Araştırma Makalesi
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Kırsal Kalkınmada Odun Dışı Orman Ürünleri Üretimi Açısından Önemli Olan Defnenin (Laurus nobilis L.) Gelişimine Meşcere Kuruluş Özelliklerinin Etkisi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 4, 359 - 376
https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1539056

Öz

Ülkemizde tüm kıyı şeridi boyunca geniş bir yayılış gösteren defne için uygun meşcere kuruluşunun araştırılması son derece önemlidir. Bu çalışmada, defne üretiminin yoğun olarak yapıldığı Bartın Orman İşletme Şefliğinde, farklı meşcere kuruluşlarının defne üretimine etkisi araştırılarak ormancılık uygulamaları konusunda temel veriler oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla meşcere yapısını daha detaylı ortaya koymak için defnenin yayılış gösterdiği bölmelerde bilinçli örnekleme yöntemiyle 20 m x 20 m (400 m2) büyüklüğünde örnek alanlar alınmıştır. Örnekleme alanında meşcereye ilişkin kapalılık, tabakalılık, karışım oranı, orta çap (cm), orta boy (m), yaş gibi önemli meşcere parametreleri ile defnelerin m2’deki ocak sayısı, sürgün sayısı (adet), sürgün boyu (m), dip çapı (d0.30) uyuyan göz sayısı, m2’deki yaprak sayısı, yaprak eni (cm), yaprak boyu (cm) özellikleri tespit edilmiştir. Örnekleme alanlarının defne katında yapılan ölçümlerle elde edilen verilerin ana meşcerenin kapalılığı ve meşcere tipine göre nasıl değişim gösterdiğinin belirlenmesi için yapılan varyans analizinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p<0,05) ilişkiler bulunan parametrelerin metrekaredeki ocak sayısı, ortalama sürgün sayısı, ortalama uyuyan göz sayısı, ortalama yaprak eni olduğu belirlenmiştir. İstatistiki analizlerden elde edilen bulgulara göre araştırma alanında; defnenin oluşumu, gelişimi ve yaprak hasadı yönünden kızılçam ve sahilçamı plantasyon alanlarında, doğal doğu kayını meşcerlerine göre bazı üstün nitelikler gösterdiği ve bu durumundan söz konusu plantasyon alanlarında özellikle defne yer aldığı çalı katındaki ışık koşullarının türün gelişimi ve verim potansiyeli aşçısından daha uygun niteliklere sahip olmasından kaynaklandığı tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak ülkemizde ekolojik, ekonomik ve sosyal açıdan önemli bir tür olan defnenin (Laurus nobilis L.) mevcut meşcere yapılarının ortaya çıkarılmasıyla, sürdürülebilir bir şekilde işletilmesini sağlayacak planlar ve silvikültürel uygulamalar için temel veriler oluşturulmaya çalışılmıştır.

Etik Beyan

Yok

Destekleyen Kurum

Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu 100/2000 Sürüdürlebilir Ormancılık Doktora Programı

