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Shifting Identities as a Strategy to Remain in the Homeland: The Remarkable History of Kurfallı, Eastern Thrace's Last Bulgarian Village

Year 2024, Issue: 13, December 2024, 63 - 88
https://doi.org/10.56679/balkar.1578178

Abstract

The Bulgarians of the village of Kurfallı in Silivri, who had previously survived the aforementioned wave of migration by asserting their identity as Greeks, also survived the 1923 Population Exchange by reaffirming their Bulgarian identity. However, in the 1930s, when it became evident that they could no longer maintain their identity as the sole remaining Bulgarian community in the region, they chose to xchange places with a Turkish village from Bulgaria. This represented the final instance of population xchange in the Balkans. The paper is primarily based on Turkish archival sources.

References

  • Ottoman Archive (BOA)
  • BEO 539 40405
  • DH-MKT 794 3
  • DH-SN THR 87 37
  • HR-İM 63 56 5; HR-İM 70 86; HR-İM 62 62; HR-İM 51-13; HR-İM 4 18; HR-İM 106 19; HR-İM 180 17; HR-İM 185 79; HR-İM 188 64; HR-İM 203 30; HR-SYS 2073 6
  • HR-SYS 2073 7
  • Y.PRK.ASK 246 105
  • Turkish Republican Archive (BCA)
  • 30 10 123 877 18 1; 30 10 241 629 7; 30 10 242 632 5; 30 18 1 2.51 10 9; 30 18 1 1 10 30 19; 272 12 63 191 1; 272 11 25 134 11
  • Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive
  • 15104548; 11784517; 11784515; 11784510; 11773954; 11773923; 11773905; 11687653; 11692103; 11692085; 11692092; 11773860; 11687659; 11687664; 11333338; 10334260; 7527586
  • Books and articles
  • Akçam, Taner. Ermeni Meselesi Hallolunmuştur-Osmanlı Belgelerine Göre Savaş Yıllarında Ermenilere Yönelik Politikalar, İstanbul: İletişim, 2008.
  • Drakou, Evstratiou I. Ta Thrakika, Atina, 1892.
  • Gingeras, Ryan. "A last toehold in Europe: the making of Turkish Thrace, 1922-1923," in War and Collapse: World War I and the Ottoman State, eds. M. Hakan Yavuz with Feroz Ahmad, 371-404. Salt Lake City; The University of Utah Press, 2016. Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet. “Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the 19th Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913,” Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, year 1, issue 1, (Fall 2018) 31-75.
  • Hacısalihoğlu, Neriman. “Sultan Mehmed Reşad Döneminde İstanbul’daki Bulgar Cemati: Nüfus, Yerleşim ve Ekonomi,” Tarih Dergisi, 71 (2020/1) 407-428.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. Osmanlı Nüfusu (1830-1914)-Demografik ve Sosyal Özellikleri, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2003.
  • Kanal, Hümmet. "Salnâmelere Göre 19. Yüzyıl Sonlarında Kırkkilise (Kırklareli) Sancağı," Journal of History School, XXVI (June 2016), 145-171.
  • Kozanoğlu, Cemal. Her Yönüyle Silivri, Silivri: Silivri Belediyesi Kültür Evi, ny.
  • Ladas, Stephen P. The Exchange of Minorities: Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey, New York: Macmillan Co., 1932.
  • Majstorovic, Darko. “The 1913 Ottoman Military Campaign in Eastern Thrace: A Prelude to Genocide?” Journal of Genocide Research. 21 (2018), 1-22.
  • Miletich, L. Razorenito na trakiiskite balgari prez 1913 godina, Sofia: Darzkavna Pechatnitsa, 1918.
  • Ortaylı, İlber. “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Millet,” Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, cilt:4, 996-1001.
  • Rayçevski, Stoyan. İztoçna Trakya, Sofia: Bılgarski Bestselır, 2002.
  • Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1914.
  • Soteriadis, George. An Ethological map illustrating Hellenism in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, London: Edward Stanford, 1918.
  • Stamatopoulos, Dimitris. “The Bulgarian Schism Revisited,” Modern Greek Studies Yearbook, 24/25 (2008-2009), 105-125.
  • Synvet, A. Les Grecs de L’Empire Ottoman etude statistique et ethnographique, Constantinople: 1878.
  • Şimşir, Bilal. Lozan Telgrafları-1 (1922-1923), Ankara: TTK, 1990.
  • Valsamidis, Pashalis. “Doğu Trakya Rumlarının Göç Kronolojisi,” Toplumsal Tarih, no: 346, (October 2022) 12-18.
  • Newspapers
  • “Çatalca havalisinde hiçbir Bulgara haksızlık yapılmamıştır,” Cumhuriyet, 30 June 1930.
  • “Türkiye-Bulgaristan münasebatı yeni bir safhaya girdi,” Milliyet, 25 November 1932.
  • “Trakya gazetesine gelince,” Son Posta, 30 September 1933.
  • “Turkish Peasants Exchange Village with Bulgarians”, The Christian Science Monitor, 29 July 1935.
  • “Eski başbakan nezaret altında, 60 kişi mevkuf”, Cumhuriyet, 24 January 1935.
  • “Mübadele edilecek 2 köy”, Cumhuriyet, 28 March 1935.
  • “Mübadele edilecek köylülerin malları,” Cumhuriyet, 25 March 1935.
Year 2024, Issue: 13, December 2024, 63 - 88
https://doi.org/10.56679/balkar.1578178

