<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Avrasya Etüdleri</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1300-1604</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">3108-7787</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Türk İşbirliği ve Koordinasyon Ajansı Başkanlığı</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>International Relations (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>KALPGAH’A AÇILAN GÜNEY KAPILARI: PAKİSTAN VE HİNDİSTAN’IN ORTA ASYA HAMLELERİ</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>SOUTHERN GATEWAYS TO THE HEARTLAND: INDIA AND PAKISTAN’S STRATEGIC ENGAGEMENTS IN CENTRAL ASIA</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6874-7712</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Alizada</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nazrin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>HATAY MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ, ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER BÖLÜMÜ, ULUSLARARASI İLİŞKİLER ANABİLİM DALI</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>65</issue>
                                        <fpage>41</fpage>
                                        <lpage>66</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260112">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>12</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260208">
                        <day>02</day>
                        <month>08</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1994, Avrasya Etüdleri</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1994</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Avrasya Etüdleri</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Orta Asya, jeostratejik konumu itibariyle Asya ile Avrupa arasında bir köprü işlevi görmekle kalmamakta, aynı zamanda uluslararası sistemde jeopolitik, jeoekonomik ve güvenlik temelli rekabetlerin odak noktasında yer almaktadır. Bölge, sahip olduğu zengin enerji kaynakları, doğal gaz ve petrol rezervleri ile bu kaynakların dünya pazarlarına taşınmasında kritik öneme sahip transit koridorları sayesinde, küresel ve bölgesel aktörlerin dikkatini üzerine çekmektedir. Bu çerçevede “Yeni Büyük Oyun” olarak adlandırılan rekabet ortamı, enerji arz güvenliği, ulaştırma ve lojistik ağlarının kontrolü, siyasi ve ekonomik nüfuz mücadelesi, güvenlik iş birlikleri, yumuşak güç uygulamaları ve ideolojik etki stratejileri gibi çok boyutlu unsurlar üzerinden şekillenmektedir.Pakistan ve Hindistan, bu karmaşık güç mücadelesinin iki önemli aktörü olarak Orta Asya’da artan bir varlık ve etki arayışı içindedir. Pakistan, tarihî, kültürel ve coğrafi yakınlığını avantaja çevirerek Orta Asya’ya kara yolları, enerji boru hatları ve ticaret koridorları üzerinden doğrudan erişim sağlamayı hedeflemektedir. Çin-Pakistan Ekonomik Koridoru (CPEC) kapsamında geliştirilen projeler, İslamabad’ın Orta Asya’yı Güney Asya ve Hint Okyanusu’na bağlayan stratejik bir geçit olma vizyonunu desteklemektedir. Öte yandan Hindistan, kara bağlantısının olmamasına rağmen Orta Asya’ya yönelik stratejik ilgisini son yıllarda belirgin biçimde yoğunlaştırmıştır. Yeni Delhi, enerji arz güvenliğini sağlama, Afganistan merkezli güvenlik tehditlerini sınırlandırma ve Pakistan’ınbölgedeki nüfuzunu dengeleme hedefleri doğrultusunda “Bağlantısızlık” geleneğini aşan daha aktif bir bölgesel politika izlemektedir. Bu bağlamda Çabahar Limanı yatırımı, Uluslararası Kuzey Güney Ulaşım Koridoru (INSTC) projesi ve çok taraflı diplomatik platformlardaki girişimler, Hindistan’ın Orta Asya stratejisinin temel bileşenlerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışma, Pakistan ve Hindistan’ın Orta Asya’daki stratejik konumlanmalarını tarihsel bağlam, enerji politikaları, ulaştırma ağları ve diplomatik ilişkiler ekseninde analiz etmektedir. Ayrıca, bu iki aktör arasındaki rekabet ve sınırlı iş birliği dinamiklerinin, bölgesel istikrar, enerji güvenliği ve Güney Asya-Orta Asya ilişkilerinin geleceği açısından doğurabileceği sonuçları tartışarak literatüre analitik bir katkı sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>Central Asia, due to its geostrategic position, functions not only as a bridge between Asia and Europe but also as a focal point of geopolitical, geoeconomic, and security-oriented rivalries in the international system. The region’s abundant energy resources, particularly natural gas and oil reserves, along with its critical role as a transit corridor for the transportation of these resources to global markets, have rendered it a strategic center of attraction for both regional and global powers. Within this context, the competition commonly referred to as the “New Great Game” is shaped by multidimensional factors such as energy supply security, control of transportation and logistics networks, struggles for political and