Proje Numarası

Yok

Teşekkür

Bartın Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, YÖK Sürdürülebilir Ormancılık 100/2000 Doktora Programı Kpasamında Doktora Tezi Olarak Hazırlanan Çalışmadan Üretilen Bu Makalede ve Bu Makaleye Temel Teşkil Eden Araştırmada Bizden Desteklerini Esirgemeyen Bartın Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsüne Teşekkür Ederiz.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, B., Wang Y., Hao, J., Liu, Y., Bohnett, E. ve Zhang, K. (2018). Optimizing stand structure for trade‐offs between overstory timber production and understory plant diversity: A case‐study of a larch plantation in northwest China. Land Degradation.
  • Anşin R. ve Özkan Z.C. (1993). Tohumlu Bitkiler Odunsu Taksonlar. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi, Genel Yayın No: 167, Fakülte Yayın No: 19, Trabzon, s. 145-147.
  • Aubin I, Ouellette M.H, Legendre, P., Messier, C. ve Bouchard, A. (2009). Comparison of two plant functional approaches to evaluate natural restoration along an old-field-deciduous forest chronosequence. Journal of Vegetation Science, 20(2):185–198.
  • BAKKA, (2020). Bartın’da Odun Dışı Orman Ürünlerinin Değerlendirilmesi Raporu, T.C. Batı Karadeniz Kalkınma Ajansı, 63 s.
  • Barbier, S., Gosselin, F. ve Balandier, P. (2008). Influence of tree species on understory vegetation diversity and mechanisms involved—A critical review for temperate and boreal forests. Forest Ecology & Management, 254: 1–15.
  • Barnes, B.V., Zak, D.R., Denton, S.R. ve Spurr, S.H. (1998). Forest Ecology (Fourth edition), John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA, 774 s.
  • Bartels, S.F. ve Chen H.Y.H. (2013). Interactions between overstorey and understorey vegetation along an overstorey compositional gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24, 543-552.
  • Başer, B.C. Yılmaz, A. ve Mutlu, O.A. (2018). Defne işleme ve paketleme tesisi ön fizibilitesi. Batı Karadeniz Kalkınma Ajansı.
  • Bergstedt, J. ve Milberg, P. (2001). The impact of logging intensity on field-layer vegetation in Swedish boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 154:105-115.
  • Chen,H.Y.H. ve Popadiouk, R.V. (2002). Dynamics of NorthAmer ican boreal mixedwoods. Environmental Reviews, 10: 137–166.
  • Connell, J.H. ve Slatyer, R.O. (1977). Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. American Naturalist, 111: 1119–1144.
  • Cui, R., Qi, S., Wu, B., Zhang, D., Zhang, L., Zhou, P., Ma, N. ve Huang, X. (2022).The Influence of Stand Structure on Understory Herbaceous Plants Species Diversity of Platycladus orientalis Plantations in Beijing, China. Forests, 13 (11):1921.
  • Çolak, A.H. ve Odabaşı, T. (2004). Silvikültürel Planlama. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Yayınları, Yayın No 14, 326 s.
  • Daniel, T. W., Helms, J. A. and Baker, F. S. (1979). Principles of silviculture (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book. Davis, P. H. (1965-1988.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Volume one-ten, Edinburgh University Press, Great Britain.
  • Deal, R.L. (2007). Management strategies to increase stand structural diversity and enhance biodiversity in coastal rainforests of Alaska. Biol. Conserv., 137, 520–532
  • Donner, J. ve Çolak, A.H. (2007). Türkiye Bitkileri Yayılış Haritaları, Distribution Map to P.H. Davis, “Flora of Turkey, (1-10), Botanische Arbeitsgemeinschaft am OÖ. Landesmuseum, Linz, Avusturya.
  • Frelich, L.E., Machado, J.L ve Reich, P.B. (2003). Fine-scale environmental variation and structure of understory plant communities in two old-growth pine forests. Environmental Science, 91: 283–293.
  • Genç, M., Kasarcı, E. ve Kaya, C. (2012). Meşcere Kuruluşu Araştırmaları Üzerine Silvikültürel Bir Değerlendirme. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2): 291-303.
  • Genç, M. (2020). Silvikültür Tekniği: Silviculture Technique. Musa Genç Kitaplığı.
  • Gilliam, F.S. (2007). The ecological significance of the herbaceous layer in temperate forest ecosystems. BioScience, 57: 845-858.
  • Gracia, M., Montané, F., Piqué, J. ve Retana, J. (2007). Overstory structure and topoğraphic gradients determining diversity and abundance of understory shrub species in temperate forests in central Pyrenees (NE Spain). Forest Ecology and Management, 242(2-3): 391-397.
  • Güler, S. (2006). Defne (Laurus nobilis L.) Yaprağı Verimi Üzerinde Etkili Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Araştırmalar (Antalya-Manavgat Yaylaalan Örneği), Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Isparta.
  • Güler, S. (2007). Defneliklerin Rehabilitasyonunda Uygun Silvikültürel Müdahaleler (Antalya-Manavgat-Yaylaalan Örneği. T.C. Orman Ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Araştırma Bülteni. Araştırma Dergisi Sayı: 8/1, Antalya.
  • Hannam, K.D., Quideau, S.A., Oh, S.W., Kishchuk, B.E., Wasylishen, R.E., 2004. Forestfloor composition in aspen- and spruce-dominated stands of the borealmixedwood forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68, 1735–1743.
  • Hart, S. ve Chen, H.Y.H. (2006). Understory Vegetation Dynamics of North American Boreal Forests. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 25(4): 381-397.
  • Ihalainen, M., Pukkala, T. ve Saastamoinen, O. (2005). Regional expert models for bilberry and cowberry yields in Finland. Boreal Environment Research, 10(2): 145-158.
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The Effect of Stand Structure Characteristics on the Growth of Laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), Important in Rural Development in Terms of Non-Wood Forest Production

