Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Conservation Biology of Campanula phitosiana (Tire Çanı)

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 20 - 31, 30.04.2025

Ademi Fahri Pirhan , Taha Göktentürk

Öz

Despite Türkiye's rich biodiversity, studies on protecting its plant species are scarce. Therefore, this study investigates the conservation biology of the critically endangered endemic plant, Campanula phitosiana Yıldırım & Sentürk, classified by the IUCN Red List. We collected extensive plant data, analyzed the geological characteristics of its habitat, and examined its pollinators, reproductive biology, self-fertilization, sprouting rates. The Area of Occupancy (AOO) of the plant is 16 km² with 14,116 individuals. It is pollinated by four families, primarily Megachilidae and Halictidae, active between 9 am and 5 pm. Unique to the Tire district of Izmir province, it is classified as CR B1ab (ii,iii,v) by the IUCN. The plant is not autogamous. The habitat's soil is pH neutral, low in salt, lime-free, humus-free, low in potassium, sufficient in iron, rich in copper and manganese, sandy, moderate in phosphorus, low in calcium, insufficient in sodium, and adequate in zinc. The flower's pollen grains are 6,648,330, with a 48.53 % vitality, and the ovary forms 1,153 ovules. The seed conversion success rate is 53.87 %. Seed viability is 43.25 %. This study provides information that can be used for the conservation and sustainability of Campanula phitosiana plant.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Campanulaceae conservation biology endemic plant germination Tire