economic influence, security alliances, soft power practices, and ideological strategies.Pakistan and India, as two major actors, have increasingly sought to expand their presence and influence in this complex regional power dynamic. Pakistan aims to capitalize on its historical, cultural, and geographical proximity to gain direct access to Central Asia through land routes, energy pipelines, and trade corridors. Projects developed under the framework of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) support Islamabad’s strategic vision of transforming itself into a key transit hub linking Central Asia with South Asia and the Indian Ocean. Conversely, India, despite lacking direct land access, has significantly intensified its strategic engagement with Central Asia in recent years. Guided by objectives such as securing energy supplies, mitigating security threats emanating from Afghanistan, and balancing Pakistan’s regional influence, New Delhi has adopted a more proactive regional approach that goes beyond its traditional policy of “nonalignment.” In this regard, investments in Iran’s Chabahar Port, participation in the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), and initiatives within multilateral diplomatic platforms constitute the main pillars of India’s Central Asia strategy. This study analyzes the strategic positioning of Pakistan and India in Central Asia through the lenses of historical context, energy policy, transportation networks, and diplomatic relations. Furthermore, it aims to contribute analytically to the existing literature by discussing the potential implications of their rivalry and limited cooperation dynamics for regional stability, energy security, and the future of South Asia-Central Asia relations.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Orta Asya</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Hindistan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Pakistan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  bölgesel politika</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  stratejik açılım</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                                                                                                    </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Abbas, Z., Kalım, I., and Malik, M. S. “CASA-1000: Its Potential for Regional Trade and Development”, Global Political Review, Vol 4, No 3 (2019), pp. 39-48.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Adb.org. “Regional: Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India Natural Gas Pipeline Project, Phase 3”, https://www.adb.org/projects/44463-013/main. Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ahmed, W. “CPEC to Provide Impetus to Pak-CARs Relations”, 30.05.2018. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/323064-cpec-to- provide-impetus-to-pak-cars-relations. Erişim tarihi: 19.11.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akhtar, S. “Strategic Significance of Central Asia”, Pakistan Horizon, Vol 45, No 3 (1992), pp. 49-56.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Almamatovna, T. R. “Central Asian Factor in India-Pakistan Competition (1990-2019)”, International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol 24, No 1 (2020), pp. 292-307.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Alperen, Ü. “Çin’in Keşmir Politikası: Pakistan ve Hindistan Arasında Dengeli Tarafsızlık”, Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt 22, Sayı 54(2024), ss. 2423-2448.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Akyener, O. “Değişen Türkmenistan Gaz İhracatı Politikaları ve TAPİ”, Türkiye Enerji Stratejileri ve Politikaları Araştırma Merkezi (TESPAM), 2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arreya, H.G. “Central Asia’s Role in the Heartland, 30 Years after the Dissolution of the Soviet Union”, Center for Global Affairs &amp; Strategic Studies Working Paper, No 2 (2021), pp. 1-24.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Arıkan Sinkaya, P. “Çabahar Anlaşması: İran-Hindistan-Afganistan Baharı”, 17.10.2016. https://orsam.org.tr/yayinlar/cabahar-anlasmasi-iran-hindistan-afganistan-bahari/. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Asian Development Bank Project. Proposed Loan, Grant, Partial Credit Guarantee, and transaction Technical Assistance Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) Gas Pipeline Project (Phase 1), (52167-001), 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Badan, P. Dynamics of political developments in Central Asia, Lancer Publication, New Delhi, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Belokrenitsky, V. “Central Asia in the New Eurasian Geopolitics: Implications for Pakistan and Russia”, Pakistan Horizon, Vol 48, No 3 (1995), pp.25-38.