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 4, 359 - 376
https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1539056

Öz

It is extremely important to investigate the appropriate stand establishment for laurel, which is widely distributed along the entire coastline in our country. In this study, the effects of different stand establishments on laurel production were investigated in Bartın Forest Enterprise Directorate, where laurel production is intensive, and basic data on forestry practices were tried to be established. For this purpose, in order to reveal the stand structure in more detail, 20 m x 20 m (400 m2) sample plots were taken with the conscious sampling method in the sections where laurel is distributed. In the sampling area, important stand parameters such as stand canopy closure, layering, mixture ratio, mean diameter (cm), mean height (m), age and laurels’ number of stem per m2, number of shoots (number), shoot length (m), bottom diameter (d0.30) number of dormant buds, number of leaves per m2, leaf width (cm), leaf length (cm) were determined. Variance analysis, which was conducted for determining the changes in measured parameters in the laurel layer of the sample plots depending on stand closure and stand type, showed statistically significant (p<0.05) relationships in the number of patchs per square meter, average number of shoots, average number of dormant buds, average leaf width. According to the findings obtained from statistical analyses, it was determined that in the research area, laurel showed some superior qualities in terms of formation, development and leaf harvest in red pine and coastal pine plantation areas compared to natural eastern beech stands and this situation was due to the fact that the light conditions, especially in the bush layer where laurel is located in the plantation areas in question, have more suitable qualities than those for the development and yield potential of the species. As a result, by revealing the existing stand structures of laurel (Laurus nobilis L.), which is an important species in our country in terms of ecological, economic and social aspects, basic data for plans and silvicultural practices that will ensure its sustainable management were tried to be created.

