Yaşlandırma Testlerinin Ahşap Malzemenin Özelliklerine Etkisi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 22 Sayı: 2, 654 - 673, 15.08.2020

Sebnem Sevil Arpacı Eylem Dizman Tomak

Öz

Ahşap malzemenin yaşlandırılması ve yaşlandırılan ahşabın özelliklerindeki değişimin bilinmesi tarihi ahşap binalar ve ahşaptan yapılmış nesneler, objeler gibi ahşap kültürel mirasların korunması açısından çok önemlidir. Yaşlandırmayı konu alan çalışmalar, malzemenin kullanım ömrünün belirlenmesini de sağlamaktadır. Bunun için malzeme doğal dış ortam koşullarının bozundurucu faktörlerine direkt olarak maruz bırakılabileceği gibi laboratuvar koşullarında da dış ortam bozunması yapay olarak simüle edilebilmektedir. Doğal dış ortam koşullarına maruz bırakma en doğru ve güvenilir sonuçlar verse de testlerin uzun yıllar sürmesi ve yüksek güvenlik ihtiyacı sebeplerinden dolayı çoğunlukla laboratuvar koşullarında kontrollü gerçekleştirilen yapay yaşlandırmalar tercih edilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, ahşap malzemenin dış ortam koşullarında kullanımı sırasında maruz kalabileceği bozundurucu faktörlerin ahşap özelliklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada ahşabı bozunduran abiyotik ve biyotik faktörler, ahşap malzemenin fotodegradasyonu ve bunun sonucu olarak ahşapta meydana gelen değişimler incelenmiş, farklı yapay ve doğal yaşlandırma test yöntemleri irdelenmiştir. Ayrıca yapay ve doğal yaşlandırma arasında modelleme çalışmalarına da değinilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yapay yaşlandırma, doğal yaşlandırma, fotodegradasyon, modelleme

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmada derlenen bilgilerin bir kısmı Şebnem S. Arpacı’nın Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü bünyesinde 2020 yılında tamamladığı ‘Çeşitli Odun Türlerinin Dış Ortam Koşullarında Ultraviyole Işınlarına Karşı Dayanımlarının Belirlenmesi’ başlıklı yüksek lisans tezinde sunulmuştur.

Effect of Weathering Tests on Wood Properties

Öz

The knowledge on the aging of wood and changes on wood properties due to aging is very important in terms of preserving historical wood buildings and wood cultural heritage such as wood objects. Furthermore, againg studies can help to predict the service life of wood. For this purpose, wood can be directly exposed to degrading factors in outdoor conditions, or degradation can be artificially simulated in laboratory conditions. Although natural weathering tests gives the most accurate and reliable results, it is not commonly preferred due to long test periods and high safety requirements. For this reason, artificial aging, which is mostly controlled under laboratory conditions, is commonly preferred by the reseachers. In this review study, the effects of the degrading factors of wood in outdoor conditions were investigated. In the study, abiotic and biotic factors, wood degradation, photodegradation of wood, and its effects on wood properties have been reported. Besides, different artificial and natural aging test methods and modelling between the aging methods are examined.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Accelerated weathering, natural weathering, photodegradation, modelling

Kaynakça

• Anderson, E. L., Pawlak, Z., Owen, N. L., Feist, W. C. (1991a). Infrared studies of wood weathering. Part I: Softwoods. Applied spectroscopy, 45(4), 641-647.
• Anderson, E.L., Pawlak, Z., Owen, N.L., Feist W.C. (1991b). Infrared Studies of Wood Weathering. Part II: Hardwoods, Applied Spectroscopy, 45 (4), 648-652.
• Arndt, U., Willeitner, H. (1969). On Resıstance Behavıour of Wood In Natural Weatherıng. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, 27(5), 179.
• Arpacı, Ş. S., (2020). Çeşitli Odun Türlerinin Dış Ortam Koşullarında Ultraviyole Işınlarına Karşı Dayanımlarının Belirlenmesi, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen bilimleri Enstütisi, Bursa.
• ASTM G154. (2006). Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Light Apparatus for UV Exposure of Nonmetallic Materials, American Society for Testing and Materials.