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bhat, M. A. “The strategic cooperation among India, Pakistan, Iran and Central Asia and its Implications upon Regional Stability”, The Journal of Iranian Studies, Vol 2, No 1 (2018), pp. 41-60.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Business Turkmenistan. “V Nyu-Deli sostoyalos pervoye zasedaniye Delovogo Soveta «Indiya-Tsentralnaya Aziya”, 07.02.2020. https://business.com.tm/ru/post/5081/v-nyudelisostoyalos-pervoe-zasedanie-delovogo-soveta-indiyacentralnaya-aziya. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Business Turkmenistan. “Turkmenistan Interested in Speeding Up Work on TAPI Pipeline”, 23.08.2022.https://business.com.tm/post/9052/turkmenistan-interested-in-speedingup-work-on-tapi-pipeline. Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Citati, D. “The State Security between Geopolitical Realism and Historical Rradition”, Security Dimensions International &amp; National Studies, No 12 (2014), pp. 201-204.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">“CASA-1000: Central Asia Transmission and Trade Project”, European Investment Bank Report, E4351, V2, 2013.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dar, S. S. “Strategic Significance of Central Asia in 21st Century”, The Journal of Central Asian Studies, No 21 (2014), pp.59-67.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Dave, B. “Resetting India’s Engagement in Central Asia: From Symbols to Substance”, RSIS Policy Report, (2016), pp. 2-15.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Düzgün, D. M. “Realizm Teorisinin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Gelişme Evreleri”, Karadeniz Uluslararası Bilimsel Dergisi, Sayı 47 (2020), ss. 256-276.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Fazl-E-Haider, S. “TAPI Pipeline to Remain Failure without India and Pakistan’s Participation”, 26.06.2025.https://jamestown.org/tapi-pipeline-to-remain-failure-without-indiaand-pakistans-participation/. Erişim tarihi: 21.11.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Javaid, U. “Assessing CPEC: Potential Threats and Prospects”, Pakistan Economic and Social Review, Vol 53, No 2 (2016), pp. 254-269.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Joshi, N. “Reconnecting India and Central Asia Emerging Security and Economic Dimensions”, A Joint Transatlantic Research and Policy Center Report, (2010), pp. 19-33.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Haghpanahi, J., Mohammadi, S., Khoubpour, J. M., and Mokarramipour, M. B. “Developments in the Situation of Tajiks in Uzbekistan and the Security Approach of the Karimov and Mirziyoyev Administrations towards Them”, Journal of Iran and Central Eurasia Studies, Vol 3, No 1 (2020), pp. 75-101.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gupta, P. K. “India’s Policy towards Central Asia: An Appraisal”, 26.08.2020. https://diplomatist.com/2020/08/26/indias-policy-towards-central-asia-an-appraisal/. Erişim tarihi: 21.11.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ghosh, B. “India’s Look North Policy to Connect Central Asia Policy: A Pragmatic Policy of Indian Foreign Policy”, Khazanah Sosial, Vol 4, No 1 (2022), pp. 1-13.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Grare, F. “Pakistan and Central Asia: Strategic Considerations Versus Economic Opportunities”, World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, Vol 2, No 4 (1998), pp.106-122.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gökten, K. “Çin-Pakistan Ekonomik Koridoru ve Yeni Güney Asya Jeopolitiği”, Fiscaoeconomia, Cilt 3, Sayı 1 (2019), ss.160-177.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Gktoday.in. “India joins Ashgabat agreement”, 02.02.2018. https://www.gktoday.in/indiajoins-ashgabat-agreement-2/. Erişim tarihi: 24.12.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khetran, M. S., and Khalid, M. H. “The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Gateway to Central Asia”, China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, Vol 5, No 3 (2019), pp. 455-469.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kayal, T. “India’s Economic Relations with Kazakhstan under the Look North Policy”, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 2023.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khuhro, A. A. &amp; Asker, A. “Kashmir an Unresolved Sispute”, 4th International Economics, Business and Social Sciences Congress, (2021). pp. 16-23.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khan, H. U., and Zhen, Y. “Historical Overview of Pakistan-Central Asian Republics Relations”, Research Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 20, No 20 (2022), pp.1-23.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khan, H.U., Rehman, A.U., and Niaz, Z. “Political interests of Pakistan in Central Asia: An Analysis”, Biannual Research Journal Grassroots, Vol 57, No 2 (2023), pp.1-20.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Khan, Z. A. “China’s Gwadar and India’s Chahbahar: An Analysis of Sino-India Geostrategic and Economic Competition”, Strategic Studies, (2013), pp. 79-101.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kothari, R. K. “India’s ‘Connect Central Asia Policy’: Emerging Economic and Security Dimensions”, Sociology and Anthropology, Vol 2, No 6 (2014), pp.239-245.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref37">