Destekleyen Kurum

EGE University Scientific Research Projects Coordination

Proje Numarası

29631

Teşekkür

We thank the Ege University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit for supporting this study with the project code 29631.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, J. C. ve Abbott, K. (2023). Insects of North America. Princeton University Press.
  • Aderonke, D. O. ve Gbadegesin, G. A. (2013). Spatial variability in soil properties of a continuously cultivated land. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8(5): 475-483. <https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.1847>.
  • Alçıtepe, E. (2010). Studies on seed morphology of Campanula L. section Quinqueloculares (Boiss.) Phitos (Campanulaceae) in Turkey. Pak. J. Bot. 42(2): 1075-1082.
  • Arslan, Z. F. (2018). Decrease in biodiversity in wheat fields due to changing agricultural practices in five decades. Biodiversity and Conservation 27(12): 3267-3286. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1608-9>.
  • Ayyıldız, G., Yıldırım, M., Keser, A. M., Yaprak, A. E. ve Tuğ, G. N. (2020). Reassessment of IUCN threa category for local endemic Campanula damboldtiana from Ankara, Turkey. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series C Biology 29: 148-160.
  • Barrett, S. C. H. (2002). The evolution of plant sexual diversity. Nature Reviews Genetics 3(4): 274-284. <https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg776>.
  • Beattie, A. J., Turnbull, C., Knox, R. B. ve Williams, E. G. (1984). Ant inhibition of pollen function: A possible reason why ant pollination is rare. Am. J. Bot. 71(3): 421-426. <https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1984.tb12527.x>.
  • Berry, P. E. (2009). Campanulaceae plant family. Encyclopedia Britannica. <https://www.britannica.com/plant/Campanulaceae>.
  • Birben, Ü. (2019). The effectiveness of protected areas in biodiversity conservation: The case of Turkey. CERNE 25(4): 424-438. <https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201925042644>.
  • Brussaard, L., Caron, P., Campbell, B., Lipper, L., Mainka, S., Rabbinge, R., Babin, D. ve Pulleman, M. (2010). Reconciling biodiversity conservation and food security: Scientific challenges for a new agriculture. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(1-2): 34-42. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.007>.
  • Costa, A., Heleno, R., Freide, E. F., Dufrene, Y., Huckle, E. ve Kaiser-Bunbury, C. N. (2023). Impacts of invasive ants on pollination of native plants are similar in invaded and restored plant communities. Global Ecology and Conservation 42: e02413. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02413>.
  • Dafni, A. ve Firmage, D. (2000). Pollen viability and longevity: Practical, ecological and evolutionary implications. Şu eserde: Dafni, A., Hesse, M. ve Pacini, E. (edlr.). Pollen and Pollination, s. 113-132. Springer, Vienna. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6306-1_6>.
  • Daily, G. C., Söderqvist, T., Aniyar, S., Arrow, K., Dasgupta, P., Ehrlich, P. R., Folke, C., Jansson, A., Jansson, B.-O., Kautsky, N., Levin, S., Lubchenco, J., Mäler, K.-G., Simpson, D., Starrett, D., Tilman, D. ve Walker, B. (2000). The value of nature and the nature of value. Science 289(5478): 395-396. <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5478.395>.
  • Díaz, S., Fargione, J., Chapin, F. S. ve Tilman, D. (2006). Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLoS Biology 4(8): e277. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277>.
  • Duffy, J. E. (2009). Why biodiversity is important to the functioning of real‐world ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7(8): 437-444. <https://doi.org/10.1890/070195>.
  • Dülgeroğlu, C. ve Aksoy, A. (2019). Assessing impacts of climate change on Campanula yaltirikii H.Duman (Campanulaceae), a critically endangered endemic species in Turkey. Tr. J. Bot. 43(2): 243-252. <https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1809-14>.
  • Eaton, E. R. ve Kaufman, K. (2007). Kaufman field guide to insects of North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Erkara, I. P., Ocak, A. ve Pehlivan, S. (1970). Pollen morphology of some Turkish Campanula spp. And their taxonomic value. Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(1): 33-42. <https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v37i1.1561>.
  • European Parliament [EP]. (2021). Biodiversity loss: What is causing it and why is it a concern? European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20200109STO69929/biodiversity-loss-what-is-causing-it-and-why-is-it-a-concern>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • Fisher, B., Naidoo, R. ve Ricketts, T. H. (2015). A Field Guide to Economics for Conservationists. Roberts and Company Publishers.
  • Gabriel, D., Sait, S. M., Kunin, W. E. ve Benton, T. G. (2013). Food production vs. biodiversity: Comparing organic and conventional agriculture. J. Appl. Ecol. 50(2): 355-364. <https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12035>.
  • Gücel, S. ve Seçmen, Ö. (2009). Conservation biology of Asperula daphneola (Rubiaceae) in Western Turkey. Tur. J. Bot. <https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-0806-7>.
  • Hoffmann, M., Duckworth, J. W., Holmes, K., Mallon, D. P., Rodrigues, A. S. L. ve Stuart, S. N. (2015). The difference conservation makes to extinction risk of the world’s ungulates: Ungulate conservation. Conservation Biology 29(5): 1303-1313. <https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12519>.
