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Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide and Demographic Changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 2, 57 - 81, 30.06.2019

Öz

Different cultures, religions and traditions and hence multiculturalism represented in demographic diversity was strongly engraved in Bosnian cities, towns and villages. Different groups of people in Bosnia and Herzegovina shared diverse demographic space that ensured continuation of peace, equal opportunities, mutual tolerance, civil rights and multiethnic coexistence. This paper aims to articulate historical developments of Bosnian demographic diversity by especially taking into consideration the multicultural model and the developments during the 1990s. Then, it is significant to analyze the ethnic cleansing and genocide and how they have changed the demographic structure of the country, especially with regards to the existence of multiethnic cities, towns and villages. This paper explores ethnic cleansing and genocide as tools within the context of demographic changes, especially in the Serb controlled territories. How the ethnic cleansing and genocide were organized and carried out? What are the root-causes of ethnic cleansing and genocide that were deeply rooted in radical nationalist ideologies and projects? Why radical ethno-cultural national ideology was systematically used for cleansing the territories from the “other” “alien” ethnicities, nations and people? In-depth analysis of the demographic changes as a result of ethnic cleansing and genocide will be based on Bosnian population censuses of 1991 and of 2013. A comparative analysis will clearly demonstrate to what extent ethnic cleansing and genocide affected centuries old demographic diversity of Bosnian cities, towns and villages.

Kaynakça

  • Akhayan P. and Provost Rene. 2011. “Moving from Repression to Prevention of Genocide.” (pp. 1-13). In Idem., (Eds). Confronting Genocide. New York and London: Springer. Access to Justice: Facing the Past and Building Confidence for the Future. 2012. Available at http://www.undp.org/content/dam/bosnia_and_herzegovina/docs/Research&Publications/Crises%20Prevention%20and%20Recovery/Facing%20the%20Past%20and%20Access%20to%20Justice/BiH_facing_the_past_and_access_to_justice.pdfAgencija za statistiku (2016) Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u BiH, 2013, Rezultati popisa, Agencija za statistiku, Sarajevo. Available at http://www.popis2013.ba/Bauman, Z. 2000. Modernity and the Holocaust. New York: Cornell University PressCampbell J. Kenneth. 2001. Genocide and the Global Village. New York: Palgrave. Carmichael Cathie. 2010. “Genocide and Population Displacement in Post-Communist Eastern Europe.” (pp. 509-529). In Bloxham Donald and Moses A. Dirk (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: University Press.Cigar Norman. 1995. Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ Texas A&M: University Press. Chalk, F. and Jonassohn, K. 1990. The History and Sociology of Genocide. New Haven: Yale University Press.Convention on the Prevention of the Crime of Genocide. 1948. Retrieved from https://www.oas.org/dil/1948_Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide.pdfCooper John. 2008. Raphael Lamkin and the Struggle for the Genocide Convention. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Cvitkovic Ivan. 2017. “Nacionalna i konfesionalna slika Bosne I Hercegovina.” (pp. 27-48) In Idem., (Ed.). Demografske i Etnicke promjene u Bosni i Hercegovini. Sarajevo: ANUBiHCurthoys Ann and Docker John. 2011. “Defining Genocide.” (pp. 9-41). In Stone Dan (Ed.). The Historiography of Genocide. