Vegetarian Model in Nutrition

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 45 - 62, 26.01.2021

Dilistan Shipman

Öz

Vegetarian diets are gaining popularity amongst young people, especially women. For many vegetarians being sensitive to the environment and to the world’s depleting resources, ethical issues related to animals, health benefits and plant-based dietary diet options are the main concerns. For a healthy vegetarian life, it is very important to regulate the nutrition model on the basis of a healthy diet, knowing the deficiencies of the vegetarian diet. Vegetarian diets are generally high in dietary fiber, folic acid, vitamins C and E, magnesium and iron, and phytochemical content. However, it is low-calorie and tends to be lower for saturated fat and cholesterol, long-chain n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids, calcium, zinc, vitamins D and B12. Vegetarians typically have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), obesity, type 2 diabetes and some cancer. A vegetarian diet seems to be useful to increase the intake of protective nutrients and phytochemicals and to minimize the intake of dietary factors involved in various chronic diseases. In this study, the vegetarian diet was evaluated within the framework of nutritional principles.

Anahtar Kelimeler

nutrition, healthy nutrition, vegetarian nutrition

Beslenmede Vejetaryen Modeli

Öz

Vejetaryen diyetleri günümüzde gençler ve özellikle de kadınlar arasında popülerlik kazanmaktadır. Birçok vejetaryen için dünya kaynaklarına ve çevreye duyarlılık, hayvanlar ile ilgili etik konular ve sağlık avantajları ile bitki temelli diyet beslenme seçenekleri tercihlerinde temel oluşturmaktadır. Sağlıklı bir vejetaryen yaşamı için vejetaryen diyetinin eksikliklerini bilerek sağlıklı beslenme temelinde beslenme modelinin düzenlenmesi çok önemlidir. Vejetaryen diyetlerde diyet lif, folik asit, C vitamini, E vitamini, magnezyum ve demir ile fitokimyasal içerik genellikle yüksektir. Bununla birlikte daha az doymuş yağ, kolesterol, uzun zincirli n-3 (omega-3) yağ asitleri, kalsiyum, çinko, D ve B12 vitaminleri içerme eğilimindedir. Genellikle düşük kalorilidirler. Vejetaryenler tipik olarak daha düşük kardiyovasküler hastalık (CVD), obezite, tip 2 diyabet ve bazı kanser riskine sahiptirler. Vejetaryen bir diyet, koruyucu besinlerin ve fitokimyasalların alımını arttırmak ve çeşitli kronik hastalıklarda yer alan diyet faktörlerinin alımını en aza indirmek için yararlı görünmektedir. Bu çalışmada vejetaryen diyeti beslenme prensipleri çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beslenme, Vejetaryen Beslenme, sağlıklı beslenme