Proje Numarası

Yok

Kaynakça

  • Ahmad, B., Wang Y., Hao, J., Liu, Y., Bohnett, E. ve Zhang, K. (2018). Optimizing stand structure for trade‐offs between overstory timber production and understory plant diversity: A case‐study of a larch plantation in northwest China. Land Degradation.
  • Anşin R. ve Özkan Z.C. (1993). Tohumlu Bitkiler Odunsu Taksonlar. Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi, Genel Yayın No: 167, Fakülte Yayın No: 19, Trabzon, s. 145-147.
  • Aubin I, Ouellette M.H, Legendre, P., Messier, C. ve Bouchard, A. (2009). Comparison of two plant functional approaches to evaluate natural restoration along an old-field-deciduous forest chronosequence. Journal of Vegetation Science, 20(2):185–198.
  • BAKKA, (2020). Bartın’da Odun Dışı Orman Ürünlerinin Değerlendirilmesi Raporu, T.C. Batı Karadeniz Kalkınma Ajansı, 63 s.
  • Barbier, S., Gosselin, F. ve Balandier, P. (2008). Influence of tree species on understory vegetation diversity and mechanisms involved—A critical review for temperate and boreal forests. Forest Ecology & Management, 254: 1–15.
  • Barnes, B.V., Zak, D.R., Denton, S.R. ve Spurr, S.H. (1998). Forest Ecology (Fourth edition), John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA, 774 s.
  • Bartels, S.F. ve Chen H.Y.H. (2013). Interactions between overstorey and understorey vegetation along an overstorey compositional gradient. Journal of Vegetation Science, 24, 543-552.
  • Başer, B.C. Yılmaz, A. ve Mutlu, O.A. (2018). Defne işleme ve paketleme tesisi ön fizibilitesi. Batı Karadeniz Kalkınma Ajansı.
  • Bergstedt, J. ve Milberg, P. (2001). The impact of logging intensity on field-layer vegetation in Swedish boreal forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 154:105-115.
  • Chen,H.Y.H. ve Popadiouk, R.V. (2002). Dynamics of NorthAmer ican boreal mixedwoods. Environmental Reviews, 10: 137–166.
  • Connell, J.H. ve Slatyer, R.O. (1977). Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. American Naturalist, 111: 1119–1144.
  • Cui, R., Qi, S., Wu, B., Zhang, D., Zhang, L., Zhou, P., Ma, N. ve Huang, X. (2022).The Influence of Stand Structure on Understory Herbaceous Plants Species Diversity of Platycladus orientalis Plantations in Beijing, China. Forests, 13 (11):1921.
  • Çolak, A.H. ve Odabaşı, T. (2004). Silvikültürel Planlama. İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Yayınları, Yayın No 14, 326 s.
  • Daniel, T. W., Helms, J. A. and Baker, F. S. (1979). Principles of silviculture (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book. Davis, P. H. (1965-1988.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, Volume one-ten, Edinburgh University Press, Great Britain.
  • Deal, R.L. (2007). Management strategies to increase stand structural diversity and enhance biodiversity in coastal rainforests of Alaska. Biol. Conserv., 137, 520–532
  • Donner, J. ve Çolak, A.H. (2007). Türkiye Bitkileri Yayılış Haritaları, Distribution Map to P.H. Davis, “Flora of Turkey, (1-10), Botanische Arbeitsgemeinschaft am OÖ. Landesmuseum, Linz, Avusturya.
  • Frelich, L.E., Machado, J.L ve Reich, P.B. (2003). Fine-scale environmental variation and structure of understory plant communities in two old-growth pine forests. Environmental Science, 91: 283–293.
  • Genç, M., Kasarcı, E. ve Kaya, C. (2012). Meşcere Kuruluşu Araştırmaları Üzerine Silvikültürel Bir Değerlendirme. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(2): 291-303.
  • Genç, M. (2020). Silvikültür Tekniği: Silviculture Technique. Musa Genç Kitaplığı.
  • Gilliam, F.S. (2007). The ecological significance of the herbaceous layer in temperate forest ecosystems. BioScience, 57: 845-858.
  • Gracia, M., Montané, F., Piqué, J. ve Retana, J. (2007). Overstory structure and topoğraphic gradients determining diversity and abundance of understory shrub species in temperate forests in central Pyrenees (NE Spain). Forest Ecology and Management, 242(2-3): 391-397.
  • Güler, S. (2006). Defne (Laurus nobilis L.) Yaprağı Verimi Üzerinde Etkili Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi Üzerine Araştırmalar (Antalya-Manavgat Yaylaalan Örneği), Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Isparta.
  • Güler, S. (2007). Defneliklerin Rehabilitasyonunda Uygun Silvikültürel Müdahaleler (Antalya-Manavgat-Yaylaalan Örneği. T.C. Orman Ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı Orman Genel Müdürlüğü Batı Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Araştırma Bülteni. Araştırma Dergisi Sayı: 8/1, Antalya.
