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu değişkenler arasında yaş, kilo, genetik bozukluklar, inotropik destek, inhale nitrik oksit (NO) kullanımı, hemodiyafiltrasyon, hastanede kalış süresi, kanülasyon sırasında aktif kardiyopulmoner resüsitasyon ve çeşitli biyokimyasal belirteçler yer almaktadır. Özellikle, ortalama pSOFA skorları hayatta kalanlarda hayatta kalmayanlara kıyasla anlamlı derecede düşük bulunmuştur (sırasıyla 9,22 ± 1,43 vs. 13,06 ± 2,69).
Genel dekanülasyon ve hastaneden taburculuk oranları sırasıyla %60 ve %48,75 olup en yüksek oranlar konjenital kalp hastalıkları ve postkardiyotomi düşük kalp debisi olan hastalarda gözlenmiştir (sırasıyla %84,6 ve %76,9).
Ayrıca, pSOFA skorları ile güçlü korelasyon gösteren birkaç mortalite belirleyicisi tanımlanmıştır. Bu belirleyiciler arasında inotropik destek ihtiyacı, yüksek laktat ve kreatinin seviyeleri, düşük protein/albümin oranı ve kanülasyon öncesinde düşük pH yer almaktadır. Bu bulgular, pediatrik VA-ECMO hastalarında mortalite riskini belirlerken organ yetmezliğinin ciddiyetini ve genel klinik durumu değerlendirmenin kritik öneminin altını çizmektedir.

Sonuç: Bu çalışma, pediatrik ECMO vakalarında pSOFA skorları ile mortalite öngörücüleri arasındaki ilişkiye dair değerli bilgiler sunmaktadır. Yüksek pSOFA skorları ile artmış mortalite arasındaki anlamlı korelasyon, hasta sonuçlarını optimize etmek için kapsamlı risk değerlendirmesi ve klinik durumun dikkatli bir şekilde izlenmesi gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. Bulgularımız, pediatrik VA-ECMO'da daha etkili prognostik değerlendirme ve bireyselleştirilmiş hasta yönetimi için pSOFA skorlarının rutin klinik uygulamaya entegre edilmesini desteklemektedir.

References

  • Raleigh L, Ha R, Hill C. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation applications in cardiac critical care. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2015; 19(4): 342-352.
  • Loforte A, Marinelli G, Musumeci F, Folesani G,Pilato E,Suarez SM et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in refractory cardiogenic shock: treatment strategies and analysis of risk factors. Artif Organs 2014; 38(7): 129-141.
  • Thiagarjan RR, Barbaro RP, Rycus PT,Mcmullan DM,Conrad SA,Fortenberry JD et al. Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry International Report 2016. ASAIO J 2017; 63(1): 60-67.
  • ECLS Registry report, International Summary, April 2023.
  • Brown KL, Ichord R, Marino BS, Thiagarajan RR. Outcomes following extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with cardiac disease. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2013;14 (Suppl 1): 73-83.
  • Joffe AR, Lequier L, Robertson CM. Pediatric outcomes after extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for cardiac disease and for cardiac arrest: a review. ASAIO J 2012; 58(4): 297–310.
  • Punn R, Axelrod DM, Sherman-Levine S,Roth SJ,Tacy TA. Predictors of mortality in pediatric patients on venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2014;15(9): 870–877.
  • Truby L, Mundy L, Kalesan B,Kirtane A,Colombo PC,Takeda K et al. Contemporary outcomes of venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for refractory cardiogenic shock at a large tertiary care center. ASAIO J 2015; 61(4): 403-409.
  • Gupta P, McDonald R, Chipman CW,Stroud M, Gossett JM,Imamura M et al. 20-year experience of prolonged extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in critically ill children with cardiac or pulmonary failure. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;93(5): 1584-1591.
  • Singh TP, Almond CS, Gauvreau K. Improved survival in pediatric heart transplant recipients: have white, black, and Hispanic children benefited equally? Am J Transplant. 2011;11(1): 120-128.
  • Alsoufi B, Al-Radi OO, Nazer RI,Gruenwald C,Foreman C,Williams WG et al. Survival outcomes after rescue extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric patients with refractory cardiac arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2007;134(4): 952-959.
  • Delmo Walter EM, Alexi-Meskishvili V, Huebler M,Redlin M,Boettcher W,Weng Y et al. Rescue extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children with refractory cardiac arrest. Interact Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 12(6): 929-934.
  • Yang L, Fan Y, Lin R, He W. Blood Lactate as a Reliable Marker for Mortality of Pediatric Refractory Cardiogenic Shock Requiring Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation. Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 40(3): 602-609.
  • Nichol A, Bailey M, Egi M,Pettila V,French C,Stachowski E et al. Dynamic lactate indices as predictors of outcome in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2011;15(5): 242.
  • Wilder NS, Yu S, Donohue JE, Goldberg CS,Blatt NB. Fluid overload is associated with late poor outcomes in neonates following cardiac surgery. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2016; 17: 420–427.
  • Sasser WC, Robert SM, Askenazi DJ, O’Meara LC, Borasino S,Alten JA. Peritoneal dialysis: an alternative modality of fluid removal in neonates requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac surgery. JECT 2014; 46: 157–161.
  • Baslaim G, Bashore J, Al-Malki F, Jamjoom A. Can the outcome of pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after cardiac surgery be predicted? Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006; 12: 21–27.
  • Kumar TKS, Zurakowski D, Dalton H, Talwar S, Allard-Picou A,Duebener LF et al. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in postcardiotomy patients: factors influencing outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 140: 330–336.
  • Balasubramanian SK, Tiruvoipati R, Amin M, Aabideen KK,Peek GJ,Sosnowski AW et al. Factors influencing the outcome of pediatric cardiac surgical patients during extracorporeal circulatory support. J Cardiothorac Surg 2007; 2: 4–12.
  • Alsoufi B, Shen I, Karamlou T, Giacomuzzi C, Burch G,Silberbach M,et al. Extracorporeal life support in neonates, infants, and children after repair of congenital heart disease: modern era results in a single institution. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 80: 15–21.
  • Darling EM, Kaemmer D, Lawson DS, Jaggers JJ, Ungerleider RM. Use of ECMO without the oxygenator to provide ventricular support after Norwood stage I procedures. Ann Thorac Surg 2001; 71 :735–736.
  • Rousse N, Juthier F, Pinon C, Hysi I, Banfi C, Robin E, et al. ECMO as a bridge to decision: recovery, VAD, or heart transplantation? Int J Cardiol 2015; 187: 620–627.
  • Asano M, Matsumae H, Suzuki K, Nakai Y, Nakayama T, Nomura N, et al. Prognostic Risk Analyses for Postcardiotomy Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Children: A Review of Early and Intermediate Outcomes. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 40(1): 89-100.
  • Millar JE, Fanning JP, McDonald CI, Mcauley DF,Fraser JF. The inflammatory response to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO): a review of the pathophysiology. Crit Care 2016; 20: 387–396.
  • Baloch S, Shaikh I, Gowa M, Lohano P, Ibrahim M. Comparison of Pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment and Pediatric Risk of Mortality III Score as Mortality Prediction in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Cureus 2022; 14(1): 210-255.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Cardiovascular Surgery
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nur Dikmen 0000-0002-7515-8465