• ASTM G7/G7M – 13. (2013). Standard Practice for Atmospheric Environmental Exposure Testing of Nonmetallic Materials.
• Ayata, U., Sahin, S., Esteves, B., Gurleyen, L. (2018). Effect of Thermal Aging On Colour and Glossiness of UV System Varnish-Applied Laminated Parquet Layers, Bioresources,13(1),861-868.
• Baar, J., Gryc, V. (2012). The Analysis of Tropical Wood Discoloration Caused By Simulated Sunlight, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 70(1-3), 263-269.
• Banana, A. Y. (1984). Weathering Characteristics of The Wood of Four Australian Grown Timber Species, Ph.D. Thesis, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
• Brischke, C. (2007). Untersuchung Abbaubestimmender Faktoren Zur Vorhersage Der Gebauchsdauer Feuchtebeanspruchter Holzbauteile. Hamburg. Universität.
• Brischke, C., Gellerich, A., Militz, H., Starck, M. (2017). Performance of Coated and Uncoated Horızontal Lap- Joınt Members Durıng 20 Years of Outdoor Exposure, Wood Research, 62 (6), 883-894.
• Brischke, C., Veltrup, M.Y. (2015). Moisture content and decay of differently sized wooden components during 5 years of outdoor exposure, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products , 73, 719–728.
• Bozkurt, A., Göker, Y., Erdin N. (1993). Emprenye Tekniği. İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
• Bozkurt, A. Y., Ünlügil, H., Erdin, N. (1995). Odun Patolojisi. İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi.
• Buchner, J., Irle, M., Belloncle, C., Michaud, F., Macchioni, N. (2019). Fungal and bacterial colonies growing on weathered wood surfaces. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 14(1), 33-41.
• Can, A., Sivrikaya, H. (2019). Surface characterization of wood treated with boron compounds combined with water repellents. Color Research & Application, 44(3), 462-472.
• Can, A., (2018). Su İtici Maddeler İle Kombine Edilmiş Bazı Emprenye Maddelerinin Performansının İncelenmesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bartın Üniversitesi, Doktora Tezi, Bartın, Türkiye.
• Cui, W., Kamdem, D. P. (2004). Dıffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourıer Transform Spectroscopy (Drıft) and Color Changes of Artıfıcıal Weathered Wood, Wood and Fiber Science, 36(3), 291–301.
• Çakıcıer, N., Korkut, D.S. (2009). Ahsap Yüzeylere Uygulanan Kaplama Katmanlarında Yaslandırma Testleri, Düzce Üniversitesi Ormancılık Dergisi , 5 (1) , 75-90.
• Çolak G. (2014). Isıl işlemin (Thermowood yöntemi) bazı ağaç türlerinin fiziksel özellikleri, çürüklük ve hava koşullarına karşı dayanıklılığı üzerine etkileri (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Düzce Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü / Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı.
• Delucis, R. D. A., De Cademartori, P. H. G., Missio, A. L., Gatto, D. A. (2016). Decay Resıstance of Four Fast-Growıng Eucalypts Wood Exposed to Three Types of Fıelds, Maderas. Ciencia Y Tecnología, 18(1), 33 – 42.
• Delucis, R. D.A., Dıaz, R. H., Amıco, S. C., Labıdı, J., Gatto, D. A. (2017). Comparatıve Study of Weatherıng Behavıor of Four Fast-Growıng Eucalyptus Specıes, Cellulose Chemistry and Technology, 51 (9-10), 889-898.
• Derbyshire, H., Miller, E. R. (1981). The photodegradation of wood during solar irradiation. Holz Roh Werkstoff Journal, 39(8), 341-350.
• EN 927-3. (2006). Paints and varnishes, Coating materials and coating systems for exterior wood, Natural weathering test.
• EN 927-6. (2006). Paints and varnishes. Coating materials and coating systems for exterior wood. Exposure of wood coatings to artificial weathering using fluorescent UV lamps and water.
• Erdin, N. (2009). Ahşap Konservasyonu. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi, Yayın No;51, İstanbul.
• Evans, P., Chowdhury, J.M., Mathews, B., Schmalzl, K., Ayer, S., Kiguchi, M., Kataoka, Y. (2005). Weathering and Surface Protection of Wood, Handbook of Environmental Degradation of Materials, 277-297.