  • Hooper, D. U., Chapin, F. S., Ewel, J. J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P., Lavorel, S., Lawton, J. H., Lodge, D. M., Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Schmid, B., Setälä, H., Symstad, A. J., Vandermeer, J. ve Wardle, D. A. (2005). Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowlodge. Ecological Monographs 75(1): 3-35. <https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0922>.
  • Inoue, K. (1990). Dichogamy, sex allocation, and mating system of Campanula microdonta and C. punctata. Plant Species Biology 5(2): 197-203. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1990.tb00179.x>.
  • IUCN. (2022). Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. International Union for Conservation of Nature. <https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdfZ>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • IUCN. (2023). Number of species in each IUCN red list category by kingdom and class. International Union for Conservation of Nature. <https://www.iucnredlist.org/statistics>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • IUCN. (2024). Number of plant species (kingdom: Plantae) listed in each IUCN red list category by country in West and Central Asia. International Union for Conservation of Nature. <https://www.iucnredlist.org/statistics>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • Kahraman, A., Onder, M. ve Ceyhan, E. (2012). The Importance of Bioconservation and Biodiversity in Turkey. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, 95-99. <https://doi.org/10.7763/IJBBB.2012.V2.79>.
  • Kawano, S. (1985). Life history characteristics of temperate woodland plants in Japan. Içinde J. White (Ed.), The Population Structure of Vegetation 515-549. Springer Netherlands. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5500-4_22>.
  • Kawano, S. ve Masuda, J. (1980). The productive and reproductive biology of flowering plants: VII. resource allocation and reproductive capacity in wild populations of Heloniopsis orientalis (Thunb.) C. Tanaka (Liliaceae). Oecologia 45(3): 307-317. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00540197>.
  • Kaya, Z. ve Raynal, D. J. (2001). Biodiversity and conservation of Turkish forests. Biological Conservation 97(2): 131-141. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00069-0>.
  • Keskin, B. (1972). 1/25000 Ölçekli Sayısal Jeoloji Haritaları Aydın M19-b11 Paftası [Jeoloji Haritaları]. Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi Başkanlığı, Maden Tetkik Arama Genel Müdürlüğü; Türkiye Jeoloji Veri Tabanı.
  • Kuss, P., Agisdottir, H. ve Stocklin, J. (2007). The biological flora of Central Europe: Campanula thyrsoides L. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 9(1): 37-51. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2007.06.001>.
  • Lammers, T. G. (2007). Campanulaceae: Jussieu, Gen. Pl. 163 (1789), nom. cons. Şu eserde: J. W. Kadereit ve C. Jeffrey (edlr.). Flowering Plants · Eudicots (ss. 26-56). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31051-8_5>.
  • Lange, D. (with International Traffic Network). (1998). Europe’s Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Their Use, Trade and Conservation. Traffic International.
  • Lindsay, W. L. ve Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of a DTPA Soil Test for Zinc, Iron, Manganese, and Copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42(3):421-428. <https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x>.
  • Lopes, A. V. ve Machado, I. C. (1998). Floral biology and reproductive ecology of Clusia nemorosa (Clusiaceae) in northeastern Brazil. Pl. Syst. Evol. 213(1-2): 71-90. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988909>.
  • Médail, F. ve Diadema, K. (2009). Glacial refugia influence plant diversity patterns in the Mediterranean Basin. Journal of Biogeography 36(7): 1333-1345. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02051.x>.
  • Meffe, G. K. ve Carroll, C. R. (1997). Principles of Conservation Biology (2nd ed). Sinauer.
  • Meine, C. (2010). Conservation biology: Past and Present 1. Şu eserde: Sodhi, N. S. ve Ehrlich, P. R. (edlr.). Conservation Biology for All (ss. 7-26). Oxford University Press. <https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0002>.
  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [MA]. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis; a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Island Press.
  • Mitchell, R. J., Irwin, R. E., Flanagan, R. J. ve Karron, J. D. (2009). Ecology and evolution of plant–pollinator interactions. Ann. Bot. 103(9): 1355-1363. <https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp122>.
  • Nyman, Y. (1993). The Pollen-Collecting Hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae). II. function and adaptive significance in relation to pollination. Am. J. Bot. 80(12): 1437. <https://doi.org/10.2307/2445673>.
  • Oehlke, J. (1969). Hymenoptera—Hautflügler. Şu eserde: B. Klausnitzer, B. (ed.). Exkursionsfauna von Deutschland (ss. 753-801). Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. <https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.19.7-8.753-801>.
  • Oostermeijer, J. G. B. ve De Knegt, B. (2004). Genetic population structure of the wind‐pollinated, dioecious shrub Juniperus communis in fragmented Dutch heathlands. Plant Species Biology 19(3): 175-184. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2004.00113.x>.
  • Oostermeijer, J. G. B., Luijten, S. H. ve Den Nijs, J. C. M. (2003). Integrating demographic and genetic approaches in plant conservation. Biological Conservation 113(3): 389-398. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00127-7>.
  • Özdöl, T., Altıoğlu, Y., Deniz, İ. ve Yıldırım, H. (2022). A new variety of Campanula myrtifolia (Campanulaceae) from South Anatolia, Turkiye. Herbarium Turcicum 0(1): 37-43. <https://doi.org/10.26650/HT.2022.1204>.
