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Greek Turkish Relations: The Role of the Media Amidst Two Crises

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 8, 101 - 125, 29.06.2022

Öz

The purpose of this paper is to examine the crises that appeared a few days apart, the effort of refugees-migrants from Asia and Africa that are temporarily residing in Turkey to cross the Greek-Turkish border on the Evros / Meric river and the health crisis caused by the arrival of coronavirus in the other state. On February 28, 2020, Turkey opened its borders or even urged the tens of thousands of refugees and migrants who remain in its territory to cross the Greek-Turkish border on the Evros / Meric River and either settle in Greece or continue their journey to Central Europe. Contrary to what happened in 2015, the Greek government took measures to prevent the violation of the Greek borders by refugees and immigrants. As this situation continued, the coronavirus health crisis became very serious in all European countries, as well as in Greece and Turkey. The two countries took measures to deal with the pandemic and suppress economic and social activity, and completely cut off road, rail and air communication between them.
The paper will examine whether these two events, the refugee crisis and the health crisis have occupied the media in both countries. Whether they were covered to the same extent, or the coverage was more intense for one of the crises. If the amount of the news and their position on the agenda setting was the same or even similar in the media of the two countries. If all the media had the same stance on the events, being supportive towards the actions of their governments according to the theory of rally round the flag, or if part of the media proved to be critical of their respective governments. If Piers Robinson’s policy media interaction model applies for both countries. Finally, whether the news for the other country has a dominant position or it occupies a significant part of the international news agenda.