• Evans, P.D., Banks, W.B. (1988). Degradation of wood surfaces by water: changes in mechanical properties of thin wood strips, Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 46, 427–435.
• Evans, P. D., Thay, P. D., Schmalzl, K. J. (1996). Degradation of wood surfaces during natural weathering. Effects on lignin and cellulose and on the adhesion of acrylic latex primers. Wood Science and Technology, 30(6), 411-422.
• Feist, W. C. (1990). Outdoor wood weathering and protection. Kansas City. 263-298.
• Feist, W. C., Hon, D. N. S. (1983). Chemistry of weathering and protection. The chemistry of solid wood, 175-183.
• Feist, W.C., Hon, D.N.S. (1984). Chemistry of weathering and protection, The chemistry of solid wood, Advances in chemistry series, 207, 401-451
• Feist, W. C. (1982). Weathering of wood in structural uses. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
• Feist, W. C. (1983). Weathering and protection of wood. USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.
• Fengel, D., Wegener, G. (1984). Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure. Reactions, 613, 1960-1982.
• Garcia, R. A., De Oliveira Lopes, J., Do Nascimento, A. M., De Figueiredo Latorraca, J. W. (2014). Color Stabılıty of Weathered Heat-Treated Teak Wood, Ciencia Y Tecnología,16(4), 453 – 462.
• Graystone, J. (2004). Performance of exterior wood coatings (state of the art trough COST E18), Proceedings of the 4th Woodcoatings Congress.
• Grull G., Spitaler, I., Truskaller M. (2011). Moisture Protection and Performance During 5 Years Exposure of 19 Wood Coating Systems On A Cladding in Vienna, International Research Group On Wood Protection, Irg/Wp 11-40561.
• Grull, G., Tscherne, F., Spitaler, I., Forsthuber, B. (2014). Comparison of wood coating durability in natural weathering and artificial weathering using fluorescent UV-lamps and water, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 72, 367–376.
• Hon, D.N.S., Clemson S. C., W. C. Feist, W. C. (1986). Weathering characteristics of hardwood surfaces, Wood Science and Technology, 20,169-183.
• Hon, D. N.-S. (1991). Photochemistry of Wood. Wood and Cellulosic Chemistry. Chap. 11, pp 525–555. New York: Marcel Dekker.
• Hon, D. N. S., Shiraishi, N. W. (2001). Cellulosic chemistry. New York: Marcel Deckker.
• Hon, D. N. S., Minemura, N. (2001). Color and Discoloration. Wood and Cellulosic Chemistry. DNS, 525.
• Huang, X., Kocaefe, D., Kocaefe, Y., Boluk, Y., Pichette, A. (2012). A spectrocolorimetric and chemical study on color modification of heat-treated wood during artificial weathering, Applied Surface Science, 258, 5360–5369.
• Izekor, D. N., Fuwape, J. A. (2011). Performance of Teak (Tectona grandis LF) wood on exposure to outdoor weather conditions. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 15(1).
• Jämsä, S., Ahola, P., Viitaniemi, P. (2000). Long term natural weathering of coated ThermoWood, Pigment & Resin Technology, 29(2), 68-74.
• Kartal, S.N. (1992). Odun Degrasdasyonunda Güneş Işığı ve Su Etkileri, İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 42,169-176.
• Kataoka, Y., Kiguchi, M. (2001). Depth profiling of photo-induced degradation in wood by FT-IR microspectroscopy. Journal of Wood Science, 47(4), 325-327.
• Kılıç, A., Hafızoğlu, H. (2007). Açık hava koşullarının ağaç malzemenin kimyasal yapısında meydana getirdiği değişimler ve alınacak önlemler. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Orm Fak Derg A (2), 175-183.
• Kim, Y. S., Lee, K. H., Kim, J. S. (2016). Weathering characteristics of bamboo (Phyllostachys puberscence) exposed to outdoors for one year. Journal of wood science, 62(4), 332-338.
• Laks, P. E., Gutting, K. W., DeGroot, R. C., Lebow, S. T., Lebow, P. K., Foster, D. O., Brooks, K. M. (1997). Field Performance of Wood Preservative Systems in Secondary Timber Species. International Reserch Group On Wood Preservation Section III: IRG/WP 97-30152, 0-12.