  • Park, J.-M., Kovačić, S., Liber, Z., Eddie, W. M. M. ve Schneeweiss, G. M. (2006). Phylogeny and biogeography of Isophyllous Species of Campanula (Campanulaceae) in the Mediterranean Area. Systematic Botany 31(4): 862-880. <https://doi.org/10.1600/036364406779695924>.
  • Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils: By Staff of U. S. Salinity Laboratory (C. 18). The Superintendent of Document, U. S. Government Printing Office. https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/20360500/hb60_pdf/hb60complete.pdf>, “er. tar: 18.02.2025”.
  • Rogers, K. (2023). Hover Fly [Encyclopedia]. Britannica. <https://www.britannica.com/animal/hover-fly>, “er. tar: 18.02.2025”.
  • Shahbazi, K. (2021). Standard Operating Procedure for Soil Calcium Carbonate Equivalent Titrimetric Method. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations <https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/109095f4-980f-4bde-b8a0-0cee1641ab32/content>, “er. tar: 18.02.2025”.
  • Shahid, S. A., Zaman, M. ve Heng, L. (2018). Introduction to Soil Salinity, Sodicity and Diagnostics Techniques. Şu eserde: Zaman, M., Shahid, S. A. ve Heng, L. (edlr). Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques, s. 1-42. Springer International Publishing. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3_1>.
  • Simberloff, D., Soule, M. E. ve Wilcox, B. A. (1981). Conservation biology: An evolutionary-ecological perspective. Journal of Biogeography 8(1): 85. <https://doi.org/10.2307/2844595>.
  • Simonek, C. ve Franco, C. (2022). Biodiversity loss and its impact: A practical implementation in portfolio construction. Şu eserde: Atkins, J. ve Macpherson, M. (edlr.). Extinction governance, finance, and accounting: İmplementing a species protection action plan for the financial markets, s. 10. Routledge.
  • Smith, R. (2011). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Associated with Remnant Native Vegetation in an Agricultural Floodplain Landscape [Thesis Doctoral]. School of Environmental and Rural Science.
  • Solbrig, O. T. (ed.). (1980). Demography and Evolution in Plant Populations. University of California Press.
  • Soulé, M. E. ve Wilcox, B. (1985). What is conservation biology? BioScience 35(11): 727-734. <https://doi.org/10.2307/1310054>.
  • Subaşı, Ü. ve Güvensen, A. (2021). Reproductive and pollination biology of the Critically Endangered endemic Campanula vardariana in Western Anatolia (Turkey). Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(1): 49-55. <https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2021.1676>.
  • Szövényi, G. (2011). Essentials of conservation biology, fifth edition. Community Ecology 12(1): 142-142. <https://doi.org/10.1556/ComEc.12.2011.1.17>.
  • Şekercioğlu, Ç. H., Anderson, S., Akçay, E., Bilgin, R., Can, Ö. E., Semiz, G., Tavşanoğlu, Ç., Yokeş, M. B., Soyumert, A., İpekdal, K., Sağlam, İ. K., Yücel, M. ve Nüzhet Dalfes, H. (2011). Turkey’s globally important biodiversity in crisis. Biological Conservation 144(12): 2752-2769. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.06.025>.
  • Türe, C. ve Böcük, H. (2010). Distribution patterns of threatened endemic plants in Turkey: A quantitative approach for conservation. Journal for Nature Conservation 18(4): 296-303. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2010.01.002>.
  • Vranken, S., Brys, R., Hoffmann, M. ve Jacquemyn, H. (2014). Secondary pollen presentation and the temporal dynamics of stylar hair retraction and style elongation in Campanula trachelium (Campanulaceae). Plant Biology 16(3): 669-676. <https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12097>.
  • Washitani, I., Ishihama, F., Matsumura, C., Nagai, M., Nishihiro, J. ve Ajima Nishihiro, M. (2005). Conservation ecology of Primula sieboldii: Synthesis of information toward the prediction of the genetic/demographic fate of a population. Plant Species Biology 20(1): 3-15. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2005.00127.x>.
  • Weatherspark. (2024). Tire bölgesinde yıl boyu iklim ve hava durumu. Weather Spark. <https://tr.weatherspark.com/y/94308/Tire-T%C3%BCrkiye-Ortalama-Hava-Durumu-Y%C4%B1l-Boyunca#google_vignette>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • Wilsey, B. J. ve Potvin, C. (2000). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Importance of species evenness in an old field. Ecology 81(4): 887-892. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0887:BAEFIO]2.0.CO;2
  • Wood, P. (2023, Haziran 8). Megachilidae Bee Family: Get the Essential Facts. Bee Professor. <https://beeprofessor.com/megachilidae-bee-family>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • Yıldırım, H. (2018). Campanula leblebicii (Campanulaceae), a new chasmophyte species from western Turkey. Phytotaxa 376(2): 114. <https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.376.2.5>.
  • Yıldırım, H., Şentürk, O., Özdöl, T. ve Pirhan, A. F. (2019). A new bellflower, Campanula phitosiana sp. Nov. (Campanulaceae) from Western Anatolia, Turkey. Phytotaxa 399(1): 25. <https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.399.1.3>.
  • Yılmaz, K., Uslu, F., Gümüş, A. ve Aydoğmuş, H. (2004). Tetrazolium Testi El Kitabı (2. bs). Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Koruma ve Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü Tohumluk Tescil ve Sertifikasyon Merkezi Müdürlüğü.
  • Yılmaz, M. ve Mavi İdman, D. Ö. (2024). Conservation and landscape evaluation of some endangered species in Türkiye. Bahçe 53(1): 1-9. <https://doi.org/10.53471/bahce.1336967>.
  • Yücel, G. ve Erken, K. (2023). Optimal germination methods, ornamental plant features, and ex situ conservation of endemic Campanula grandis Fisch & C.A. Mey. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 31(2): 132-141. <https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2023.19018>.