Teşekkür

Alexandros Pavlou, University of Macedonia for contribution to the research

Kaynakça

  • Refererence1 Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media”, Public Opinion Quarterly 36, no. 2 (1972): 176; Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, “The Evolution of Agenda-Setting Research: Twenty-Five Years in the Marketplace of Ideas”, Journal of Communication 43, no. 2 (1 June 1993): 58–67.
  • Reference2 See the first appearance of this theory at John E. Mueller, “Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson”, American Political Science Review 64, no. 1 (March 1970): 18–34.
  • Reference3 Piers Robinson, “The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy, and Intervention” (London ; New York: Routledge, 2002).
  • Reference4 Tozun Bahcheli, ‘The Potential for Conflicts in Greek-Turkish Relations’, in Jahrbuch Für Internationale Sicherheitspolitik 2000, by Erich Reiter (Hamburg: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn, 2000).
  • Reference5 Stratis Balaskas, in Eleftherotypia, January 19, 1999: Interview with the former Hürriyet photo-reporter Cesur Sert.
  • Reference6 Treaty of Peace with Italy, Multilateral Agreements 1946-1949 signed at Paris, February 10, 1947: 318.
  • Reference7 Maria Touri, ‘Domestic Institutions and Decision-Making in Foreign Policy and Conflict Situations: The Role of the News Media and the Greek-Turkish Paradigm’, in Global Affairs in a Turbulent World: Perspectives and Controversies, ed. Yannis Stivachtis (Athens: ATINER, 2008), 233–54.
  • Reference8 Katharina. Cramer-Hadjidimos, The Role of the Media in Greek-Turkish Relations : Co-Production of a TV Programme Window by Greek and Turkish Journalists (Place of publication not identified: Robert Bosch Stiftungskolleg für Internationale Aufgaben Programmjahr, 1998). 9.
  • Reference9 Neslihan Ozguness and Georgios Terzis, ‘Constraints and Remedies for Journalists Reporting National Conflict: The Case of Greece and Turkey’, Journalism Studies 1, no. 3 (January 2000): 409.
  • Reference10 Neslihan Ozguness and Georgios Terzis, ‘Constraints and Remedies for Journalists Reporting National Conflict: The Case of Greece and Turkey’, Journalism Studies 1, no. 3 (January 2000): 410, 414.
  • Reference11 Piers Robinson, The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy, and Intervention (London ; New York: Routledge, 2002); Eytan Gilboa, ‘The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication Theory of International Relations’, Political Communication 22, no. 1 (16 February 2005): 27–44.
  • Reference12 Gadi Wolfsfeld, Media and Political Conflict: News from the Middle East (Cambridge [England] ; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Philip M. Seib, Headline Diplomacy: How News Coverage Affects Foreign Policy, Praeger Series in Political Communication (Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1997).
  • Reference13 Christos A. Frangonikolopoulos, ‘The Media and Foreign Policy: The Case of Greece’, Hellenic Studies 15, no. 1 (4 May 2007): 162.
  • Reference 14 Neslihan Ozguness and Georgios Terzis, ‘Constraints and Remedies for Journalists Reporting National Conflict: The Case of Greece and Turkey’, Journalism Studies 1, no. 3 (January 2000): 405–26.
  • Reference15 Katharina. Cramer-Hadjidimos, The Role of the Media in Greek-Turkish Relations : Co-Production of a TV Programme Window by Greek and Turkish Journalists (Robert Bosch Stiftungskolleg für Internationale AufgabenProgrammjahr, 1998), 9.
  • Reference16 Nafsika Papanikolatos, ‘“Hate Speech”: (Re)Producing the Opposition Between the National Self and the “Others”’, in ‘Hate Speech’ in the Balkans, ed. Mariana Lenkova (Vienna: ETEPE ; International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, 1998), 10.
  • Reference17 L. Dogan Tilic, ‘State-Biased Reflection of Greece-Related Issues in Turkish Newspapers: From Being “The Other” to “We”’, GMJ: Mediterranean Edition 1, no. 2 (2006): 19–24.
  • Reference18 Roza Tsagarousianou, ‘Mass Communications and Nationalism: The Politics of Belonging and Exclusion in Contemporary Greece’, Res Publica 39, no. 2 (1997): 271–80.
  • Reference19 Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic, ‘Presidential Decree 81’, National Printing House, 2019, 1 edition, sec. 119.
  • Reference20 ‘Greece Report | RSF’, 2020, https://rsf.org/en/greece.
  • Reference21 ‘Turkey : Massive Purge | Reporters without Borders’, RSF, 2020, https://rsf.org/en/taxonomy/term/145.
  • Reference 22 Maxwell McCombs, ‘Building Consensus: The News Media’s Agenda-Setting Roles’, Political Communication 14, no. 4 (October 1997): 433–43.
  • Reference 23 David Weaver, Maxwell McCombs, and Donald L. Shaw, ‘Agenda-Setting Research: Issues, Attributes, and Influences’, in Handbook of Political Communication Research, ed. Lynda Lee Kaid, 1st ed. (New Jersey: Lawrence Erbaum Associates Inc. Publishers., 2004), 257–83.
  • Reference 24 Nic Newman et al., ‘Digital News Report 2020’ (Reuters Institute, 2020): 85.; Can Ertuna, ‘Producing Opinion and Building the Agenda on TV Discussion Programs during the State of Emergency in Turkey’, Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications 6, no. 2 (3 April 2020): 114.
  • Reference 25 Nic Newman et al., ‘Digital News Report 2020’ (Reuters Institute, 2020): 71.
  • Reference26 Katharina. Cramer-Hadjidimos, The Role of the Media in Greek-Turkish Relations : Co-Production of a TV Programme Window by Greek and Turkish Journalists (Place of publication not identified: Robert Bosch Stiftungskolleg für Internationale Aufgaben Programmjahr, 1998). 6.
  • Reference27 Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com), Turkey Encourages Migrants to Cross into EU | DW | 29.02.2020, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference28 AFP News Agency, Migrants at the Turkish Border Attempt to Cross over into Greece | AFP, 2020.
  • Reference29 Georgi Gotev and Sarantis Michalopoulos, ‘Erdogan Drops the “Human Bomb” on EU’, Www.Euractiv.Com (blog), 29 February 2020. Reference 30 ‘Turkey Says Millions of Migrants May Head to EU’, BBC News, 2 March 2020, sec. Europe.
  • Reference31 VICE News, Migrants Trying to Enter Europe Are About to Be Stuck Between the Greek Army and Turkish Police, 2020; VICE News, ‘What the Hell Is Happening With Migrants in Greece?’, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference32 ‘Democracy Index 2020: In Sickness and in Health?’ (London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2021).
  • Reference33 ‘Why does Turkey insist - unconvinceingly - that it does not have coronavirus cases?’, Skai, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference34 ‘Coronavirus - Turkey: Scenes of chaos and panic after the new measures’, Skai, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference35 Shanto Iyengar and Adam Simon, ‘News Coverage of the Gulf Crisis and Public Opinion: A Study of Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing’, Communication Research 20, no. 3 (June 1993): 365–83.
  • Reference36 L. Tilic Dogan, Journalism in Greece and Turkey, trans. Elias Kolovos (Athens: Ekdoseis Papazisi, 2000): 402-410.
  • Reference37 Daniel C. Hallin and Stylianos Papathanassopoulos, ‘Political Clientelism and the Media: Southern Europe and Latin America in Comparative Perspective’, Media, Culture & Society 24, no. 2 (March 2002): 175–95.
  • Reference38 Dina Kyriakidou and Stephen Grey, ‘Special Report: Greece’s Triangle of Power’, Reuters, 17 December 2012.
  • Reference39 Tassos Morfis, ‘Five (Simple) Reasons Why Greece Urgently Needs More #PressFreedom’, Medium, 4 May 2017.
  • Reference40 Reporters Without Borders, Turkey: State of Emergency, State of Arbitrary, 19 September 2016: 5.
  • Reference41 ‘Greek Police Must Be Trained to Respect Journalists, RSF Says | Reporters without Borders’, RSF, 26 November 2019.
  • Reference42 ‘Reporters in Greece Must Be Protected from Attack by Anti-Migrant Residents | Reporters without Borders’, RSF, 4 March 2020.
  • Reference43 IPI-Admin, ‘EU and Member States Must Create Safe Environment for Journalists Reporting in Greece’, International Press Institute (blog), 5 March 2020.
  • Reference44 Petros Iosifidis, ‘Greek Media and Independent Journalism under Austerity’, OpenDemocracy, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference45 Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com), ‘Turkey’s Erdogan Clamps down Further on Media amid Coronavirus Crisis | DW | 21.04.2020’, DW.COM, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference46 IPI-Admin, ‘Greece Urged to Ensure Fair and Transparent Media Support Scheme’, International Press Institute (blog), 15 July 2020.
  • Reference47 L. Tilic Dogan, Journalism in Greece and Turkey, trans. Elias Kolovos (Athens: Ekdoseis Papazisi, 2000): 443-445.
  • Reference48 William D. Baker and John R. Oneal, ‘Patriotism or Opinion Leadership?: The Nature and Origins of the “Rally 'Round the Flag” Effect’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 45, no. 5 (October 2001): 661–87.
  • Reference49 Bethany Albertson and Shana Kushner Gadarian, Anxious Politics: Democratic Citizenship in a Threatening World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015): 75-88.
Yıl 2022, Sayı: 8, 101 - 125, 29.06.2022