• Liu, R., Pang X., Yang, Z. (2017). Measurement of three wood materials against weathering during long natural sunlight exposure, Measurement, 102, 179–185.
• Liu, X. Y., Timar, M. C., Varodi, A. C., Yi, S. L. (2016). Effects of Ageing on the Color and Surface Chemistry of Paulownia Wood (P. elongata) from Fast Growing Crops, Qing Hua East Road, 35, 100083.
• Martin, J. W. (2001). Advances İn Predicting The Service Life of Coatings, Proceedings of The Cost E18 Seminar Life Time Prediction.
• Mattos, B. D., De Cademartori, P. H. G., Lourençon, T. V., Gatto, D. A. (2014). Colour Changes of Brazilian Eucalypts Wood By Natural Weathering, International Wood Products Journal, 5(1), 33-38.
• Mesquita, R. R. S., Gonçalez, J. C., De Paula, M. H. (2017). Comportamento Da Madeıra De Tectona Grandis Frente Ao Intemperısmo, Revista Floresta Issn Eletrônico, 1982-4688.
• Metsä-Kortelainen, S., Viitanen, H. (2017). Durability of thermally modified sapwood and heartwood of Scots pine and Norway spruce in the modified double layer test. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 12(3), 129-139.
• Nuopponen, M., Wikberg, H., Vuorinen, T., Maunu, S. L., Jamsa, S., Viitaniemi, P. (2004). Heat-Treated Softwood Exposed to Weathering, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 91, 2128–2134.
• Nzokou, P. (2004). The influence of wood extractives on durability properties of hardwood and softwood species exposed to artificial weathering” Michigan State University. Department of Forestry.
• Nzokou, P., Kamdem, P. D., Temiz, A. (2011). Effect of accelerated weathering on discoloration and roughness of finished ash wood surfaces in comparison with red oak and hard maple, Progress in Organic Coatings, 71, 350–354.
• Oberhofnerová, E., Pánek, M. (2016). Surface wetting of selected wood species by water during initial stages of weathering. Wood research, 61(4), 545-552.
• Owen, J. A., Owen, N. L., Feist, W. C. (1993). Scanning electron microscope and infrared studies of weathering in Southern pine. Journal of Molecular Structure, 300, 105-114.
• Pandey, K. K. (2005). A note on the influence of extractives on the photodiscoloration and photo-degradation of wood, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 87, 375–379.
• Pandey, K. K., Vuorinen, T. (2008). Comparative study of photodegradation of wood by a UV laser and a xenon light source, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 93(12), 2138-2146.
• Panek, M., Reinprecht, L. (2016). Effect of vegetable oils on the colour stability of four tropical woods during natural and artificial weathering, Journal of Wood Science,62, 74–84.
• Pastore, T. C. M., Santos, K. O., Rubim, J. C. (2004). A Spectrocolorimetric Study On The Effect Of Ultraviolet İrradiation of Four Tropical Hardwoods, Bioresource Technology, 93, 37–42.
• Persze, L., Tolvaj, L. (2012). Photodegradation of wood at elevated temperature: Colour change. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 108, 44-47.
• Podgorski, L., Arnold, M., Hora, G. (2003). A Reliable Artificial Weathering Test For Wood Coatings, Coatings World, 39–48.
• Reinprecht, L., Mamoňová, M., Pánek, M., Kačík, F. (2018). The impact of natural and artificial weathering on the visual, colour and structural changes of seven tropical woods. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 76(1), 175-190.
• Rüther, P., Jelle, B. P. (2013). Color changes of wood and wood-based materials due to natural and artificial weathering. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 8(1), 13-25.
• Salas, C., Moya, R., Fonseca, L. V. (2016). Optical Performance of Finished and Unfinished Tropical Timbers Exposed To Ultraviolet Light İn The Field İn Costa Rica, Wood Material Science & Engineering, 11:2, 62-78.
• Sharratt, V., Hill, C. A. S., Kint, D. P. R. (2009). A Study of Early Colour Change Due To Simulated Accelerated Sunlight Exposure in Scots Pine (Pinus Sylvestris), Polymer Degradation and Stability, 94, 1589–1594.
