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                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Avrasya Etüdleri</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1300-1604</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">3108-7787</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Türk İşbirliği ve Koordinasyon Ajansı Başkanlığı</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>Political Science (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>LENİN’DEN STALİN’E (1917-1953): SOVYET ORTA DOĞU POLİTİKASININ İDEOLOJİK TEMELLERİ VE SINIRLARI</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>THE IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS AND LIMITS OF SOVIET MIDDLE EASTERN POLICY FROM LENIN TO STALIN (1917-1953)</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3761-8002</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Bülbül</surname>
                                    <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>NUH NACİ YAZGAN ÜNİVERSİTESİ, İKTİSADİ VE İDARİ BİLİMLER FAKÜLTESİ, SİYASET BİLİMİ VE KAMU YÖNETİMİ BÖLÜMÜ</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>65</issue>
                                        <fpage>191</fpage>
                                        <lpage>232</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20251201">
                        <day>12</day>
                        <month>01</month>
                        <year>2025</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260316">
                        <day>03</day>
                        <month>16</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1994, Avrasya Etüdleri</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1994</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Avrasya Etüdleri</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bu makale, Sovyetler Birliği’nin 1917–1953 döneminde Orta Doğu’ya yönelik dış politikasını, ideolojik hedefler ile jeopolitik çıkarların kesişim noktasında analiz etmektedir. Çalışma, Lenin döneminde bölgenin devrimci anti-emperyalist mücadelenin doğal bir uzantısı olarak konumlandırıldığını; ancak iç savaş, ekonomik zayıflık ve bölgesel aktörlerin sosyo-politik gerçeklikleri nedeniyle bu yaklaşımın sınırlı bir etki üretebildiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Stalin döneminde ise Sovyet dış politikası, devrimci ideallerden ziyade güvenlik kaygılarının, devlet kapasitesi sorunlarının ve büyük güç rekabetinin belirleyici olduğu pragmatik bir çizgiye evrilmiştir. Yemen ve Hicaz ile kurulan geçici diplomatik açılımlar, İran’da yürütülen nüfuz mücadeleleri ve Filistin/İsrail meselesine ilişkin taktiksel tutum değişiklikleri, Moskova’nın ideolojik söylem ile stratejik zorunluluklar arasında sürekli bir denge arayışı içinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Makale, Sovyetlerin bu dönemde Orta Doğu’da kurumsallaşmış ve kalıcı bir nüfuz alanı oluşturamadığını; buna rağmen ortaya çıkan deneyimlerin, Soğuk Savaş yıllarında bölgenin süper güç rekabetinin merkezî sahnelerinden biri hâline gelmesinde belirleyici bir “stratejik miras” yarattığını ileri sürmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This article examines the Soviet Union’s Middle East policy between 1917 and 1953 by analyzing the interplay between ideological commitments and geopolitical imperatives. It argues that during Lenin’s leadership, the region was conceptualized as a potential arena for revolutionary anti-imperialist mobilization and support for national liberation movements. However, limited state capacity, domestic consolidation requirements, and the complex socio-political structures of Middle Eastern societies constrained the practical impact of this revolutionary outlook. Under Stalin, Soviet policy shifted toward a more pragmatic orientation shaped primarily by security concerns, border stability, and the emerging great-power rivalry. Diplomatic initiatives toward Yemen and the Hijaz, the fluctuating Soviet posture in Iran, and the tactical recalibrations concerning the Palestine/Israel question demonstrate Moscow’s continual effort to balance ideological discourse with strategic necessities. The article concludes that although the Soviet Union failed to establish a durable and institutionalized sphere of influence in the Middle East during this period, the experiences and patterns formed in these decades created an enduring strategic and intellectual legacy that would shape the region’s centrality in the Cold War.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Sovyetler Birliği (SSCB)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Orta Doğu</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Komintern</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Lenin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Stalin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Filistin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İsrail</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  İran</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Sovyet dış politikası</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Soviet Union (USSR)</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Middle East</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Comintern</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Lenin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Stalin</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Palestine</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Israel</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Iran</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Soviet Foreign Policy</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
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