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Refererence1 Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, “The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media”, Public Opinion Quarterly 36, no. 2 (1972): 176; Maxwell E. McCombs and Donald L. Shaw, “The Evolution of Agenda-Setting Research: Twenty-Five Years in the Marketplace of Ideas”, Journal of Communication 43, no. 2 (1 June 1993): 58–67.
  • Reference2 See the first appearance of this theory at John E. Mueller, “Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson”, American Political Science Review 64, no. 1 (March 1970): 18–34.
  • Reference3 Piers Robinson, “The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy, and Intervention” (London ; New York: Routledge, 2002).
  • Reference4 Tozun Bahcheli, ‘The Potential for Conflicts in Greek-Turkish Relations’, in Jahrbuch Für Internationale Sicherheitspolitik 2000, by Erich Reiter (Hamburg: Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn, 2000).
  • Reference5 Stratis Balaskas, in Eleftherotypia, January 19, 1999: Interview with the former Hürriyet photo-reporter Cesur Sert.
  • Reference6 Treaty of Peace with Italy, Multilateral Agreements 1946-1949 signed at Paris, February 10, 1947: 318.
  • Reference7 Maria Touri, ‘Domestic Institutions and Decision-Making in Foreign Policy and Conflict Situations: The Role of the News Media and the Greek-Turkish Paradigm’, in Global Affairs in a Turbulent World: Perspectives and Controversies, ed. Yannis Stivachtis (Athens: ATINER, 2008), 233–54.
  • Reference8 Katharina. Cramer-Hadjidimos, The Role of the Media in Greek-Turkish Relations : Co-Production of a TV Programme Window by Greek and Turkish Journalists (Place of publication not identified: Robert Bosch Stiftungskolleg für Internationale Aufgaben Programmjahr, 1998). 9.
  • Reference9 Neslihan Ozguness and Georgios Terzis, ‘Constraints and Remedies for Journalists Reporting National Conflict: The Case of Greece and Turkey’, Journalism Studies 1, no. 3 (January 2000): 409.
  • Reference10 Neslihan Ozguness and Georgios Terzis, ‘Constraints and Remedies for Journalists Reporting National Conflict: The Case of Greece and Turkey’, Journalism Studies 1, no. 3 (January 2000): 410, 414.
  • Reference11 Piers Robinson, The CNN Effect: The Myth of News, Foreign Policy, and Intervention (London ; New York: Routledge, 2002); Eytan Gilboa, ‘The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication Theory of International Relations’, Political Communication 22, no. 1 (16 February 2005): 27–44.
  • Reference12 Gadi Wolfsfeld, Media and Political Conflict: News from the Middle East (Cambridge [England] ; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1997); Philip M. Seib, Headline Diplomacy: How News Coverage Affects Foreign Policy, Praeger Series in Political Communication (Westport, Conn: Praeger, 1997).
  • Reference13 Christos A. Frangonikolopoulos, ‘The Media and Foreign Policy: The Case of Greece’, Hellenic Studies 15, no. 1 (4 May 2007): 162.
  • Reference 14 Neslihan Ozguness and Georgios Terzis, ‘Constraints and Remedies for Journalists Reporting National Conflict: The Case of Greece and Turkey’, Journalism Studies 1, no. 3 (January 2000): 405–26.
  • Reference15 Katharina. Cramer-Hadjidimos, The Role of the Media in Greek-Turkish Relations : Co-Production of a TV Programme Window by Greek and Turkish Journalists (Robert Bosch Stiftungskolleg für Internationale AufgabenProgrammjahr, 1998), 9.
  • Reference16 Nafsika Papanikolatos, ‘“Hate Speech”: (Re)Producing the Opposition Between the National Self and the “Others”’, in ‘Hate Speech’ in the Balkans, ed. Mariana Lenkova (Vienna: ETEPE ; International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights, 1998), 10.
  • Reference17 L. Dogan Tilic, ‘State-Biased Reflection of Greece-Related Issues in Turkish Newspapers: From Being “The Other” to “We”’, GMJ: Mediterranean Edition 1, no. 2 (2006): 19–24.
  • Reference18 Roza Tsagarousianou, ‘Mass Communications and Nationalism: The Politics of Belonging and Exclusion in Contemporary Greece’, Res Publica 39, no. 2 (1997): 271–80.
  • Reference19 Government Gazette of the Hellenic Republic, ‘Presidential Decree 81’, National Printing House, 2019, 1 edition, sec. 119.
  • Reference20 ‘Greece Report | RSF’, 2020, https://rsf.org/en/greece.
  • Reference21 ‘Turkey : Massive Purge | Reporters without Borders’, RSF, 2020, https://rsf.org/en/taxonomy/term/145.
  • Reference 22 Maxwell McCombs, ‘Building Consensus: The News Media’s Agenda-Setting Roles’, Political Communication 14, no. 4 (October 1997): 433–43.