• Shunzhi, L., Jinguo, L., Jinming, C. (2013). Variation law of surface properties during the aging process of common decorative wood, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2014002629.
• Sivrikaya, H., Can, A. (2016). Effect of weathering on wood treated with tall oil combined with some additives, Maderas. Ciencia y tecnología, 18(4), 723-732.
• Sivrikaya, H., Hafizoglu, H., Yasav, A., Aydemir, D. (2011). Natural Weathering of Oak (Quercus Petrae) and Chestnut (Castanea Sativa) Coated With Various Finishes, Color Research and Application, 36 (1).
• Smit, N.H. (2010). Weathering Behaviour of Colorado (Eucalyptus Camaldulensis and Eucalyptus Tereticornis) and Balau (Shorea Spp.), Forest and Wood Science, 10019.1 4202.
• Sudiyani, Y., Imamura, Y., Yamauchi, S. D. D. (2003). Infrared spectroscopic investigations of weathering effects on the surface of tropical wood, Journal of Wood Science, 49, 86–92.
• Sudoł, E., Sulık, P. (2012a). Aging Resistance of Coats Applied On Window Joinery Made of Selected Exotic Wood Species. Part 1. Aging Under Natural Conditions, Sggw Forestry and Wood Technology, 80, 81-86.
• Sudoł, E., Sulık, P. (2012b). Aging Resistance of Coats Applied On Window Joinery Made of Selected Exotic Wood Species. Part 2. Artificial Aging İn A UV Test Apparatus, SGGW Forestry and Wood Technology, 80, 87-92.
• Temiz, A. (2005). Benzetilmiş Dış Hava Koşullarının Emprenyeli Ağaç Malzemeye Etkileri, Doktora Tezi. KTU, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
• Temiz, A., Terziev, N., Eikenes, M., Hafren, J. (2007). Effect of accelerated weathering on surface chemistry of modified wood, Applied Surface Science, 253, 5355-5362.
• Temiz, A., Yildiz, U.C., Aydin, I., Eikenes, M., Alfredsen, G., Colakoglu, G. (2005). Surface roughness and color characteristics of wood treated with preservatives after accelerated weathering test, Applied Surface Science, 250, 35-42.
• Terzi, E., (2008). Amonyum bileşikleri ile emprenye edilen ağaç malzemenin yanma özellikleri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. İstanbul.
• Thelandersson, S., Isaksson, T., Suttie, E., Frühwald, E., Toratti, T., Grüll, G. (2011). Quantitative design guideline for wood outdoors above ground applications. International Research Group on Wood Protection, IRG/WP 11-20465.
• Timar, M. C., Varodi, A. M., Gura˘u, L. (2016). Comparative Study of Photodegradation of Six Wood Species After Short-Time UV, Exposure wood Science and Technology, 50, 135–163.
• Tintner, J., Smidt, E. (2018). Resistance of wood from black pine (Pinus nigra var. austriaca) against weathering. Journal of wood science, 64(6), 816-822.
• Tolvaj, L., Mitsui, K. (2005). Light Source Dependence of The Photodegradation of Wood, Journal of Wood Science, 51, 468–473.
• Tolvaj, L., Persze, L., Albert, L. (2011). Thermal Degradation of Wood During Photodegradation, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 105, 90–93.
• Tomak, E. D., Topaloglu, E., Ay, N., Yildiz, U. C. (2012). Effect of accelerated aging on some physical and mechanical properties of bamboo. Wood science and technology, 46(5), 905-918.
• Tomak, E. D., Ustaomer, D., Ermeydan, M. A., Yildiz, S. (2018). An investigation of surface properties of thermally modified wood during natural weathering for 48 months, Measurement, 127, 187-197.
• TS 8106–2 ISO 4892–2, (1998). Plastikler–Laboratuvar Işın Kaynaklarına Maruz Bırakma Metotları–Bölüm 2: Ksenon Ark Lambası, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Necatibey Caddesi, No 112, Bakanlıklar/ Ankara.