                        <label>37</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Lobell, S. E. “Realism, Balance of Power, and Power Transitions”, in Accommodating Rising Powers: Past, Present, and Future, (Ed. T. V. Paul), Cambridge University Press, 2016.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref38">
                        <label>38</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Makarevich, G. G., and Shchedrov, I. YU. “Indiya i Pakistan v Tsentral’noy Azii: Istoki, evolyutsiya i perspektivy otnosheni”, Vostok (Oriens), № 4 (2025), cc.101-113.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref39">
                        <label>39</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mackinder, H. “The Round World and the Winning of the Peace”, Foreign Affairs, Vol 21, No 4 (1943), pp. 595-605.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref40">
                        <label>40</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mackinder, H. Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction [1919], Penguin Books, Suffolk, 1944.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref41">
                        <label>41</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Malik, H. Moslem nationalism in India and Pakistan, People’s Publishing House, Lahore, 1980.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref42">
                        <label>42</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mullen, R. D., Shivakumar, H., Taraporevala, P., and Prasad, K. K. “India-Central Asia Backgrounder”, Centre for Policy Research Report, (2014), pp. 1-14.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref43">
                        <label>43</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Navari, C. “Hans Morgenthau and the National Interest”, Ethics &amp; International Affairs, Vol 30, No 1 (2016), pp. 47-54.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref44">
                        <label>44</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Olga, O., and. Thmos, S.S. Faultliness of Conflict in Central Asia and South Caucasus Implications for the US Army, RAND Corporations, Monica, 2003.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref45">
                        <label>45</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ullah, W., Khan, M. I., Mahsud, M. I., Khan, I. U., Khurshid, A., and Rasool, S. “CPEC as a Potential Strategic Game-Changer in Regional and Global Geopolitics: A Critical Analysis of Security Challenges for Pakistan, Ilkogretim Online-Elementary Education Online, Vol 20, No 3, (2021), pp. 3156-3166.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref46">
                        <label>46</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Usarov, S. “Özbekistan -Güneydoğu Asya’nın dış ticari ilişkilerinin geliştirilmesinde yeni ulaşım koridorlarının önemi (Güney Yönleri Örneği)”, Journal of Social and Humanities Sciences Research, Vol 6, No 46 (2019), pp. 3886-3893.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref47">
                        <label>47</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Parkes, A. “Considered Chaos: Revisiting Pakistan’s ‘Strategic Depth’ in Afghanistan”, Strategic Analysis, (2019), pp.1-13.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref48">
                        <label>48</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pradhan, R. “India’s Central Asian Policy”, Journal of Peace Studies, Vol 24, No 1 (2017), pp. 31-48.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref49">
                        <label>49</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Pradhan, R. “India-Kazakhstan Energy Relations: Looking Back and Looking Ahead”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol 13, No 2 (2022), pp.103-118.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref50">
                        <label>50</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rahul, R. Struggle for Central Asia, Vikas Publications, New Delhi, 1982.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref51">
                        <label>51</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rauaf, A. Ghan, and Hassan Shah, S.A. “Strategic Importance of Gawadar Port in Central Asia”, Research Mosaic (RM), Vol 1, No 1 (2021), pp. 1-10.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref52">