  • Reference 23 David Weaver, Maxwell McCombs, and Donald L. Shaw, ‘Agenda-Setting Research: Issues, Attributes, and Influences’, in Handbook of Political Communication Research, ed. Lynda Lee Kaid, 1st ed. (New Jersey: Lawrence Erbaum Associates Inc. Publishers., 2004), 257–83.
  • Reference 24 Nic Newman et al., ‘Digital News Report 2020’ (Reuters Institute, 2020): 85.; Can Ertuna, ‘Producing Opinion and Building the Agenda on TV Discussion Programs during the State of Emergency in Turkey’, Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications 6, no. 2 (3 April 2020): 114.
  • Reference 25 Nic Newman et al., ‘Digital News Report 2020’ (Reuters Institute, 2020): 71.
  • Reference26 Katharina. Cramer-Hadjidimos, The Role of the Media in Greek-Turkish Relations : Co-Production of a TV Programme Window by Greek and Turkish Journalists (Place of publication not identified: Robert Bosch Stiftungskolleg für Internationale Aufgaben Programmjahr, 1998). 6.
  • Reference27 Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com), Turkey Encourages Migrants to Cross into EU | DW | 29.02.2020, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference28 AFP News Agency, Migrants at the Turkish Border Attempt to Cross over into Greece | AFP, 2020.
  • Reference29 Georgi Gotev and Sarantis Michalopoulos, ‘Erdogan Drops the “Human Bomb” on EU’, Www.Euractiv.Com (blog), 29 February 2020. Reference 30 ‘Turkey Says Millions of Migrants May Head to EU’, BBC News, 2 March 2020, sec. Europe.
  • Reference31 VICE News, Migrants Trying to Enter Europe Are About to Be Stuck Between the Greek Army and Turkish Police, 2020; VICE News, ‘What the Hell Is Happening With Migrants in Greece?’, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference32 ‘Democracy Index 2020: In Sickness and in Health?’ (London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2021).
  • Reference33 ‘Why does Turkey insist - unconvinceingly - that it does not have coronavirus cases?’, Skai, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference34 ‘Coronavirus - Turkey: Scenes of chaos and panic after the new measures’, Skai, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference35 Shanto Iyengar and Adam Simon, ‘News Coverage of the Gulf Crisis and Public Opinion: A Study of Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing’, Communication Research 20, no. 3 (June 1993): 365–83.
  • Reference36 L. Tilic Dogan, Journalism in Greece and Turkey, trans. Elias Kolovos (Athens: Ekdoseis Papazisi, 2000): 402-410.
  • Reference37 Daniel C. Hallin and Stylianos Papathanassopoulos, ‘Political Clientelism and the Media: Southern Europe and Latin America in Comparative Perspective’, Media, Culture & Society 24, no. 2 (March 2002): 175–95.
  • Reference38 Dina Kyriakidou and Stephen Grey, ‘Special Report: Greece’s Triangle of Power’, Reuters, 17 December 2012.
  • Reference39 Tassos Morfis, ‘Five (Simple) Reasons Why Greece Urgently Needs More #PressFreedom’, Medium, 4 May 2017.
  • Reference40 Reporters Without Borders, Turkey: State of Emergency, State of Arbitrary, 19 September 2016: 5.
  • Reference41 ‘Greek Police Must Be Trained to Respect Journalists, RSF Says | Reporters without Borders’, RSF, 26 November 2019.
  • Reference42 ‘Reporters in Greece Must Be Protected from Attack by Anti-Migrant Residents | Reporters without Borders’, RSF, 4 March 2020.
  • Reference43 IPI-Admin, ‘EU and Member States Must Create Safe Environment for Journalists Reporting in Greece’, International Press Institute (blog), 5 March 2020.
  • Reference44 Petros Iosifidis, ‘Greek Media and Independent Journalism under Austerity’, OpenDemocracy, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference45 Deutsche Welle (www.dw.com), ‘Turkey’s Erdogan Clamps down Further on Media amid Coronavirus Crisis | DW | 21.04.2020’, DW.COM, accessed 22 February 2021.
  • Reference46 IPI-Admin, ‘Greece Urged to Ensure Fair and Transparent Media Support Scheme’, International Press Institute (blog), 15 July 2020.
  • Reference47 L. Tilic Dogan, Journalism in Greece and Turkey, trans. Elias Kolovos (Athens: Ekdoseis Papazisi, 2000): 443-445.
  • Reference48 William D. Baker and John R. Oneal, ‘Patriotism or Opinion Leadership?: The Nature and Origins of the “Rally 'Round the Flag” Effect’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 45, no. 5 (October 2001): 661–87.
  • Reference49 Bethany Albertson and Shana Kushner Gadarian, Anxious Politics: Democratic Citizenship in a Threatening World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015): 75-88.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Vlasis Vlasidis