• Valverde, J. C., Moya, R. (2014). Correlation and Modeling Between Color Variation and Quality of The Surface Between Accelerated and Natural Tropical Weathering İn Acacia Mangium, Cedrela Odorata and Tectona Grandis Wood With Two Coating, Color Research And Application, 39, 5.
• Volkmer, T., Noël, M., Arnold, M., Strautmann, J. (2016). Analysis of lignin degradation on wood surfaces to create a UV-protecting cellulose rich layer. International Wood Products Journal, 7(3), 156-164.
• Wang, S. Y. (1990). Reduction of Mechanical Properties of Seventeen Taiwan Native-Wood Species Subjected To A Seven-Year Exposure İn An Outdoor Environment, Journal of The Japan Wood Research Society, 36, 69-77.
• Williams, R. S., Feist, W. C. (2004). Durability of Yellow-Poplar and Sweetgum and Service Life of Finishes After Long-Term Exposure, Forest Products Journal,54, 7/8.
• Williams, R. S., Knaebe, M. T., Evans, J. W., Feist, W. C. (2001). Erosion rates of wood during natural weathering. Part III. Effect of exposure angle on erosion rate, Wood and fiber science, 33(1), 50-5.
• Williams, R. S., Knaebe, M. T., Evans, J. W., Feist, W. C. (2001c). Erosion rates of wood during natural weathering. Part III. Effect of exposure angle on erosion rate, Wood and fiber science, 33(1), 50-57.
• Williams, R. S., Knaebe, M.T., Sotos, P. G., Feist, W. C. (2001a). Erosion Rates of Wood During Natural Weathering. Part I. Effects of Grain Angle and Surface Texture, Wood and Fiber Science, 53705, 2398.
• Williams, R. S., Miller, R., Gangstad, J. (2001b). Characterıstıcs of Ten Tropıcal Hardwoods From Certıfıed Forests In Bolıvıa Part I Weatherıng Characterıstıcs and Dımensıonal Change, Wood and Fiber Science, 3314, 8-626.
• Williams, R.S. (2005). Weathering of wood, Handbook of wood chemistry and wood composites. R. Florida. 139-185.
• Windt, I. D., Bulcke, J. V., Wuijtens, I., Coppens, H., Acker, J. V. (2014). Outdoor Weathering Performance Parameters of Exterior Wood Coating Systems On Tropical Hardwood Substrates, European Journal Of Wood and Wood Products,72, 261-272.
• Yamauchi, S., Sudiyani, Y., Shuichi, Y. I. (2004). Depth Profiling of Weathered Tropical Wood Using Fourier Transform İnfrared Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, Journal of Wood Science, 50,433–438.
• Yeniocak, M., Goktas, O., Colak, M., Ozen, E., Ugurlu, M. (2015). Natural Coloration of Wood Material By Red Beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and Determination Color Stability Under Uv Exposure, Maderas. Ciencia Y Tecnología, 17, 711-722.
• Yıldız, Ü.C. (2000). Odun Zararlıları Ders Notları (Basılmamış). Trabzon: KTÜ, Orman Fakültesi.
• Yildiz, S., Yildiz, U. C., Tomak, E. D. (2011). The effects of natural weathering on the properties of heat-treated alder wood. BioResources, 6(3), 2504-2521.
• Yildiz, S., Tomak, E. D., Yildiz, U. C., Ustaomer, D. (2013). Effect of artificial weathering on the properties of heat treated wood. Polymer degradation and stability, 98(8), 1419-1427.
• Zabel, R.A.. Morrell, J.J. (1992). Wood Microbiology: Decay and İts Prevention, UK: Academic Press., 254-25
• Zahri, S., Belloncle, C., Charrie, F., Pardon, P., Quideau, S., Charrier, B. (2007). UV light impact on ellagitannins and wood surface colour of European oak (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur), Applied Surface Science, 253, 4985–4989.
• Zhang, J., Kamdem, P.D., Temiz A. (2009). Weathering of Copper–Amine Treated Wood, Applied Surface Science, 256, 842–846.
• Zivković, V., Arnold, M., Radmanović, K., Richter, K., Turkulin, H. (2014). Spectral sensitivity in the photodegradation of fir wood (Abies alba Mill.) surfaces: colour changes in natural weathering. Wood science and technology, 48(2), 239-252.