Zeynep Eyıleten 0000-0003-3405-7139

Oğuzhan Durmaz 0000-0002-6839-6385

Evren Özçınar 0000-0001-6151-2147

Burcu Arıcı 0000-0002-9824-9220

Ahmet Kayan 0000-0002-1875-6258

Ali Fuat Karaçuha 0009-0000-4280-6289

Merve Havan 0000-0003-3431-7906

Fatma Akça 0000-0001-5633-9933

Tayfun Uçar 0000-0003-3386-0691

Tanıl Kendirli 0000-0001-9458-2803

Fatmanur Duruk Erkent 0000-0002-9161-5013

Özlem Selvi Can 0000-0002-1927-9238

Submission Date June 26, 2025
Acceptance Date October 8, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 78 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Dikmen, N., Eyıleten, Z., Durmaz, O., … Özçınar, E. (2025). Predictors of Mortality Correlated with the SOFA Score in Pediatric VA-ECMO Patients. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 78(4), 320-328. https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1727526
AMA Dikmen N, Eyıleten Z, Durmaz O, et al. Predictors of Mortality Correlated with the SOFA Score in Pediatric VA-ECMO Patients. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. December 2025;78(4):320-328. doi:10.65092/autfm.1727526
Chicago Dikmen, Nur, Zeynep Eyıleten, Oğuzhan Durmaz, Evren Özçınar, Burcu Arıcı, Ahmet Kayan, Ali Fuat Karaçuha, et al. “Predictors of Mortality Correlated With the SOFA Score in Pediatric VA-ECMO Patients”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 78, no. 4 (December 2025): 320-28. https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1727526.
EndNote Dikmen N, Eyıleten Z, Durmaz O, Özçınar E, Arıcı B, Kayan A, Karaçuha AF, Havan M, Akça F, Uçar T, Kendirli T, Duruk Erkent F, Selvi Can Ö (December 1, 2025) Predictors of Mortality Correlated with the SOFA Score in Pediatric VA-ECMO Patients. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 78 4 320–328.
IEEE N. Dikmen et al., “Predictors of Mortality Correlated with the SOFA Score in Pediatric VA-ECMO Patients”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 78, no. 4, pp. 320–328, 2025, doi: 10.65092/autfm.1727526.
ISNAD Dikmen, Nur et al. “Predictors of Mortality Correlated With the SOFA Score in Pediatric VA-ECMO Patients”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 78/4 (December2025), 320-328. https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1727526.
JAMA Dikmen N, Eyıleten Z, Durmaz O, Özçınar E, Arıcı B, Kayan A, Karaçuha AF, Havan M, Akça F, Uçar T, Kendirli T, Duruk Erkent F, Selvi Can Ö. Predictors of Mortality Correlated with the SOFA Score in Pediatric VA-ECMO Patients. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2025;78:320–328.
MLA Dikmen, Nur et al. “Predictors of Mortality Correlated With the SOFA Score in Pediatric VA-ECMO Patients”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 78, no. 4, 2025, pp. 320-8, doi:10.65092/autfm.1727526.
Vancouver Dikmen N, Eyıleten Z, Durmaz O, Özçınar E, Arıcı B, Kayan A, et al. Predictors of Mortality Correlated with the SOFA Score in Pediatric VA-ECMO Patients. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2025;78(4):320-8.