Tire Çanı (Campanula phitosiana) Koruma Biyolojisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 20 - 31, 30.04.2025

Ademi Fahri Pirhan , Taha Göktentürk

Öz

Türkiye zengin biyolojik çeşitliliğe sahip olmasına rağmen, bitki türlerinin korunmasına yönelik çalışmalar nispeten azdır. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmada, IUCN Kırmızı Listesi'nde kritik derecede tehlike altında sınıflandırılan endemik bir bitki türü olan Campanula phitosiana Yıldırım & Sentürk koruma biyolojisi araştırılmıştır. Kapsamlı saha verileri toplanmış, habitatının jeolojik özellikleri analiz edilmiş, polinatörleri, üreme biyolojisi, kendi kendine döllenme ve filizlenme oranları incelenmiştir. Bitkinin Yayılış Alanı (AOO) 16 km² olarak hesaplanmıştır. Popülasyonunda toplamda 14.116 birey tespit edilmiştir. Öncelikli olarak Megachilidae ve Halictidae olmak üzere dört familya üyeleri tarafından 9:00-17:00 saatleri arasında tozlaşma olmaktadır. İzmir ilinin Tire ilçesine özgü olup, IUCN tehlike kategorisi CR B1ab (ii,iii,v) olarak önerilmiştir. Bitki otogamik değildir. Habitatın toprağı pH nötr, tuz oranı düşük, kireçsiz, humussuz, potasyum oranı düşük, demir oranı yeterli, bakır ve manganez oranı zengin, kumlu, fosfor oranı orta, kalsiyum oranı düşük, sodyum oranı yetersiz ve çinko oranı yeterlidir. Bir çiçekte polen sayısı ortalama olarak 6.648.330 olup, %48,53 canlılığa sahiptir. Öte yandan bir çiçekte ovaryum ortalama 1.153 ovül oluşturmaktadır. Tohuma dönüşüm başarı oranı %53,87'dir. Tohum canlılığı %43,25'tir. Campanula phitosiana bitkisini koruma ve devamlılığını sağlama konusunda kullanılabilecek bilgiler bu çalışmada sağlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Campanulaceae çimlenme endemik bitki koruma biyolojisi Tire