Abstract

References

  • Ottoman Archive (BOA)
  • BEO 539 40405
  • DH-MKT 794 3
  • DH-SN THR 87 37
  • HR-İM 63 56 5; HR-İM 70 86; HR-İM 62 62; HR-İM 51-13; HR-İM 4 18; HR-İM 106 19; HR-İM 180 17; HR-İM 185 79; HR-İM 188 64; HR-İM 203 30; HR-SYS 2073 6
  • HR-SYS 2073 7
  • Y.PRK.ASK 246 105
  • Turkish Republican Archive (BCA)
  • 30 10 123 877 18 1; 30 10 241 629 7; 30 10 242 632 5; 30 18 1 2.51 10 9; 30 18 1 1 10 30 19; 272 12 63 191 1; 272 11 25 134 11
  • Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archive
  • 15104548; 11784517; 11784515; 11784510; 11773954; 11773923; 11773905; 11687653; 11692103; 11692085; 11692092; 11773860; 11687659; 11687664; 11333338; 10334260; 7527586
  • Books and articles
  • Akçam, Taner. Ermeni Meselesi Hallolunmuştur-Osmanlı Belgelerine Göre Savaş Yıllarında Ermenilere Yönelik Politikalar, İstanbul: İletişim, 2008.
  • Drakou, Evstratiou I. Ta Thrakika, Atina, 1892.
  • Gingeras, Ryan. "A last toehold in Europe: the making of Turkish Thrace, 1922-1923," in War and Collapse: World War I and the Ottoman State, eds. M. Hakan Yavuz with Feroz Ahmad, 371-404. Salt Lake City; The University of Utah Press, 2016. Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet. “Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the 19th Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913,” Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, year 1, issue 1, (Fall 2018) 31-75.
  • Hacısalihoğlu, Neriman. “Sultan Mehmed Reşad Döneminde İstanbul’daki Bulgar Cemati: Nüfus, Yerleşim ve Ekonomi,” Tarih Dergisi, 71 (2020/1) 407-428.
  • Karpat, Kemal H. Osmanlı Nüfusu (1830-1914)-Demografik ve Sosyal Özellikleri, İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 2003.
  • Kanal, Hümmet. "Salnâmelere Göre 19. Yüzyıl Sonlarında Kırkkilise (Kırklareli) Sancağı," Journal of History School, XXVI (June 2016), 145-171.
  • Kozanoğlu, Cemal. Her Yönüyle Silivri, Silivri: Silivri Belediyesi Kültür Evi, ny.
  • Ladas, Stephen P. The Exchange of Minorities: Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey, New York: Macmillan Co., 1932.
  • Majstorovic, Darko. “The 1913 Ottoman Military Campaign in Eastern Thrace: A Prelude to Genocide?” Journal of Genocide Research. 21 (2018), 1-22.
  • Miletich, L. Razorenito na trakiiskite balgari prez 1913 godina, Sofia: Darzkavna Pechatnitsa, 1918.
  • Ortaylı, İlber. “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Millet,” Tanzimat’tan Cumhuriyet’e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, cilt:4, 996-1001.
  • Rayçevski, Stoyan. İztoçna Trakya, Sofia: Bılgarski Bestselır, 2002.
  • Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars, Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1914.
  • Soteriadis, George. An Ethological map illustrating Hellenism in the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, London: Edward Stanford, 1918.
  • Stamatopoulos, Dimitris. “The Bulgarian Schism Revisited,” Modern Greek Studies Yearbook, 24/25 (2008-2009), 105-125.
  • Synvet, A. Les Grecs de L’Empire Ottoman etude statistique et ethnographique, Constantinople: 1878.
  • Şimşir, Bilal. Lozan Telgrafları-1 (1922-1923), Ankara: TTK, 1990.
  • Valsamidis, Pashalis. “Doğu Trakya Rumlarının Göç Kronolojisi,” Toplumsal Tarih, no: 346, (October 2022) 12-18.
  • Newspapers
  • “Çatalca havalisinde hiçbir Bulgara haksızlık yapılmamıştır,” Cumhuriyet, 30 June 1930.
  • “Türkiye-Bulgaristan münasebatı yeni bir safhaya girdi,” Milliyet, 25 November 1932.
  • “Trakya gazetesine gelince,” Son Posta, 30 September 1933.
  • “Turkish Peasants Exchange Village with Bulgarians”, The Christian Science Monitor, 29 July 1935.
  • “Eski başbakan nezaret altında, 60 kişi mevkuf”, Cumhuriyet, 24 January 1935.
  • “Mübadele edilecek 2 köy”, Cumhuriyet, 28 March 1935.
  • “Mübadele edilecek köylülerin malları,” Cumhuriyet, 25 March 1935.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Contemporary Balkan History
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Elçin Macar

