<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.4 20241031//EN"
        "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.4/JATS-journalpublishing1-4.dtd">
<article  article-type="research-article"        dtd-version="1.4">
            <front>

                <journal-meta>
                                    <journal-id></journal-id>
            <journal-title-group>
                                                                                    <journal-title>Avrasya Etüdleri</journal-title>
            </journal-title-group>
                            <issn pub-type="ppub">1300-1604</issn>
                                        <issn pub-type="epub">3108-7787</issn>
                                                                                            <publisher>
                    <publisher-name>Türk İşbirliği ve Koordinasyon Ajansı Başkanlığı</publisher-name>
                </publisher>
                    </journal-meta>
                <article-meta>
                                        <article-id/>
                                                                <article-categories>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="en">
                                                            <subject>International Relations (Other)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                            <subj-group  xml:lang="tr">
                                                            <subject>Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)</subject>
                                                    </subj-group>
                                    </article-categories>
                                                                                                                                                        <title-group>
                                                                                                                        <article-title>MARSHALL PLANI: EKONOMİK YARDIMDAN  HEGEMONİK DÜZENE</article-title>
                                                                                                                                                                                                <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
                                    <trans-title>THE MARSHALL PLAN: FROM ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE TO  HEGEMONIC ORDER</trans-title>
                                </trans-title-group>
                                                                                                    </title-group>
            
                                                    <contrib-group content-type="authors">
                                                                        <contrib contrib-type="author">
                                                                    <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">
                                        https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4262-8977</contrib-id>
                                                                <name>
                                    <surname>Yildiz Duman</surname>
                                    <given-names>Nurçin</given-names>
                                </name>
                                                                    <aff>TÜRK İŞ BİRLİĞİ VE KOORDİNASYON AJANSI BAŞKANLIĞI</aff>
                                                            </contrib>
                                                                                </contrib-group>
                        
                                        <pub-date pub-type="pub" iso-8601-date="20260430">
                    <day>04</day>
                    <month>30</month>
                    <year>2026</year>
                </pub-date>
                                                    <issue>65</issue>
                                        <fpage>347</fpage>
                                        <lpage>367</lpage>
                        
                        <history>
                                    <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="20260113">
                        <day>01</day>
                        <month>13</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                                                    <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="20260426">
                        <day>04</day>
                        <month>26</month>
                        <year>2026</year>
                    </date>
                            </history>
                                        <permissions>
                    <copyright-statement>Copyright © 1994, Avrasya Etüdleri</copyright-statement>
                    <copyright-year>1994</copyright-year>
                    <copyright-holder>Avrasya Etüdleri</copyright-holder>
                </permissions>
            
                                                                                                <abstract><p>Bu çalışma, Marshall Planı’nı Avrupa’nın yeniden inşasını sağlayan bir yardım programı olmanın ötesinde, modern uluslararası düzenin oluşumunda belirleyici rol oynayan çok katmanlı bir süreç olarak ele almaktadır. Temel argüman, planın yalnızca ekonomik sonuçlar üretmekle kalmayıp, siyasal, kurumsal ve kültürel alanlarda da etkili olduğu ve bu yönüyle ABD liderliğinde şekillenen bir düzenin inşasına katkı sağladığıdır.Analiz, hegemonya, yumuşak güç ve karşılıklı bağımlılık kavramlarına dayanan bir teorik çerçeveye oturmaktadır. Bu çerçeve, Marshall Planı’nın ekonomik bir yardım mekanizması olmanın ötesine geçerek normların yayılması, rıza üretimi ve kurumsal yapıların inşası gibi süreçler aracılığıyla işleyen bir hegemonya pratiği olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu yönüyle plan, ABD’nin uluslararası sistemdeki etkisini artıran stratejik bir araç olarak değerlendirilmektedir.Tarihsel olarak plan, Soğuk Savaş’ın ilk yıllarındaki ideolojik rekabet ortamında ortaya çıkmış ve ekonomik istikrar yoluyla siyasal dönüşüm sürecini etkilemeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu çerçevede Avrupa ile ABD arasındaki ilişkiler derinleşmiş; ekonomik bağlar, siyasal uyum ve kurumsal yapılanma eş zamanlı olarak gelişmiştir. Ekonomik açıdan plan, Avrupa’nın toparlanmasına katkı sağlarken ABD için yeni pazarlar yaratmış ve asimetrik bir karşılıklı bağımlılık ilişkisi üretmiştir. Siyasal ve kurumsal düzeyde Batı ittifakının güçlenmesine zemin hazırlamış, kültürel alanda ise Amerikan yaşam tarzı ve değerlerinin yayılması yoluyla yumuşak güç kapasitesini pekiştirmiştir.Sonuç olarak Marshall Planı, ekonomik yardımın ötesine geçen ve ekonomik, siyasal ve kültürel boyutları iç içe geçmiş bir hegemonya pratiği olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Bu yönüyle plan, ABD liderliğinde şekillenen liberal uluslararası düzenin oluşumunda kritik bir dönüm noktası teşkil etmektedir. Ayrıca günümüzde de uluslararası politika tartışmalarında referans alınan güçlü bir tarihsel model olma niteliğini sürdürmektedir.</p></abstract>
                                                                                                                                    <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
                            <p>This study examines the Marshall Plan not merely as an aid program that facilitated the reconstruction of Europe, but as a multilayered process that played a decisive role in the formation of the modern international order. The main argument is that the Plan did not only produce economic outcomes but also exerted significant influence in political, institutional, and cultural domains, thereby contributing to the construction of an order shaped under U.S. leadership.The analysis is grounded in a theoretical framework based on the concepts of hegemony, soft power, and interdependence. Within this framework, the Marshall Plan is interpreted as a hegemonic practice that goes beyond a purely economic assistance mechanism, operating through the diffusion of norms, the production of consent, and the construction of institutional structures. In this sense, the Plan is evaluated as a strategic instrument that enhanced U.S. influence within the international system.Historically, the Plan emerged in the context of ideological competition during the early years of the Cold War and aimed to shape political transformation through economic stabilization. In this process, relations between Europe and the United States deepened, with economic ties, political alignment, and institutional integration developing simultaneously. Economically, the Plan contributed to Europe’s recovery while creating new markets for the United States and generating an asymmetrical interdependence relationship. At the political and institutional level, it laid the groundwork for the consolidation of the Western alliance, while culturally it reinforced U.S. soft power through the spread of American lifestyles and values.In conclusion, the Marshall Plan should be understood as a hegemonic practice that transcends economic assistance, encompassing intertwined economic, political, and cultural dimensions. In this respect, the Plan represents a critical turning point in the formation of the liberal international order shaped under U.S. leadership. Moreover, it continues to function as a powerful historical model that is frequently referenced in contemporary international policy debates.</p></trans-abstract>
                                                            