                        <label>52</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rakhimov, M. “Internal and External Dynamics of Regional Cooperation in Central Asia”, Journal of Eurasian Studies, Vol 1, No 2, (2010), pp. 95-101.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref53">
                        <label>53</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Riggirozzi, P. “Regional Integration and Welfare: Framing and Advocating Pro-Poor Norms through Southern Regionalisms”, New Political Economy, Vol 22, No 6 (2017), pp. 661-675.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref54">
                        <label>54</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Roy, M. S. “Pakistan’s strategies in Central Asia”, Strategic Analysis, Vol 30, No 4 (2006), pp.798-833.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref55">
                        <label>55</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Rowe W. T., and Lattimore, O. “Asia, and Comparative History”, The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol 66, No 3 (2007), pp. 759-786.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref56">
                        <label>56</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shaheera Naeem, “Pakistan’s Engagement in Central Asia: Foreign Policy Priorities, Challenges, and Strategic Outlook”, 30.05.2025, https://top-center.org/en/analytics/3762/pakistans-engagement-in-central-asia-foreign-policy-priorities-challenges-andstrategic-outlook, Erişim tarihi: 20.12.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref57">
                        <label>57</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stagg, I. “Afghanistan Begins Work on TAPI Pipeline”, 13.09.2024. https://www.worldpipelines.com/project-news/13092024/afghanistan-begins-work-on-tapi-pipeline/. Erişim tarihi: 21.11.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref58">
                        <label>58</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Singh, B. “India’s Central Asia policy: An overview of the challenges and options”, Journal of Eurasian Affairs, Vol 4, No 1 (2016), pp. 2-10.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref59">
                        <label>59</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Stobdan, F. “Indiya predlozhila protivoves kitayskoy initsiative «Poyas i put» - indiyskiy Diplomat”, 02.08.2018. https://eurasia.expert/indiya-predlozhila-protivoveskitayskoy-initsiative-poyas-i-put/. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref60">
                        <label>60</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Sharma, B. K. “Geopolitics in Central Asia”, Indian Foreign Affairs Journal, Vol 16, No 4 (2021), pp. 322-330.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref61">
                        <label>61</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shvaykovskiy, A. “Soyedinit li iranskiy port Chabakhar Indiyu, Rossiyu i Tsentral’nuyu Aziyu”, 30.11.2022. https://rg.ru/2022/11/30/soedinit-li-iranskij-port-chabahar-indiiurossiiu-i-centralnuiu-aziiu.html. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref62">
                        <label>62</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Shahbazov, F. “Will the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor be a Gateway to Central Asia?”, 25.05.2017.https://thediplomat.com/2017/05/will-the-china-pakistan-economiccorridor-be-a-gateway-to-central-asia/. Erişim tarihi: 19.11.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref63">
                        <label>63</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">World-nuclear.org “Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan”, 04.12.2025. https://worldnuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/countries-g-n/Kazakhstan. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref64">
                        <label>64</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yıldırım, A. “The Idea of Transmitting Central Asian Energy through Afghanistan: TAPI Natural Gas Pipeline Project”, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, No 2 (2023), pp. 362-380.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref65">
                        <label>65</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Yuyan, Z. “Relations of India and Pakistan with Central Asian Countries from the Perspective of Shanghai Cooperation Organization”, JGPG, No 9 (2020), pp.105-116.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref66">
                        <label>66</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Zhengyu, W. “Classical Geopolitics, Realism and the Balance of Power Theory”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol 41, No 6 (2018), pp.786-823.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