Early Pub Date December 22, 2024
Publication Date
Submission Date November 2, 2024
Acceptance Date December 14, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 13, December 2024

Cite

APA Macar, E. (2024). Shifting Identities as a Strategy to Remain in the Homeland: The Remarkable History of Kurfallı, Eastern Thrace’s Last Bulgarian Village. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies(13, December 2024), 63-88. https://doi.org/10.56679/balkar.1578178
AMA Macar E. Shifting Identities as a Strategy to Remain in the Homeland: The Remarkable History of Kurfallı, Eastern Thrace’s Last Bulgarian Village. BALKAR. December 2024;(13, December 2024):63-88. doi:10.56679/balkar.1578178
Chicago Macar, Elçin. “Shifting Identities As a Strategy to Remain in the Homeland: The Remarkable History of Kurfallı, Eastern Thrace’s Last Bulgarian Village”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, no. 13, December 2024 (December 2024): 63-88. https://doi.org/10.56679/balkar.1578178.
EndNote Macar E (December 1, 2024) Shifting Identities as a Strategy to Remain in the Homeland: The Remarkable History of Kurfallı, Eastern Thrace’s Last Bulgarian Village. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 13, December 2024 63–88.
IEEE E. Macar, “Shifting Identities as a Strategy to Remain in the Homeland: The Remarkable History of Kurfallı, Eastern Thrace’s Last Bulgarian Village”, BALKAR, no. 13, December 2024, pp. 63–88, December 2024, doi: 10.56679/balkar.1578178.
ISNAD Macar, Elçin. “Shifting Identities As a Strategy to Remain in the Homeland: The Remarkable History of Kurfallı, Eastern Thrace’s Last Bulgarian Village”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 13, December 2024 (December 2024), 63-88. https://doi.org/10.56679/balkar.1578178.
JAMA Macar E. Shifting Identities as a Strategy to Remain in the Homeland: The Remarkable History of Kurfallı, Eastern Thrace’s Last Bulgarian Village. BALKAR. 2024;:63–88.
MLA Macar, Elçin. “Shifting Identities As a Strategy to Remain in the Homeland: The Remarkable History of Kurfallı, Eastern Thrace’s Last Bulgarian Village”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, no. 13, December 2024, 2024, pp. 63-88, doi:10.56679/balkar.1578178.
Vancouver Macar E. Shifting Identities as a Strategy to Remain in the Homeland: The Remarkable History of Kurfallı, Eastern Thrace’s Last Bulgarian Village. BALKAR. 2024(13, December 2024):63-88.