  • Hannam, K.D., Quideau, S.A., Oh, S.W., Kishchuk, B.E., Wasylishen, R.E., 2004. Forestfloor composition in aspen- and spruce-dominated stands of the borealmixedwood forest. Soil Science Society of America Journal 68, 1735–1743.
  • Hart, S. ve Chen, H.Y.H. (2006). Understory Vegetation Dynamics of North American Boreal Forests. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 25(4): 381-397.
  • Ihalainen, M., Pukkala, T. ve Saastamoinen, O. (2005). Regional expert models for bilberry and cowberry yields in Finland. Boreal Environment Research, 10(2): 145-158.
  • Kimmins. J. P. (1987). Forest Ecology. Macmillan Publishing Company. 866 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10022, p 53.
  • Kudo, G., Ida, T.Y. ve Tani, T. (2008). Linkages between phenology, pollination, photosynthesis and plant reproduction in deciduous forest understory plants. Ecology, 89(2): 321–331.
  • Kuninaga, T., Hirayama, K., Sakimoto, M. (2015). Negative canopy–understorey interaction shapes the sapling bank of Fagus crenata in a cool-temperate, conifer–hardwood mixed forest. Plant Ecol 216:1191–1202. Larsen, J.B. (1995). Ecological stability of forests and sustainable silviculture. Forest Ecology and Management, 73: 85–96.
  • Legare, S., Bergeron, Y. ve Pare, D. (2001). Comparison of the understory vegetation in boreal forest types of southwest Quebec. Canadian Journal of Botany, 79: 1019–1027.
  • Leuschner, C. (1998). Mechanismen der Konkurrenzu¨ berlegenheit der Rotbuche. Berichte der Reinhold-Tu¨ xen-Gesellschaft 10: 5-18.
  • Lucas-Borja, M.E., Hedo, J., Cerdá, A., Candel-Pérez, D. ve Viñegla, B. (2016). Unravelling the importance of forest age stand and forest structure driving microbiological soil properties, enzymatic activities and soil nutrients content in Mediterranean Spanish black pine (Pinus nigra Ar. ssp. salzmannii) Forest. Science of The Total Environment, 562, 145-154.
  • Macdonald, S.E., Fenniak, T.E. (2007). Understory plant communities of borealmixedwood forests in western Canada: natural patterns and response tovariable-retention harvesting. Forest Ecology and Management 242, 34–48.
  • Martínez Pastur, G., Jordán, C., Lencinas, M.V., Soler, R., Ivancich, H., Kreps, G. (2012). Landscape and microenvironmental conditions influence over regeneration dynamics in old-growth Nothofagus betuloides Southern Patagonian forests. Plant Biosyst, 146: 201–213.
  • Mayer, H. ve Pitterle, A. (1988). Osttiroler Gebirgswaldbau. Waldbauliche Schlussfolgerungen aus den Hochwasserkatastrophe 1965 und 1966. Inst. Für Waldbau, Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, 669 s.
  • McKenzie D. ve Halpern C.B. (1999). Modeling the distributions of shrub species in Pacific northwest forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 114(2-3): 293-307.
  • MCPFE (2002). Improved Pan-European indicators for sustainable forest management. MCPFE Expert Level Meeting, Vienna, Austria.
  • Mestre, L., Toro-Manríquez, M., Soler, R., Huertas-Herrera, A., Martínez, Pastur, G. ve Lencinas, M.V. (2017). The influence of canopy-layer composition on understory plant diversity in southern temperate forests. Forest Ecosystems, 4: 6.
  • Nguyen, Q.V., Pham, M.P., Meng, L., Bui, H.M., Pham, H.T., Nguyen, H.V., Nguyen, T.T. ve Kang, Y.X. (2022). Spatial Structure of the Dominant Tree Species in an Evergreen Broadleaved Forest Stand in South Vietnam. Biology Bulletin, 49: 69-82.
  • OGM, (2022). Defne Eylem Planı (2022- 2026). TC. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Orman Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Oktan, E. (2015). Torul Orman İşletme Müdürlüğü Doğal Yaşlı Orman Alanlarında Meşcere Kuruluşları ve Silvikültürel Analizler. Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Trabzon, 248 s.
  • Oliver, C.D. ve Larson, B.C. (1996). Forest Stand Dynamics. Update Edition, John Wiley&Sons, Inc., USA, p 520.
  • Özer, T., Sert, F.Z., Öztürk, A.İ. (2019). Defne bitkisi (Laurus nobilis L.) ve yağı üzerine bir araştırma. Gaziosmanpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Dergisi, 8(2): 25-34.
  • Öztürk, C. (2016). Defne (Laurus nobilis L.) Tohumlarının Çimlenmesi Üzerine Etki Eden Bazı Ön İşlemlerin Araştırılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Artvin.