Kaynakça

• Sabaté, J. (2001). Vegetarian Nutrition, CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-8508-3, 277 s.
• Phillips, F. (2005). Vegetarian nutrition, Briefing Paper, British Nutrition Foundation, Nutrition Bulletin: 30, s. 132–167
• Key, T. J., Appleby, P. N. ve Rosell, M. S. (2006). Health effects of vegetarian and vegan diets, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 65, 35–41
• Venderley, A. M. ve Campbell, W. W. (2006). Vegetarian Diets: Nutritional Considerations for Athletes, Leading Article, Sports Med, 36 (4): 293-305
• Anon, (2008). The Vegeterian Food Pyramid, Loma linda University, School of Public Health, Department of Nutrition, 4 s.
• Couceiro, P., Slywitch, E. ve Lenz, F. (2008). Eating pattern of vegetarian diet, Einstein, 6 (3): 365-373
• Houghton, L. (2008). Is a vegetarian diet healthy for a child?, Best Practice Journal, Issue 18, s. 38-41
• Karabudak, E. (2008). Vejeteryan Beslenmesi, Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 726, ISBN: 978-975-590-242, İkinci Basım, 48 s.
• Craig, W. J. (2009). Health effects of vegan diets, American Society for Nutrition, Am J Clin Nutr, 89(suppl):1627S–33S.
• Marsh, K., Zeuschner, C., Saunders, A. ve Reid, M. (2009). Meeting nutritional needs on a vegetarian diet, Reprinted from Australian Family Physician Vol. 38, No. 8, August, s. 601-602
• Meister, K. (2009). Vegetarianism, Prepared for the American Council on Science and Health, 33 s.
• Craig, W. J. (2010). Nutrition Concerns and Health Effects of Vegetarian Diets, Invited Review, Nutrition in Clinical Practice, 25 (6): 613-620
• Metz, M. ve Hoffmann, I. (2010). Effects of Vegetarian Nutrition–A Nutrition Ecological Perspective, Nutrients, ISSN 2072-6643, 2010, 2, 496-504
• Anon, (2011). Healthy eating for vegetarians, 10 tips for vegetarians, USDA, Nutrition Education Series, DG TipSheet No. 8, June 1 s.
• Ongan D. ve Ersoy G. (2011). Vejetaryen sporcular: Özel gereksinimleri, Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt:9, Sayı:1, s. 261-270
• Clifford, J. ve Kozil, A. (2012). Vegetarian Diets, Colorado State University, U.S. Department of Agriculture and Colorado counties cooperating, Food and Nutrition Series / Health, Fact Sheet No. 9.324, 5 s.
• Clarys, P., Deliens, T., Huybrechts, I., Deriemaeker, P., Vanaelst, B., De Keyzer, W., Hebbelinck, M. ve Mullie, P. (2014). Comparison of Nutritional Quality of the Vegan, Vegetarian, Semi-Vegetarian, Pesco-Vegetarian and Omnivorous Diet, Nutrients, 6, s. 1318-1332
• Leitzmann, C. (2014). Vegetarian Nutrition: Past, Present, Future, American Society for Nutrition, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 100 (suppl): 496S–502S
• Cullum-Dugan, D. (2015): Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets, Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, May, Volume 115 Number 5, s. 801-810
• Kaushik, N. K., Aggarwal, A., Singh, M., Deswal, S. ve Kaushik, P. (2015). Vegetarian Diets: Health Benefits and Associated Risks, Review Article, International Archives of Integrated Medicine, Vol: 2, Issue: 3, March, s. 206-210
• Silva, S. C. G., Pinho, J. P., Borges, C., Santos, C. T., Santos, A. ve Graça, P. (2015). Guidelines for a Healthy Vegetarian Diet, National Programme for the Promotion of Healthy Eating, DGS, ISBN 978-972-675-228-8, 46 s.
• Mason, D. M. ve Mullins, J. T. (2016): Vegetarian 101: History, Healthand Tips, University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension. 6 s. Özcan, T. ve Baysal, S. (2016). Vejetaryen Beslenme ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri, U. Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi (Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Uludag University), Cilt 30, Sayı 2, 101-116
• Tunçay Son, G. Y. ve Bulut, M. (2016). Yaşam tarzı olarak vegan ve vejetaryenlik. International Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 830-843
• Dinu, M., Abbate, R., Gensini, G. F., Casini, A. ve Sofi, F. (2017). Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies, Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(17): 3640–3649
• Ayaz, Z. (2018). Beslenmede farklı yaklaşımlar, Journal Turk Fam Phy, 9(3): 85-92.
• Baroni, L., Goggi, S., Sacco, O. L. ve Battino, M., (2018). Planning Well-Balanced Vegetarian Diets in Infants, Children, and Adolescents: The VegPlate Junior, Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, s. 1067-1074
• Larson-Meyer, D. E. (2018). Vegetarian and Vegan Diets for Athletic Training and Performance, Gatorade Sports Science Institue, Vol. 29, No. 188, s. 1-7
• Vatan, A. ve Türkbaş, S. (2018). Vejetaryen Turist ve Vegan Turist Kimdir?, Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 6(3): 24-39
• Anon, (2019). Going Veggie: What to Eat A guide for new vegetarians, Vegetarian Society, 28s.
• DeMay, T. D., Nnakwe, N., Yu, U. ve Schumacher, J. (2019). Examination of Nutrition Knowledge, Attitude, and Dietary Behaviors of College Student Vegetarians, Semi-Vegetarians, and Non-Vegestarians, Sci J Food Sc Nutr., 5(1): 6-14
• Patelakis, E., Barbosa, C. L., Haftenberger, M., Brettschneider, A. K., Lehmann, F., Heide, K., Frank, M., Perlitz, H., Richter, A. ve Mensink, G. (2019). Prevalence of vegetarian diet among children and adolescents in Germany Results from EsKiMo II, Peer Review, Vegetarianism in children and adolescents, Ernaehrungs Umschau international, 5, s. 85-91