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Danner Mark. 1999. “Endgame in Kosovo.” New York Review of Books. Doubt Keith. 2000. Sociology after Bosnia and Kosovo: Recovering Justice. Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield Press. Dozic Abid. 2005. “Sociologija i bosanskohercegovacki intelektualci nakon genocida u Srebrenici” [Sociology and Bosnian Intellectuals after Srebrenica Genocide]. Znakovi Vremena, Vol. 8. No. 29/30. pp. 114-131. Freeman Michael. 1995. “Genocide, Civilization and Modernity.” The British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 46. No. 2. pp. 207-223. Joeden-Forgey von Elisa. 2010. “Gender and Genocide.” (pp. 61-81). In Bloxham Donald and Moses A. Dirk (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: University Press. Jones Adam. 2006a. The Genocidal Mind: Sociological and Sexual Perspectives. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Jones Adam. 2006b. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. London and New York: Routledge. Kuper Leo. 1981. Genocide. New York: Penguin. Hayden M. Robert. 2011. “Mass Killings and Images of Genocide in Bosnia 1941-5 and 1992-5.” (487-517). In Stone Dan (Ed.). The Historiography of Genocide. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Kapetanovic Darel. 2016. Izmedju sjecanja, poricanja i zaborava – o kulturi sjecanja u BiH 20 godina nakon rata (Between Remembrance, Neglecting and Forgetfulness – About the Culture of Remembrance in BiH 20 Years after the War). Available at http://www.fes.ba/files/fes/pdf/publikationen/2015/KAPETANOVIC_1_12_2016.pdfKarcic Hikmet, “Detention Camps as a Tool for Ethno-Religious Cleansing of Non-Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina” PhD Dissertation, International University of Sarajevo, 2018.Lemkin, Rehael. 1944. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie En- dowment for International Peace.Mann Michael. 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press. Mulalic Muhidin & Korkut Hasan. 2012. “Implications of Dayton Peace Agreement on Current Political Issues in Bosnia-Herzegovina,” SDU Faculty of Arts and Sciences Journal of Social Sciences Special Issue on Balkans, Vol. 27, pp. 107-117. Naimark M. Norman. 2017. Genocide: A World History. Oxford: University Press. Pejanovic Mirko. 2017. “Promjene etnicke structure opstina u Bosni i Hercegovini prema popisu stanovnistva 2013. Godine.” (pp. 70-93) In Cvitkovic Ivan (Ed.). Demografske i Etnicke promjene u Bosni i Hercegovini. Sarajevo: ANUBiHPowell Christopher. 2007. “What Do Genocides Kill? A Relational Conception of Genocide.” Journal of Genocide Research. Vol. 9. No. 4. (pp. 527-547). Rieff, David. 1995. Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West. New York: Vintage.Schaller J. Dominck and Zimmerer Jurgen. 2009. The Origins of Genocide: Raphael Lemkin as a Historian of Mass Violence. New York: Routledge. Shaw Martin. 2010. “Sociology and Genocide.” (pp. 142-163). In Bloxham Donald and Moses A. Dirk (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: University Press.Schabas A. William. 2010. “The Law and Genocide.” (pp. 123-142). In Bloxham Donald and Moses A. Dirk (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: University Press.Stiglmayer, Alexandra. (Ed.). 1995. Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.Thompson Mark. 2011. “Incitement, Prevention and Media Right.” (pp. 97-107) In Idem., (Eds). Confronting Genocide. New York and London: Springer. Velagic Kemal. 2010. Mladi Bosne i Hercegovine i sistem vrijednosti. PhD. Dissertation, University of Sarajevo. Weiss-Wendt Anton. 2010. “The State and Genocide.” (pp. 81-102). In Bloxham Donald and
Yıl 2019, Sayı: 2, 57 - 81, 30.06.2019