Destekleyen Kurum

Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü

Proje Numarası

29631

Teşekkür

Ege Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimine proje kodu 29631 olan bu çalışmayı desteklemesi sebebiyle teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, J. C. ve Abbott, K. (2023). Insects of North America. Princeton University Press.
  • Aderonke, D. O. ve Gbadegesin, G. A. (2013). Spatial variability in soil properties of a continuously cultivated land. African Journal of Agricultural Research 8(5): 475-483. <https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR12.1847>.
  • Alçıtepe, E. (2010). Studies on seed morphology of Campanula L. section Quinqueloculares (Boiss.) Phitos (Campanulaceae) in Turkey. Pak. J. Bot. 42(2): 1075-1082.
  • Arslan, Z. F. (2018). Decrease in biodiversity in wheat fields due to changing agricultural practices in five decades. Biodiversity and Conservation 27(12): 3267-3286. <https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-018-1608-9>.
  • Ayyıldız, G., Yıldırım, M., Keser, A. M., Yaprak, A. E. ve Tuğ, G. N. (2020). Reassessment of IUCN threa category for local endemic Campanula damboldtiana from Ankara, Turkey. Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series C Biology 29: 148-160.
  • Barrett, S. C. H. (2002). The evolution of plant sexual diversity. Nature Reviews Genetics 3(4): 274-284. <https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg776>.
  • Beattie, A. J., Turnbull, C., Knox, R. B. ve Williams, E. G. (1984). Ant inhibition of pollen function: A possible reason why ant pollination is rare. Am. J. Bot. 71(3): 421-426. <https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1984.tb12527.x>.
  • Berry, P. E. (2009). Campanulaceae plant family. Encyclopedia Britannica. <https://www.britannica.com/plant/Campanulaceae>.
  • Birben, Ü. (2019). The effectiveness of protected areas in biodiversity conservation: The case of Turkey. CERNE 25(4): 424-438. <https://doi.org/10.1590/01047760201925042644>.
  • Brussaard, L., Caron, P., Campbell, B., Lipper, L., Mainka, S., Rabbinge, R., Babin, D. ve Pulleman, M. (2010). Reconciling biodiversity conservation and food security: Scientific challenges for a new agriculture. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2(1-2): 34-42. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.007>.
  • Costa, A., Heleno, R., Freide, E. F., Dufrene, Y., Huckle, E. ve Kaiser-Bunbury, C. N. (2023). Impacts of invasive ants on pollination of native plants are similar in invaded and restored plant communities. Global Ecology and Conservation 42: e02413. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02413>.
  • Dafni, A. ve Firmage, D. (2000). Pollen viability and longevity: Practical, ecological and evolutionary implications. Şu eserde: Dafni, A., Hesse, M. ve Pacini, E. (edlr.). Pollen and Pollination, s. 113-132. Springer, Vienna. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6306-1_6>.
  • Daily, G. C., Söderqvist, T., Aniyar, S., Arrow, K., Dasgupta, P., Ehrlich, P. R., Folke, C., Jansson, A., Jansson, B.-O., Kautsky, N., Levin, S., Lubchenco, J., Mäler, K.-G., Simpson, D., Starrett, D., Tilman, D. ve Walker, B. (2000). The value of nature and the nature of value. Science 289(5478): 395-396. <https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5478.395>.
  • Díaz, S., Fargione, J., Chapin, F. S. ve Tilman, D. (2006). Biodiversity loss threatens human well-being. PLoS Biology 4(8): e277. <https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0040277>.
  • Duffy, J. E. (2009). Why biodiversity is important to the functioning of real‐world ecosystems. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 7(8): 437-444. <https://doi.org/10.1890/070195>.
  • Dülgeroğlu, C. ve Aksoy, A. (2019). Assessing impacts of climate change on Campanula yaltirikii H.Duman (Campanulaceae), a critically endangered endemic species in Turkey. Tr. J. Bot. 43(2): 243-252. <https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-1809-14>.
  • Eaton, E. R. ve Kaufman, K. (2007). Kaufman field guide to insects of North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Erkara, I. P., Ocak, A. ve Pehlivan, S. (1970). Pollen morphology of some Turkish Campanula spp. And their taxonomic value. Bangladesh J. Bot. 37(1): 33-42. <https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v37i1.1561>.
  • European Parliament [EP]. (2021). Biodiversity loss: What is causing it and why is it a concern? European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/headlines/society/20200109STO69929/biodiversity-loss-what-is-causing-it-and-why-is-it-a-concern>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • Fisher, B., Naidoo, R. ve Ricketts, T. H. (2015). A Field Guide to Economics for Conservationists. Roberts and Company Publishers.
  • Gabriel, D., Sait, S. M., Kunin, W. E. ve Benton, T. G. (2013). Food production vs. biodiversity: Comparing organic and conventional agriculture. J. Appl. Ecol. 50(2): 355-364. <https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12035>.
  • Gücel, S. ve Seçmen, Ö. (2009). Conservation biology of Asperula daphneola (Rubiaceae) in Western Turkey. Tur. J. Bot. <https://doi.org/10.3906/bot-0806-7>.
  • Hoffmann, M., Duckworth, J. W., Holmes, K., Mallon, D. P., Rodrigues, A. S. L. ve Stuart, S. N. (2015). The difference conservation makes to extinction risk of the world’s ungulates: Ungulate conservation. Conservation Biology 29(5): 1303-1313. <https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12519>.
  • Hooper, D. U., Chapin, F. S., Ewel, J. J., Hector, A., Inchausti, P., Lavorel, S., Lawton, J. H., Lodge, D. M., Loreau, M., Naeem, S., Schmid, B., Setälä, H., Symstad, A. J., Vandermeer, J. ve Wardle, D. A. (2005). Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowlodge. Ecological Monographs 75(1): 3-35. <https://doi.org/10.1890/04-0922>.