            
                                                            <kwd-group>
                                                    <kwd>Marshall Planı</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Hegemonya</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Yumuşak Güç</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Karşılıklı Bağımlılık</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Kurumsal Entegrasyon</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Amerikanlaşma</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Soğuk Savaş</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                        
                                                                            <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
                                                    <kwd>Marshall Plan</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Hegemony</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Soft Power</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Interdependence</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Institutional  Integration</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Americanization</kwd>
                                                    <kwd>  Cold War</kwd>
                                            </kwd-group>
                                                                                                            </article-meta>
    </front>
    <back>
                            <ref-list>
                                    <ref id="ref1">
                        <label>1</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Amerian, Stephanie M. “Buying European: The Marshall Plan and American Department Stores.” Diplomatic History, vol. 39, no. 1, Ocak 2015, ss. 45-69.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref2">
                        <label>2</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bostanoğlu, Burcu ve Mehmet Akif Okur. Uluslararası İlişkilerde Eleştirel Kuram: Hegemonya, Medeniyetler ve Robert W. Cox. İmge Kitabevi, Ankara, 2009.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref3">
                        <label>3</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Bossuat, Gérard. “The Marshall Plan: History and Legacy.” İçinde Eliot Sorel ve Pier Carlo Padoan (eds.), The Marshall Plan: Lessons Learned for the 21st Century, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref4">
                        <label>4</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Christenson, Linda ve Eric Christenson. “The Marshall Plan: A Short Time to Change the World.” İçinde Hans Bak, Frank Mehring ve Mathilde Roza (eds.), Politics and Cultures of Liberation: Media, Memory and Projections of Democracy, Brill, Leiden, 2018, ss. 359-378.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref5">
                        <label>5</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Cohen, Lizabeth. “A Consumers’ Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America.” Journal of Consumer Research, vol. 31, no 1, Haziran 2004, ss. 236-242.
Cox, Robert W. “Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations: An Essay in Method.” Millennium, vol. 12, no 2, 1983, ss. 162-175.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref6">
                        <label>6</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Derviş, Kemal (mod.). Diplomacy and Development in the 21st Century, a Conversation with Senator John Kerry, Brookings Institution, Washington, DC, 2009, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/20090521_foreign_assistance.pdf, Erişim: 10 Ocak 2023.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref7">
                        <label>7</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Duman, Nurçin Yıldız. Ne İyi Ne Hegemon. Ankara: Sonçağ Yayınları, 2025.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref8">
                        <label>8</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Eichengreen, Barry. Globalizing Capital: A History of the International Monetary System. 2. Baskı, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref9">
                        <label>9</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ekbladh, David. “The Marshall Plan Mystique.” World Affairs, vol. 7, no 3, Temmuz-Eylül 2003, ss. 37-45.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref10">
                        <label>10</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Erhan, Çağrı. “Ortaya Çıkışı ve Uygulanışıyla Marshall Planı.” Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 51, no 1, 1996, ss. 275-287.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref11">
                        <label>11</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">French, Michael. “Review of Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance through Twentieth-Century Europe.” Business History Review, vol. 80, no 4, 2006, ss. 802-804.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref12">
                        <label>12</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hayes, Michael T. “The Republican Road Not Taken: The Foreign-Policy Vision of Robert A. Taft.” The Independent Review, vol. 8, no 4, İlkbahar 2004, ss. 509-525.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref13">
                        <label>13</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hobsbawm, Eric. The Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century, 1914-1991, Abacus, London, 1995.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref14">
                        <label>14</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hogan, Michael J. The Marshall Plan: America, Britain and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref15">