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akhayan P. and Provost Rene. 2011. “Moving from Repression to Prevention of Genocide.” (pp. 1-13). In Idem., (Eds). Confronting Genocide. New York and London: Springer. Access to Justice: Facing the Past and Building Confidence for the Future. 2012. Available at http://www.undp.org/content/dam/bosnia_and_herzegovina/docs/Research&Publications/Crises%20Prevention%20and%20Recovery/Facing%20the%20Past%20and%20Access%20to%20Justice/BiH_facing_the_past_and_access_to_justice.pdfAgencija za statistiku (2016) Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i stanova u BiH, 2013, Rezultati popisa, Agencija za statistiku, Sarajevo. Available at http://www.popis2013.ba/Bauman, Z. 2000. Modernity and the Holocaust. New York: Cornell University PressCampbell J. Kenneth. 2001. Genocide and the Global Village. New York: Palgrave. Carmichael Cathie. 2010. “Genocide and Population Displacement in Post-Communist Eastern Europe.” (pp. 509-529). In Bloxham Donald and Moses A. Dirk (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: University Press.Cigar Norman. 1995. Genocide in Bosnia: The Policy of ‘Ethnic Cleansing’ Texas A&M: University Press. Chalk, F. and Jonassohn, K. 1990. The History and Sociology of Genocide. New Haven: Yale University Press.Convention on the Prevention of the Crime of Genocide. 1948. Retrieved from https://www.oas.org/dil/1948_Convention_on_the_Prevention_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Genocide.pdfCooper John. 2008. Raphael Lamkin and the Struggle for the Genocide Convention. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Cvitkovic Ivan. 2017. “Nacionalna i konfesionalna slika Bosne I Hercegovina.” (pp. 27-48) In Idem., (Ed.). Demografske i Etnicke promjene u Bosni i Hercegovini. Sarajevo: ANUBiHCurthoys Ann and Docker John. 2011. “Defining Genocide.” (pp. 9-41). In Stone Dan (Ed.). The Historiography of Genocide. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Danner Mark. 1999. “Endgame in Kosovo.” New York Review of Books. Doubt Keith. 2000. Sociology after Bosnia and Kosovo: Recovering Justice. Lantham: Rowman & Littlefield Press. Dozic Abid. 2005. “Sociologija i bosanskohercegovacki intelektualci nakon genocida u Srebrenici” [Sociology and Bosnian Intellectuals after Srebrenica Genocide]. Znakovi Vremena, Vol. 8. No. 29/30. pp. 114-131. Freeman Michael. 1995. “Genocide, Civilization and Modernity.” The British Journal of Sociology. Vol. 46. No. 2. pp. 207-223. Joeden-Forgey von Elisa. 2010. “Gender and Genocide.” (pp. 61-81). In Bloxham Donald and Moses A. Dirk (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: University Press. Jones Adam. 2006a. The Genocidal Mind: Sociological and Sexual Perspectives. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield.Jones Adam. 2006b. Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. London and New York: Routledge. Kuper Leo. 1981. Genocide. New York: Penguin. Hayden M. Robert. 2011. “Mass Killings and Images of Genocide in Bosnia 1941-5 and 1992-5.” (487-517). In Stone Dan (Ed.). The Historiography of Genocide. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Kapetanovic Darel. 2016. Izmedju sjecanja, poricanja i zaborava – o kulturi sjecanja u BiH 20 godina nakon rata (Between Remembrance, Neglecting and Forgetfulness – About the Culture of Remembrance in BiH 20 Years after the War). Available at http://www.fes.ba/files/fes/pdf/publikationen/2015/KAPETANOVIC_1_12_2016.pdfKarcic Hikmet, “Detention Camps as a Tool for Ethno-Religious Cleansing of Non-Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina” PhD Dissertation, International University of Sarajevo, 2018.Lemkin, Rehael. 1944. Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Washington, D.C.: Carnegie En- dowment for International Peace.Mann Michael. 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press. Mulalic Muhidin & Korkut Hasan. 2012. “Implications of Dayton Peace Agreement on Current Political Issues in Bosnia-Herzegovina,” SDU Faculty of Arts and Sciences Journal of Social Sciences Special Issue on Balkans, Vol. 27, pp. 107-117. Naimark M. Norman. 2017. Genocide: A World History. Oxford: University Press. Pejanovic Mirko. 2017. “Promjene etnicke structure opstina u Bosni i Hercegovini prema popisu stanovnistva 2013. Godine.” (pp. 70-93) In Cvitkovic Ivan (Ed.). Demografske i Etnicke promjene u Bosni i Hercegovini. Sarajevo: ANUBiHPowell Christopher. 2007. “What Do Genocides Kill? A Relational Conception of Genocide.” Journal of Genocide Research. Vol. 9. No. 4. (pp. 527-547). Rieff, David. 1995. Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West. New York: Vintage.Schaller J. Dominck and Zimmerer Jurgen. 2009. The Origins of Genocide: Raphael Lemkin as a Historian of Mass Violence. New York: Routledge. Shaw Martin. 2010. “Sociology and Genocide.” (pp. 142-163). In Bloxham Donald and Moses A. Dirk (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: University Press.Schabas A. William. 2010. “The Law and Genocide.” (pp. 123-142). In Bloxham Donald and Moses A. Dirk (Eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. Oxford: University Press.Stiglmayer, Alexandra. (Ed.). 1995. Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press.Thompson Mark. 2011. “Incitement, Prevention and Media Right.” (pp. 97-107) In Idem., (Eds). Confronting Genocide. New York and London: Springer. Velagic Kemal. 2010. Mladi Bosne i Hercegovine i sistem vrijednosti. PhD. Dissertation, University of Sarajevo. Weiss-Wendt Anton. 2010. “The State and Genocide.” (pp. 81-102). In Bloxham Donald and
Toplam 1 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Muhidin Mulalic

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Mulalic, M. (2019). Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide and Demographic Changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies(2), 57-81.
AMA Mulalic M. Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide and Demographic Changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. BALKAR. Haziran 2019;(2):57-81.
Chicago Mulalic, Muhidin. “Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide and Demographic Changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, sy. 2 (Haziran 2019): 57-81.
EndNote Mulalic M (01 Haziran 2019) Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide and Demographic Changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 2 57–81.
IEEE M. Mulalic, “Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide and Demographic Changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina”, BALKAR, sy. 2, ss. 57–81, Haziran 2019.
ISNAD Mulalic, Muhidin. “Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide and Demographic Changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 2 (Haziran 2019), 57-81.
JAMA Mulalic M. Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide and Demographic Changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. BALKAR. 2019;:57–81.
MLA Mulalic, Muhidin. “Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide and Demographic Changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 57-81.
Vancouver Mulalic M. Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide and Demographic Changes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. BALKAR. 2019(2):57-81.