  • Parlak, S. ve Demirci, A. (2011). Soil Properties in Natural Habitats of Daphne (Laurus nobilis L.) 2nd International Non-Wood Forest Products Symposium, Isparta, pp. 123.
  • Petersson, L., Holmstrom, E., Lindbladh, M. ve Felton, A. (2019). Tree species impact on understory vegetation: Vascular plant communities of Scots pine and Norway spruce managed stands in northern Europe. Forest Ecology and Management, 448: 330-345.
  • Pitkanen, S. (1998). The Use of Diversity Indices to Assess the Diversity of Vegetation in Managed Boreal Forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 112: 121-137.
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  • Promis, A., Cruz, G., Reif, A. ve Gartner, S. (2008.) Nothofagus betuloides (MIRB.) OERST 1871 (Fagales: Nothofagaceae) forests in southern Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, 36(1): 53-67.
  • Rijsoort, J.V. (2000). Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPS) their role in sustainable forest management in the tropics, National Reference Centre for Nature Management (EC-LNV), International Agricultural Centre (IAC): Wageningen, the Netherlands, Theme Studies Series 1 Forests, Forestry and Biological Diversity Support Group, 60 s.
  • Roberts, B.A., Deering, K.W., Titus, B.D., 1998. Effects of intensive harvesting onforest floor properties in Betula papyrifera stands in Newfoundland. Journal of Vegetation Science 9: 521–528.
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  • Tinya, F., Marialigeti, S., Kiraly, I., Nemeth, B., Odor, P. (2009). The effect of lightconditions on herbs, bryophytes and seedlings of temperate mixed forests in}Orség, Western Hungary. Plant Ecology 204, 69–81.
  • Tinya, F. ve Ódor, P. (2016). Congruence of the spatial pattern of light and understory vegetation in an old-growth, temperate mixed forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 381: 84-92.
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  • Türker M. F. ve Berker E. (2017). Examination on The Basis of Marketing Distribution Channels of The Revenue Obtained from Non-Wood Herbal Products in Turkey. International Forestry and Enviroment Symposium, 7 - 10 Kasım 2017, Trabzon, ss. 2.
  • Ürgenç, S. (1998). Genel Plantasyon ve Ağaçlandırma Tekniği, İstanbul Üniversitesi. Orman Fakültesi, İ.Ü. Rektörlük Yayın No: 3997, Orman Fakültesi Yayın No: 444, İstanbul, 664 s.
  • Wagner, S., Fischer, H., Huth, F. (2011). Canopy effects on vegetation caused byharvesting and regeneration treatments. European Journal of Forest Research, 130, 17–40.
  • Xin, Y.L., Zhu, Q.K., Luo, S.Y. ve Gou, Q.P. (2020). Spatial structure characteristics of soil and water conservation forest in the loess area of northern Shaanxi. Sci. Soil Water Conservation, 18(5): 17–26.
  • Xue, W.X., Guo, Q.J., Ai, X.R., Yao, L., Zhu, J., Huang, Y.X., Li, W.Y., Luo, X. ve Liu, Y. (2021). Community composition and stand spatial structure of Liriodendron chinense natural forest. Forest Research, 34(2): 166–173.
  • Van Couwenberghe, R., Collet, C., Lacombe, E., Gegout, J.C. (2011). Abundanceresponse of western European forest species along canopy openness and soil pHgradients. Forest Ecology and Management, 262: 1483–1490.
  • Zhang, Y.H., Dian, Y.Y., Huang, G.T., Liu, X.Y., Han, Z.M., Jian, Y.F., Li, Y. ve Wang, X. (2021). Effects of spatial structure on species diversity in Pinus massoniana plantation of different succession stages. Chin. Journal. Ecolocgy, 40(8):2357–2365.
  • Zheng, J.M., Zhao, X.H. ve Zhang, C.Y. (2007). Structural diversity of forest community in Baihuashan Mountain, Beijing. Frontiers of Forestry in China, J. Beijing For. Univ., 29(1): 7-11.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Orman Yetiştirme
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Neslihan Atar Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4616-8381

Halil Barış Özel 0000-0001-9518-3281

Proje Numarası Yok
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 11 Aralık 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 26 Ağustos 2024
Kabul Tarihi 26 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Atar, N., & Özel, H. B. (2024). Kırsal Kalkınmada Odun Dışı Orman Ürünleri Üretimi Açısından Önemli Olan Defnenin (Laurus nobilis L.) Gelişimine Meşcere Kuruluş Özelliklerinin Etkisi. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(4), 359-376. https://doi.org/10.24011/barofd.1539056


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