                        <label>15</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Hogan, Michael J. “The Marshall Plan.” İçinde Charles S. Maier (ed.), The Cold War in Europe: Era of a Divided Continent, Markus Wiener Publishing, New York, 1991.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref16">
                        <label>16</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Ikenberry, G. John. After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2001.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref17">
                        <label>17</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kennan, George F. “The Sources of Soviet Conduct.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 25, no 4, Temmuz 1947, ss. 566-582.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref18">
                        <label>18</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kennan, George F. “Policy Planning Staff Memorandum.” 23 Mayıs 1947.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref19">
                        <label>19</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1947v03/d135 Erişim: 14 Nisan 2026.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref20">
                        <label>20</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Keohane, Robert O. ve Joseph S. Nye Jr. Power and Interdependence. 2. Baskı, Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 1989.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref21">
                        <label>21</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Killick, John. “The Relevance of the Marshall Plan for the 21st Century.” İçinde Eliot Sorel ve Pier Carlo Padoan (eds.), The Marshall Plan: Lessons Learned for the 21st Century, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref22">
                        <label>22</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kristensen, Thorkil. “The Marshall Plan: Lessons to Draw for the Future.” The OECD Observer, Special Issue: Marshall Plan - 20th Anniversary, OECD, Paris, Haziran 1967, ss. 4-7.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref23">
                        <label>23</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kunz, Diane B. “The Marshall Plan Reconsidered: A Complex of Motives.” Foreign Affairs, vol. 76, no 3, Mayıs-Haziran 1997, ss. 162-170.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref24">
                        <label>24</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Kuzey Atlantik Antlaşması. 4 Nisan 1949. https://www.nato.int/en/about-us/official-texts-and-resources/official-texts/1949/04/04/the-north-atlantic-treaty
Erişim: 16 Nisan 2026.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref25">
                        <label>25</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Marshall, George C. “Marshall Plan Speech.” 5 Haziran 1947. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/marshall-plan Erişim: 14 Nisan 2026.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref26">
                        <label>26</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Mayne, Richard J. The Recovery of Europe: From Devastation to Unity. Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson, London, 1970.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref27">
                        <label>27</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Milward, Alan S. The Reconstruction of Western Europe 1945-51. Routledge, London, 1984.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref28">
                        <label>28</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Morella, Constance A. “Marshall Plan 60th Anniversary Symposium: Introductory Remarks.” İçinde Eliot Sorel ve Pier Carlo Padoan (eds.), The Marshall Plan: Lessons Learned for the 21st Century, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref29">
                        <label>29</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Natsios, Andrew S. “Foreign Aid in an Era of Great Power Competition.” PRISM, vol. 8, no 4, 2020, ss. 100-119.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref30">
                        <label>30</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nolan, Mary. The Transatlantic Century: Europe and America, 1890-2010. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref31">
                        <label>31</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nye, Joseph S. Jr. Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics. PublicAffairs, New York, 2004.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref32">
                        <label>32</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Nye, Joseph S. Jr. Yumuşak Güç. BB101 Yayınları, Ankara, 2020.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref33">
                        <label>33</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">OECD. The Marshall Plan: Lessons Learned for the 21st Century. Ed. Eliot Sorel ve Pier Carlo Padoan, OECD Publishing, Paris, 2008.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref34">
                        <label>34</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Truman, Harry S. “Truman Doctrine Speech.” 12 Mart 1947.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref35">
                        <label>35</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/truman-doctrine Erişim: 14 Nisan 2026.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                                    <ref id="ref36">
                        <label>36</label>
                        <mixed-citation publication-type="journal">Weissman, Alexander D. “Pivotal Politics, The Marshall Plan: A Turning Point in Foreign Aid and the Struggle for Democracy.” The History Teacher, vol. 47, no 1, Kasım 2013, ss. 111-129.</mixed-citation>
                    </ref>
                            </ref-list>
                    </back>
    </article>