Anna Korneeva Bu kişi benim

Theodora Vounidi

Ioannis Koutoudis

Vasileios Voutsikidis

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Sayı: 8

Kaynak Göster

APA Vlasidis, V., Korneeva, A., Vounidi, T., Koutoudis, I., vd. (2022). Greek Turkish Relations: The Role of the Media Amidst Two Crises. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies(8), 101-125.
AMA Vlasidis V, Korneeva A, Vounidi T, Koutoudis I, Voutsikidis V. Greek Turkish Relations: The Role of the Media Amidst Two Crises. BALKAR. Haziran 2022;(8):101-125.
Chicago Vlasidis, Vlasis, Anna Korneeva, Theodora Vounidi, Ioannis Koutoudis, ve Vasileios Voutsikidis. “Greek Turkish Relations: The Role of the Media Amidst Two Crises”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, sy. 8 (Haziran 2022): 101-25.
EndNote Vlasidis V, Korneeva A, Vounidi T, Koutoudis I, Voutsikidis V (01 Haziran 2022) Greek Turkish Relations: The Role of the Media Amidst Two Crises. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 8 101–125.
IEEE V. Vlasidis, A. Korneeva, T. Vounidi, I. Koutoudis, ve V. Voutsikidis, “Greek Turkish Relations: The Role of the Media Amidst Two Crises”, BALKAR, sy. 8, ss. 101–125, Haziran 2022.
ISNAD Vlasidis, Vlasis vd. “Greek Turkish Relations: The Role of the Media Amidst Two Crises”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 8 (Haziran 2022), 101-125.
JAMA Vlasidis V, Korneeva A, Vounidi T, Koutoudis I, Voutsikidis V. Greek Turkish Relations: The Role of the Media Amidst Two Crises. BALKAR. 2022;:101–125.
MLA Vlasidis, Vlasis vd. “Greek Turkish Relations: The Role of the Media Amidst Two Crises”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, sy. 8, 2022, ss. 101-25.
Vancouver Vlasidis V, Korneeva A, Vounidi T, Koutoudis I, Voutsikidis V. Greek Turkish Relations: The Role of the Media Amidst Two Crises. BALKAR. 2022(8):101-25.