  • Inoue, K. (1990). Dichogamy, sex allocation, and mating system of Campanula microdonta and C. punctata. Plant Species Biology 5(2): 197-203. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.1990.tb00179.x>.
  • IUCN. (2022). Guidelines for using the IUCN red list categories and criteria. International Union for Conservation of Nature. <https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdfZ>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • IUCN. (2023). Number of species in each IUCN red list category by kingdom and class. International Union for Conservation of Nature. <https://www.iucnredlist.org/statistics>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • IUCN. (2024). Number of plant species (kingdom: Plantae) listed in each IUCN red list category by country in West and Central Asia. International Union for Conservation of Nature. <https://www.iucnredlist.org/statistics>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • Kahraman, A., Onder, M. ve Ceyhan, E. (2012). The Importance of Bioconservation and Biodiversity in Turkey. International Journal of Bioscience, Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, 95-99. <https://doi.org/10.7763/IJBBB.2012.V2.79>.
  • Kawano, S. (1985). Life history characteristics of temperate woodland plants in Japan. Içinde J. White (Ed.), The Population Structure of Vegetation 515-549. Springer Netherlands. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5500-4_22>.
  • Kawano, S. ve Masuda, J. (1980). The productive and reproductive biology of flowering plants: VII. resource allocation and reproductive capacity in wild populations of Heloniopsis orientalis (Thunb.) C. Tanaka (Liliaceae). Oecologia 45(3): 307-317. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00540197>.
  • Kaya, Z. ve Raynal, D. J. (2001). Biodiversity and conservation of Turkish forests. Biological Conservation 97(2): 131-141. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00069-0>.
  • Keskin, B. (1972). 1/25000 Ölçekli Sayısal Jeoloji Haritaları Aydın M19-b11 Paftası [Jeoloji Haritaları]. Jeoloji Etütleri Dairesi Başkanlığı, Maden Tetkik Arama Genel Müdürlüğü; Türkiye Jeoloji Veri Tabanı.
  • Kuss, P., Agisdottir, H. ve Stocklin, J. (2007). The biological flora of Central Europe: Campanula thyrsoides L. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 9(1): 37-51. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppees.2007.06.001>.
  • Lammers, T. G. (2007). Campanulaceae: Jussieu, Gen. Pl. 163 (1789), nom. cons. Şu eserde: J. W. Kadereit ve C. Jeffrey (edlr.). Flowering Plants · Eudicots (ss. 26-56). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-31051-8_5>.
  • Lange, D. (with International Traffic Network). (1998). Europe’s Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: Their Use, Trade and Conservation. Traffic International.
  • Lindsay, W. L. ve Norvell, W. A. (1978). Development of a DTPA Soil Test for Zinc, Iron, Manganese, and Copper. Soil Science Society of America Journal 42(3):421-428. <https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1978.03615995004200030009x>.
  • Lopes, A. V. ve Machado, I. C. (1998). Floral biology and reproductive ecology of Clusia nemorosa (Clusiaceae) in northeastern Brazil. Pl. Syst. Evol. 213(1-2): 71-90. <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00988909>.
  • Médail, F. ve Diadema, K. (2009). Glacial refugia influence plant diversity patterns in the Mediterranean Basin. Journal of Biogeography 36(7): 1333-1345. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.02051.x>.
  • Meffe, G. K. ve Carroll, C. R. (1997). Principles of Conservation Biology (2nd ed). Sinauer.
  • Meine, C. (2010). Conservation biology: Past and Present 1. Şu eserde: Sodhi, N. S. ve Ehrlich, P. R. (edlr.). Conservation Biology for All (ss. 7-26). Oxford University Press. <https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199554232.003.0002>.
  • Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [MA]. (2005). Ecosystems and human well-being: Synthesis; a report of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Island Press.
  • Mitchell, R. J., Irwin, R. E., Flanagan, R. J. ve Karron, J. D. (2009). Ecology and evolution of plant–pollinator interactions. Ann. Bot. 103(9): 1355-1363. <https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcp122>.
  • Nyman, Y. (1993). The Pollen-Collecting Hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae). II. function and adaptive significance in relation to pollination. Am. J. Bot. 80(12): 1437. <https://doi.org/10.2307/2445673>.
  • Oehlke, J. (1969). Hymenoptera—Hautflügler. Şu eserde: B. Klausnitzer, B. (ed.). Exkursionsfauna von Deutschland (ss. 753-801). Spektrum Akademischer Verlag. <https://doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.19.7-8.753-801>.
  • Oostermeijer, J. G. B. ve De Knegt, B. (2004). Genetic population structure of the wind‐pollinated, dioecious shrub Juniperus communis in fragmented Dutch heathlands. Plant Species Biology 19(3): 175-184. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2004.00113.x>.
  • Oostermeijer, J. G. B., Luijten, S. H. ve Den Nijs, J. C. M. (2003). Integrating demographic and genetic approaches in plant conservation. Biological Conservation 113(3): 389-398. <https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00127-7>.
  • Özdöl, T., Altıoğlu, Y., Deniz, İ. ve Yıldırım, H. (2022). A new variety of Campanula myrtifolia (Campanulaceae) from South Anatolia, Turkiye. Herbarium Turcicum 0(1): 37-43. <https://doi.org/10.26650/HT.2022.1204>.
  • Park, J.-M., Kovačić, S., Liber, Z., Eddie, W. M. M. ve Schneeweiss, G. M. (2006). Phylogeny and biogeography of Isophyllous Species of Campanula (Campanulaceae) in the Mediterranean Area. Systematic Botany 31(4): 862-880. <https://doi.org/10.1600/036364406779695924>.
  • Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkaline Soils: By Staff of U. S. Salinity Laboratory (C. 18). The Superintendent of Document, U. S. Government Printing Office. https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/20360500/hb60_pdf/hb60complete.pdf>, “er. tar: 18.02.2025”.
  • Rogers, K. (2023). Hover Fly [Encyclopedia]. Britannica. <https://www.britannica.com/animal/hover-fly>, “er. tar: 18.02.2025”.
  • Shahbazi, K. (2021). Standard Operating Procedure for Soil Calcium Carbonate Equivalent Titrimetric Method. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations <https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/109095f4-980f-4bde-b8a0-0cee1641ab32/content>, “er. tar: 18.02.2025”.
  • Shahid, S. A., Zaman, M. ve Heng, L. (2018). Introduction to Soil Salinity, Sodicity and Diagnostics Techniques. Şu eserde: Zaman, M., Shahid, S. A. ve Heng, L. (edlr). Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques, s. 1-42. Springer International Publishing. <https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3_1>.
  • Simberloff, D., Soule, M. E. ve Wilcox, B. A. (1981). Conservation biology: An evolutionary-ecological perspective. Journal of Biogeography 8(1): 85. <https://doi.org/10.2307/2844595>.
  • Simonek, C. ve Franco, C. (2022). Biodiversity loss and its impact: A practical implementation in portfolio construction. Şu eserde: Atkins, J. ve Macpherson, M. (edlr.). Extinction governance, finance, and accounting: İmplementing a species protection action plan for the financial markets, s. 10. Routledge.
  • Smith, R. (2011). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services Associated with Remnant Native Vegetation in an Agricultural Floodplain Landscape [Thesis Doctoral]. School of Environmental and Rural Science.
  • Solbrig, O. T. (ed.). (1980). Demography and Evolution in Plant Populations. University of California Press.
  • Soulé, M. E. ve Wilcox, B. (1985). What is conservation biology? BioScience 35(11): 727-734. <https://doi.org/10.2307/1310054>.
  • Subaşı, Ü. ve Güvensen, A. (2021). Reproductive and pollination biology of the Critically Endangered endemic Campanula vardariana in Western Anatolia (Turkey). Plant Ecology and Evolution 154(1): 49-55. <https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2021.1676>.
  • Szövényi, G. (2011). Essentials of conservation biology, fifth edition. Community Ecology 12(1): 142-142. <https://doi.org/10.1556/ComEc.12.2011.1.17>.
  • Şekercioğlu, Ç. H., Anderson, S., Akçay, E., Bilgin, R., Can, Ö. E., Semiz, G., Tavşanoğlu, Ç., Yokeş, M. B., Soyumert, A., İpekdal, K., Sağlam, İ. K., Yücel, M. ve Nüzhet Dalfes, H. (2011). Turkey’s globally important biodiversity in crisis. Biological Conservation 144(12): 2752-2769. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2011.06.025>.
  • Türe, C. ve Böcük, H. (2010). Distribution patterns of threatened endemic plants in Turkey: A quantitative approach for conservation. Journal for Nature Conservation 18(4): 296-303. <https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2010.01.002>.
  • Vranken, S., Brys, R., Hoffmann, M. ve Jacquemyn, H. (2014). Secondary pollen presentation and the temporal dynamics of stylar hair retraction and style elongation in Campanula trachelium (Campanulaceae). Plant Biology 16(3): 669-676. <https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12097>.
  • Washitani, I., Ishihama, F., Matsumura, C., Nagai, M., Nishihiro, J. ve Ajima Nishihiro, M. (2005). Conservation ecology of Primula sieboldii: Synthesis of information toward the prediction of the genetic/demographic fate of a population. Plant Species Biology 20(1): 3-15. <https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-1984.2005.00127.x>.
  • Weatherspark. (2024). Tire bölgesinde yıl boyu iklim ve hava durumu. Weather Spark. <https://tr.weatherspark.com/y/94308/Tire-T%C3%BCrkiye-Ortalama-Hava-Durumu-Y%C4%B1l-Boyunca#google_vignette>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • Wilsey, B. J. ve Potvin, C. (2000). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Importance of species evenness in an old field. Ecology 81(4): 887-892. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0887:BAEFIO]2.0.CO;2
  • Wood, P. (2023, Haziran 8). Megachilidae Bee Family: Get the Essential Facts. Bee Professor. <https://beeprofessor.com/megachilidae-bee-family>, “er. tar.: 18.02.2025”.
  • Yıldırım, H. (2018). Campanula leblebicii (Campanulaceae), a new chasmophyte species from western Turkey. Phytotaxa 376(2): 114. <https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.376.2.5>.
  • Yıldırım, H., Şentürk, O., Özdöl, T. ve Pirhan, A. F. (2019). A new bellflower, Campanula phitosiana sp. Nov. (Campanulaceae) from Western Anatolia, Turkey. Phytotaxa 399(1): 25. <https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.399.1.3>.
  • Yılmaz, K., Uslu, F., Gümüş, A. ve Aydoğmuş, H. (2004). Tetrazolium Testi El Kitabı (2. bs). Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı Koruma ve Kontrol Genel Müdürlüğü Tohumluk Tescil ve Sertifikasyon Merkezi Müdürlüğü.
  • Yılmaz, M. ve Mavi İdman, D. Ö. (2024). Conservation and landscape evaluation of some endangered species in Türkiye. Bahçe 53(1): 1-9. <https://doi.org/10.53471/bahce.1336967>.
  • Yücel, G. ve Erken, K. (2023). Optimal germination methods, ornamental plant features, and ex situ conservation of endemic Campanula grandis Fisch & C.A. Mey. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 31(2): 132-141. <https://doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2023.19018>.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bitki Gelişim ve Üreme Biyolojisi, Koruma ve Biyolojik Çeşitlilik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Ademi Fahri Pirhan 0000-0001-9368-2343

Taha Göktentürk 0000-0002-0114-081X

Proje Numarası 29631
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 8 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Pirhan, A. F., & Göktentürk, T. (2025). Tire Çanı (Campanula phitosiana) Koruma Biyolojisi. Bağbahçe Bilim Dergisi, 12(1), 20-31. https://doi.org/10.35163/bagbahce.1649452
 Kapak Resmi İndir